Living Arrangement Research Articles

The Heterogeneous Impact of Pension Income on Elderly Living Arrangements: Evidence from China's New Rural Pension Scheme

This paper investigates the impact of pension income on living arrangements of the elderly. Taking advantage of a unique opportunity due to the recent establishment and expansion of the social pension system in rural China, we explicitly address the endogeneity of pension status and income through a fixed-effect model with instrumental variable approach by exploiting exogenous time variation in the program implementation at county level. We find an overall positive effect of pension income on independent living as well as considerable heterogeneity. The elderly with easy access to their adult children, possessing higher financial capacity, in less long-term care and psychological need, and having more education are more likely to live independently after receiving pension income. Our results confirm that independent living is a normal good, but highlight that living arrangement is multidimensional in rural China.

Household and Living Arrangement Projections at the Subnational Level: An Extended Cohort-Component Approach

This article presents the core methodological ideas and empirical assessments of an extended cohort-component approach (known as the "ProFamy model"), and applications to simultaneously project household composition, living arrangements, and population sizes-gender structures at the subnational level in the United States. Comparisons of projections from 1990 to 2000 using this approach with census counts in 2000 for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC show that 68.0 %, 17.0 %, 11.2 %, and 3.8 % of the absolute percentage errors are <3.0 %, 3.0 % to 4.99 %, 5.0 % to 9.99 %, and ≥10.0 %, respectively. Another analysis compares average forecast errors between the extended cohort-component approach and the still widely used classic headship-rate method, by projecting number-of-bedrooms-specific housing demands from 1990 to 2000 and then comparing those projections with census counts in 2000 for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The results demonstrate that, compared with the extended cohort-component approach, the headship-rate method produces substantially more serious forecast errors because it cannot project households by size while the extended cohort-component approach projects detailed household sizes. We also present illustrative household and living arrangement projections for the five decades from 2000 to 2050, with medium-, small-, and large-family scenarios for each of the 50 states; Washington, DC; six counties of southern California; and the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Among many interesting numerical outcomes of household and living arrangement projections with medium, low, and high bounds, the aging of American households over the next few decades across all states/areas is particularly striking. Finally, the limitations of the present study and potential future lines of research are discussed.

Living Arrangement and University Choice of Dutch Prospective Students

Sá C., Florax R. J. G. M. and Rietveld P. Living arrangement and university choice of Dutch prospective students, Regional Studies. The nature of university choice and living-arrangement decisions of Dutch prospective students is analysed. A random utility maximization nested logit model of living-arrangement and university-choice decisions is estimated. Estimation results show distance deters both prospective students living at the parental home and those living elsewhere. Dutch youngsters appear not to be guided by investment motives. They attend the same university as their high school peers. Tight housing markets lower the probability of choosing a given university. Male and low-income students stay longer with their parents in comparison with prospective students with non-Dutch parents. Sá C., Florax R. J. G. M. and Rietveld P. 丹麦准学生的生活安排及院校选择，区域研究。 本文对丹麦国内准学生生活安排与学院选择的特征进行了分析。我们针对生活安排以及院校选择的决策进行了一个随机的效用最大化嵌套LOGIT模型估测。估测结果表明，对于那些生活在父母家中以及其他地方的准学生而言，距离是一个重要的考量因素。投资动机似乎并未引导丹麦的年轻人。他们更青睐那些他们的高中前辈所选择的大学院校。住房市场紧张这一事实降低了学生选择特定院校的可能性。较之那些双亲为非丹麦人的准学生而言，成年及低收入学生与父母共同居住的时间相对较长。 生活安排 院校选择 随机效用最大化 嵌套Logit Sá C., Florax R. J. G. M. et Rietveld P. Le logement et le choix d’université des futurs étudiants néerlandais, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à analyser les déterminants du choix d’université et de logement des futurs étudiants en Hollande. On estime un modèle logit hiérarchique au hasard de la maximisation de l’utilité qui traite du logement et du choix d’université. Les résultats estimés laissent voir que la distance dissuade à la fois les futurs étudiants qui habitent chez leurs parents et ceux qui habitent ailleurs. Il semble que les jeunes néerlandais ne soient pas influés par les possibilités d’investissement. Ils assistent à la même université que ne le font leurs pairs des établissements secondaires. Des marchés du logement serrés réduit la probabilité de choisir une université donnée. Les étudiants masculins et à faible revenu restent plus longtemps chez leurs parents que ne le font les futurs étudiants dont les parents ne sont pas de nationalité néerlandaise. Logement Choix d’université Maximisation de l’utilité au hasard Logit hiérarchique Sá C., Florax R. J. G. M. und Rietveld P. Universitäts- und Wohnungswahl von potenziellen holländischen Studenten, Regional Studies. Wir analysieren die Art der Entscheidungen von potenziellen holländischen Studenten hinsichtlich ihrer Universitäts- und Wohnungswahl. Hierfür nehmen wir eine Schätzung für ein Nested-Logit-Modell der zufälligen Nutzenmaximierung hinsichtlich der Entscheidungen bei der Universitäts- und Wohnungswahl vor. Aus der Schätzung geht hervor, dass Entfernung für potenzielle Studenten, die bei ihren Eltern wohnen, ebenso abschreckend wirkt wie für Studenten, die woanders wohnen. Junge Holländer scheinen sich nicht von Investitionsmotiven leiten zu lassen. Sie besuchen dieselbe Universität wie ihre Klassenkameraden in der Sekundarstufe. Aufgrund der Wohnungsnot verringert sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Auswahl einer bestimmten Universität. Männliche und einkommensschwache Studenten leben im Vergleich zu potenziellen Studenten mit nicht holländischen Eltern länger bei ihren Eltern. Wohnungswahl Wahl der Universität Zufällige Nutzenmaximierung Nested-Logit-Modell Sá C., Florax R. J. G. M. y Rietveld P. Opciones de vivienda y universidad para los futuros estudiantes holandeses, Regional Studies. En este artículo analizamos qué tipos de decisiones toman los futuros estudiantes holandeses con respecto a las opciones de universidad y vivienda. Para ello calculamos en un modelo logit anidado la maximización aleatoria de utilidad en lo que respecta a elegir una universidad y vivienda. Los resultados de las estimaciones muestran que la distancia disuade a los futuros estudiantes, tanto los que viven en el hogar familiar como los que viven en otros lugares. No parece que los holandeses jóvenes se guíen por motivos de inversión. Asisten a la misma universidad que sus compañeros de instituto. La escasez de vivienda reduce la probabilidad de elegir una determinada universidad. Los estudiantes masculinos con bajos ingresos viven más tiempo con sus padres en comparación con los futuros estudiantes de padres no holandeses. Opciones de vivienda Elección de universidad Maximización aleatoria de utilidad Logit anidado

The Relationship Between Aged Parents and Cohabiting Unmarried Children: Results from the Tokorozawa Living Arrangement Study

The recent rapid aging of the Japanese population is having a widespread impact on the ways of living and thinking among people. In particular, there has been a big change in older peoples' dwelling arrangements, and this issue has a bearing on current family structures. This is based on data from Tokorozawa Living Arrangement Research on the way of residing among different age groups, the current state of households that involve unmarried children living with their aged parents, and evaluations and opinions of aged parents with regard to their unmarried children are reported. One characteristic of the lifestyles of aged parents and cohabiting unmarried children in this research was the children's dependence on the parents. Most aged parents thought that they lived with their unmarried children because “it was natural to do so” or “they were not independent.” In this way, the relationships of aged parents and their unmarried children seem to have mutual benefits: unmarried children can enjoy economic stability and affluent life, and aged parents can secure the role of parents to support unmarried and dependent children.

Transactive Memory, Self-Construal and Subjective Well-Being in a Group of Indian Couples

Never before have there been so many old people in India. According the 2001 Census of India data, the projected figure for 2031 is 179 million seniors. Dual-career families, changing values, and nuclear family dynamics have altered the social landscape of India. An emerging phenomenon in urban India is the emergence of “pay and stay” homes as a late life living arrangement for middle and higher-income groups. This study focused on selected ‘pay and stay’ homes in the four cities of Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, and Tiruvananthapuram. Personal interviews were conducted with 150 seniors to understand the relocation experience, the extent and nature of self-reported social networks, and evaluation by seniors of this late life arrangement. Majority of respondents were female (65%). More than half of the respondents (58%) reported being currently widowed. Results show that childlessness and strained intergenerational relationships were important considerations in the decision to relocate. Majority of the seniors had never conceived that they would be spending their autumn years away from family. Occupants frequently conceived of their living space as their “home.” Living amidst non-family members, the reported network sizes were small. The absence of family members was frequently cited as a source of dissatisfaction when evaluating these homes.

The Reversal of Favorable Child Living Arrangement Trends of the Late 1990s

AbstractDuring the late 1990s, there was a notable shift in child living arrangements toward two‐parent households and away from single parenthood. Whether due to economic factors, declining teen birth rates, welfare reform, or some other cultural cause or a combination of these factors, something happened in the 1990s that stabilized marriage rates and led to declines in single‐parent households. There was also considerable hope that the federal welfare reforms enacted in 1996 might be responsible for the change in these trends. However, since 2000, while the downward trend in teen births continues, the gains in percentage of children living with two parents have been virtually eliminated. This article carefully documents these recent trends, examines the relationship of recessions on child living arrangements, and concludes that it is impossible to disentangle the role of welfare reform from its broader economic, policy, and demographic context.

Arranjos de vida de idosos nos Estados Unidos

Este artigo repassa a literatura corrente no que se refere a arranjos de vida (condições e locais de moradia e co-habitação) entre idosos nos EUA. As razões para o estudo dos arranjos de vida estão delineadas e as tendências agregadas estão humanizadas. Os dois modelos conceituais comumente usados nesta área de pesquisa estão apresentados. Estes modelos identificam as características de nível que influenciam os arranjos de vida na terceira idade. Argumentamos que uma pesquisa mais dinâmica é necessária para explicar o processo de transição do arranjo de vida. Esta perspectiva se baseia na teoria de Lawton, que analisa a pessoa com seu próprio ambiente social e cultural e se baseia em uma análise longitudinal. Para terminar, discutimos os caminhos para a pesquisa futura.

Effectiveness of Everyday Occupations for Changing Client Behaviors in a Community Living Arrangement

This study examined the effect of three occupations-based interventions for reducing the frequency of dysfunctional behaviors (disruptive vocalizations, distraction of others, withdrawal from appropriate social interactions) in two women with dual (i.e., developmental, psychiatric) conditions. Additionally, the duration of time spent appropriately engaged was examined. A single-subject, multiple baseline, across-subjects design, with two dually diagnosed residents in a Community Living Arrangement (CLA), was used to evaluate change in four behaviors under three alternating conditions. Condition 1 was CLA (morning and evening combined) compared with the school and sheltered workshop, Condition 2 was CLA morning, and Condition 3 was CLA evening. Intervention consisted of engagement in everyday occupations associated with the school-workshop and CLA settings as well as a positive reinforcement program. Using occupations-based interventions and a behavior modification program, 5 of 6 behaviors improved significantly in the school-and-workshop setting compared to the CLA, under Condition 1. Under Condition 2, the morning occupations-based intervention in conjunction with positive reinforcement for active participation significantly improved 4 of 6 behaviors for the two residents. Similarly, under Condition 3--the evening occupations-based intervention--4 of the 6 targeted behaviors improved significantly. The use of everyday occupations as interventions, in conjunction with positive reinforcement for active participation, was effective for decreasing dysfunctional behaviors and increasing functional behaviors in two women with dual conditions who resided in a CLA.

Public Subsidies, Private Provision of Care and Living Arrangements of the Elderly

The authors examine the effects of public subsidies on the living arrangements of the disabled elderly who choose among living independently, living in an intergenerational household, and entering a nursing home. After quantifying effects of state policies on each arrangement, they estimate the model using multinominal probit and data from the National Long-Term Care Survey. Direct subsidies for nursing home care and state policies which limit nursing home beds or reimbursement significantly affect the choice of living arrangement. State policies which subsidize community living have little effect on nursing home entry, although they increase the probability of living independently. Copyright 1996 by MIT Press.

Kinship and living arrangements in later life: the case of Taiwan

This article examines living arrangements in later life in Taiwan from the perspective of adult children. It focusses on the question of which adult child co-resides with his/her parents. It is hypothesized that the choice of living arrangement is primarily circumscribed by economic feasibility which varies during stages in the life cycle. Parents may live with children who are single or divorced, or who need their help. When all the children are married, they choose to live with those who are financially better off. Middle-aged children who have their own families are least likely to co-reside with parents. The article further addresses the question whether filial piety is abandoned by children who do not live with parents. A trend of declining frequency of visiting parents has been observed. Nevertheless, it has been found that children who have the greatest probability of living away from their parents tend to visit them most frequently.

A longitudinal analysis of household and nonhousehold living arrangements in later life

Most explanatory models of living arrangements in later life link the decision process surrounding choice of living arrangement to personal resources such as income and health. Applications of these models, however, are based for the most part on cross-sectional rather than longitudinal data. In this paper we examine living arrangements in later life among the nonmarried population aged 55 and over, using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. We observe individuals as they change living arrangements, die, or become institutionalized. Our results suggest that economic resources dominate the decision-making process in transitions across different household arrangements, whereas health is most important in explaining institutionalization.

高齢者の同別居の現状と志向に関する研究 : とくに「親密別居」の動向を通して

高齢者の同別居の現状と志向に関する研究 : とくに「親密別居」の動向を通して

Attitudes of the Elderly Towards Living Arrangements

The aim of this paper is twofold:(1) to present evidence supporting the contention that the significant rise in older people living alone has been influenced by transformations in societal values, attitudes and norms, and (2) to discuss several key methodological issues that appear when subjective variables such as privacy, independence and social expectations are integrated into our research to explain housing and living arrangement decisions. In particular, attention is devoted to individual rationalizations of current living arrangements as well as causal direction and independence of the attitudinal factors. The data used in this work were drawn from a 1983 study based on living arrangement decision-making among the elderly.

Motives for Private Income Transfers

Private income transfers are becoming increasingly recognized as a key aspect of the U.S. economy. The majority of private income transfers occur inter vivos (i.e., between living persons), but very little is known about this type of transfer behavior. This paper tests alternative hypotheses concerning motivation for inter vivos transfers. Two motives are considered: altruism and exchange. Evidence presented here casts doubt on the altruistic model of transfer behavior. Observed patterns for inter vivos transfers are more consistent with exchange-related motives. This finding has important implications for the effects of public transfer programs on the distribution of economic well-being.

木賃アパート密集地域における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究(3)

木賃アパート密集地域における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究(3)

Living arrangements and dietary patterns of older adults in the United States.

Living arrangements and dietary patterns were examined for 3,477 adults aged 65 to 74 from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1971 to 1974 (NHANES I). Several indicators of dietary variety, diet composition, and energy and nutrient intake from both the 24-hour recall, and the dietary frequency questionnaires were analyzed. Dietary patterns of older men were associated more strongly with type of living arrangement and income compared with older women. Men living with a spouse consistently had more favorable dietary patterns than either those living alone or those living with someone other than a spouse. Low income men who were not living with a spouse were at highest risk of poor dietary intake. Income was associated more consistently with the dietary indicators than type of living arrangement for women. Income, however, was still a less consistent influence on dietary patterns of older women compared to older men.

下町住商住工混在地区における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究(2)

下町住商住工混在地区における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究(2)

山の手住宅地における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究 (1)

山の手住宅地における高齢者の宅地・住宅の所有と居住実態について : 既成市街地の高齢者居住に関する研究 (1)