Livestock Economy Research Articles

Genetics and Production of Safe, High-Quality Milk by Dairy Cattle

A crucial part of the livestock industry is dairy cattle which contribute significantly to the livestock economy [...]

Budaya Kerapan Kerbau dalam Mempererat Hubungan Sosial Masyarakat dan Mengembangkan Produktivitas Usaha Bisnis Wisata

This study aims to determine the early history of the emergence of buffalo karapan culture in Bree Sapugara Village, Kec. Brang Rea, West Sumbawa Regency and to find out the impact of the buffalo race culture in strengthening social relations in the community, Bree Sagara Village, Kec. Brang Rea, West Sumbawa Regency. The method used is a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The data sources in this study were primary data and secondary data sources about the Kerapan Buffalo culture in strengthening community social relations in Bree Sapugara Village, Brang Rea District, West Sumbawa Regency. The results of the study show, a) the early history of the emergence of the Kerapan Buffalo culture in Bree Sapugara Village, Brang Rea District, Sumbawa Regency began during the Dutch colonial era, until now it is still maintained by the people of Sumbawa. The difference between the Dutch colonial era and now lies in the rules of the game at that time did not exist, for those who have large buffaloes and are ready to compete, the speed is what appears, and the arena is even in wet rice fields ready for planting rice, no special arena is made. whereas now the attributes used by the buffalo and the jockeys have paid attention to safety, there are class rules based on the age and the age of the jockeys and spur buffalo are given decorations; b) the cultural impact of buffalo racing in strengthening community social relations in Bree Sapugara Village, Brang Rea District, West Sumbawa Regency, namely as a gathering place, brotherhood, containing a high philosophical meaning for one's social degree or position in the midst of Sumbawa society, a symbol of honor and authority, and efforts to preserve Sumbawa culture, develop tourism as a leading tourism event, business and livestock economy, and people's entertainment.
 Keywords: Kerapan Buffalo Culture, Community Social Relations

Economic valuation of cattle farm development in Mondokan Sub-district, Sragen Regency

Agricultural development in Mondokan Sub-district encounters water scarcity which limits access to clean water for consumption and cultivation. This problem is exacerbated by shifting seasons due to global warming. The limited supply of water affects the cropping patterns of the community. Rice is planted in the rainy season and corn is planted inshifting between the dry and rainy season. Meanwhile, during the dry season, the field is abandoned. This cropping pattern has an impact on the economic level of the community. The dependence on cultivation as the main livelihood of the community needs to be solved through other alternatives, including animal husbandry. Cattle farm development in Mondokan Sub-district is supported by the environmental capacity of up to 9 million livestock units. However, the large capacity requires support in the livestock economy. The cattle farm development requires an economic valuation to obtain more significant benefits than cultivation. The economic valuation for the development of cattle farms employed the cost-benefit analysis method. The samples were farmers from Pare Village of Mondokan Sub-district who already have livestocks. The valuation assessment used the breeding system. The results of the economic valuation based on benefit and cost analysis indicate that cattle farming in Mondokan Sub-district is feasible.

Lumpy Skin Disease Emerging Problem in Pakistan

Lumpy skin disease is important disease of livestock sector posing a big problem to livestock sector and economy. The virus belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae, which also contains sheep pox virus and goat pox virus. LSD is enzootic in several African countries. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Eastern Europe regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Federation as well as parts of Asia. It is one of the most serious health issues confronting the global cattle business. In addition to the international trade embargo and animal movement restrictions, the disease causes major economic losses owing to skin damage, reduced meat and milk production, infertility, mastitis, and mortality. Lumpy skin disease spread more rapidly in Province Sindh and some parts of province Punjab. Since March 2022, verifiable epidemiological data has revealed a 33% morbidity rate and a 0.6% mortality rate in Pakistan. The southern Punjab cattles were more affected with lumpy skin diseases as compared to northern Punjab. Mortality and infection rate of lumpy skin disease become double during Eid al Adha. The first LSD outbreak was detected in southern Pakistan in November 2021 and notified by the government on March 4th, 2022. Since 2019, LSD has been detected in India, China, and Iran, all of which share Pakistan's border possibly indicating a transboundary transmission channel from Iran and India, both of which border southern Pakistan. LSD is unquestionably posing a danger to dent Pakistan's livestock sector and business

Global prevalence and species diversity of tick-borne pathogens in buffaloes worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBuffaloes are important contributors to the livestock economy in many countries, particularly in Asia, and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) commonly infect buffaloes, giving rise to serious pathologies other than their zoonotic potential.MethodsThe present investigation focuses on the prevalence of TBPs infecting buffaloes worldwide. All published global data on TBPs in buffaloes were collected from different databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) and subjected to various meta-analyses using OpenMeta[Analyst] software, and all analyses were conducted based on a 95% confidence interval.ResultsOver 100 articles discussing the prevalence and species diversity of TBPs in buffaloes were retrieved. Most of these reports focused on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), whereas a few reports on TBPs in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) had been published. The pooled global prevalence of the apicomplexan parasites Babesia and Theileria, as well as the bacterial pathogens Anaplasma, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia, Bartonella, and Ehrlichia in addition to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, were all evaluated based on the detection methods and 95% confidence intervals. Interestingly, no Rickettsia spp. were detected in buffaloes with scarce data. TBPs of buffaloes displayed a fairly high species diversity, which underlines the high infection risk to other animals, especially cattle. Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. orientalis, B. occultans and B. naoakii, Theileria annulata, T. orientalis complex (orientalis/sergenti/buffeli), T. parva, T. mutans, T. sinensis, T. velifera, T. lestoquardi-like, T. taurotragi, T. sp. (buffalo) and T. ovis, and Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. platys, A. platys-like and “Candidatus Anaplasma boleense” were all were identified from naturally infected buffaloes.ConclusionsSeveral important aspects were highlighted for the status of TBPs, which have serious economic implications for the buffalo as well as cattle industries, particularly in Asian and African countries, which should aid in the development and implementation of prevention and control methods for veterinary care practitioners, and animal owners.Graphical

Латифундия в колониальной Рио-де-ла-Плате

The History of argentine latifundia is an important part of the history of Argentina and is of greater historiographical interest. This work is de-voted to the earlier stage in the formation of latifundism in the colonial Rio-dе-lа-Plata. The author focuses on the main picture of agrarian re-gime: development and transformation of livestock economy through-out the colonial period from vaqueria – extractive hunting expedition to the proliferation of estancias on the Buenos Aires pampas. It analyzes colonial estancia production; labour –free labour force and forced labour – slaves. It indicates that despite the expansion of the livestock econo-my, land exploitation continued to be a secondary activity. The great merchants of Buenos Aires made their profits not by exploiting the products of the country – but by importing consumes goods from Spain. Much surplus capital was reinvested in commerce livestock economy held little interest for merchants. The great estates became the dominant force in the country after the war for independence.

Horse Gait Terms in Turkic Languages of Siberia (Compared to Mongolic Languages)

Purpose. Russian and foreign linguists studied the influence of Turkic languages on the grammatical and lexical composition of Mongolic languages. Material from monuments and modern living languages of Siberia shed light on the role of the early Turkic and Mongolic language in the development of the modern linguistic landscape of the region, specifying its place in the Altai linguistic family from a cultural perspective. Horse is a sacred animal for all Turkic and Mongolic speaking nomads that take an important place in their economy and culture, with all its characteristics being featured in the lexicon of the languages under comparison. Researchers also examined a wide range of Mongolian words reflecting various sex- and age-specific terms for livestock and its color as well as keeping and pasturing practices, pasture characteristics, livestock economy, etc. The lexicon characterizing horse movement in Turkic and Mongolic languages has not been the subject of comparative analysis in modern Turkic studies. Thus, the paper describes and analyzes the lexico-semantic group of words that represent the terms for the pattern of natural movement of horse in Turkic and Mongolic languages.Results. To achieve the research objectives we used the synchronous descriptive, comparative, contrastive-typological, and where possible comparative-historical methods. The study defined the structure and semantics of linguistic units, revealing considerably more similarities than differences in the plane of expression in both Turkic languages of Siberia and Mongolic layers of vocabulary.Conclusion. Yakut demonstrates both the Turkic and Mongolic layers, which is characteristic of all languages under comparison. Also, there are later borrowings from Buryat, e.g. the verbs denoting ‘amble’.

Detection and Complete Genomic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in Diarrheic Pigs from the Dominican Republic: First Report on PCV3 from the Caribbean Region.

The increasing detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3, family Circoviridae) in clinically ill pigs worldwide has raised concerns on the implications of the virus on porcine health and the pork industry. Although pork production constitutes an important component of the livestock economy and is a major source of animal protein in the Caribbean Islands, there are no reports on PCV3 in pigs from the region so far. In the present study, PCV3 was detected in 21% (21/100) of diarrheic pigs (sampled at three farms) from the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic (DR). Although the sample size varied between porcine age groups, the highest PCV3 detection rates (35.3% each, respectively) were observed in piglets and growers. Co-infections with PCV2 and porcine adenovirus were observed in 38.09% and 9.52% of the PCV3 positive samples, respectively. The complete genomes of 11 DR PCV3 strains were analyzed in the present study, revealing a unique deletion (corresponding to nucleotide residue at position 1165 of reference PCV3 sequences) in one of the DR PCV3 sequences. Based on sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis (open reading frame 2 and complete genome sequences), the DR PCV3 strains were assigned to genotype PCV3a, and shared high sequence homologies (>98% identities) between themselves and with those of other PCV3a (Clade-1) strains, corroborating previous observations on the genetic stability of PCV3 worldwide. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of PCV3 in pigs from the Caribbean region, providing important insights into the expanding global distribution of the virus, even in isolated geographical regions (the Island of Hispaniola). Our findings warrant further investigations on the molecular epidemiology and economic implications of PCV3 in pigs with diarrhea and other clinical conditions across the Caribbean region.

Faunal exploitation during the Proto-Zhou period in the Jing River Valley: Evidence from Sunjia and Xitou

This study examines faunal assemblages from the Proto-Zhou sites of Sunjia and Xitou, in the Jing River Valley (Central Shaanxi Province), to address questions concerning the exploitation of different animal resources in the context of the Shang-Zhou dynastic transition in the 11th century BCE. Although the assemblages from Sunjia and Xitou were small and sub-optimally preserved, this study demonstrates that the inclusion of such assemblages is essential to building upon our understanding of the human exploitation of animal resources. Our zooarchaeological analysis shows an increase in husbandry, with pig farming being complemented by extensive caprine and cattle herding. A diversified use of animal resources, and especially the larger number of bovids, could have been prompted by the need for a wider and more efficient exploitation of the immediate environment, in response to growing climatic deterioration, in addition to an increase in interactions with northern pastoral communities. Identified patterns of livestock biometry and relative taxonomic abundance show various degrees of agricultural engagement and a relatively complex livestock economy, suggesting the development of socio-economic complexity in the Jing River Valley in the late second millennium BCE.

Naked-eye on-site detection platform for Pasteurella multocida based on the CRISPR-Cas12a system coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is an important pathogenic bacterium that poses a serious threat to the development of the livestock economy and human health. Currently, the existing methods for P. multocida detection are time-consuming and require complex professional operations, limiting the application of field detection. In the study, we presented a single-pot naked-eye CRISPR-Cas12a platform (Cas12a-NEye) for the detection of P. multocida. The round tube cover allowed more Cas12a detection solution to be temporarily stored than the flat cap, enabling single-pot assays and avoiding aerosol contamination. The positive samples generated obvious red using naked eye using no excitation light and the negative samples generated blue. The limit of detection (LOD) was a single copy, without cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria. Furthermore, we validated this platform using 16 P. multocida clinical lung samples and obtained consistent results with the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The entire experimental process included rapid DNA extraction (<1 h) and Cas12a-NEye assay (25 min), which was accomplished within 1.5 h. Thus, this “sample-to-answer” platform has significant potential for P. multocida detection.

Multicriteria analysis model for foot-and-mouth disease risk classification in the state of Goiás - Brazil

ABSTRACT: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects several animal species, including domestic and wildlife ones. The occurrence of an FMD outbreak can potentially cause a large negative impact on countries or regions’ livestock production and economy. Performed over several decades, mass herd vaccination has been the main strategy to control the disease. However, countries are beginning the stage of eradicating FMD, which involves suspending vaccinations. The present study carried out a risk classification for FMD occurrence in Goiás State, Brazil by evaluating and combining multiple risk factors involved in FMD introduction and dissemination. Data from 126,345 rural properties were collected and categorized by municipality. The risk factors were grouped into two modules and then scores for each module were obtained by adding and weighting the risk factors. These combined scores resulted in the final FMD occurrence risk score. Most of the municipalities, as well as the herds were found in the lowest likelihood levels. Variables linked to herd density and animal movement played a key role in the score composition. We believed that this model can be a useful tool in the decision-making process regarding actions and strategies related to FMD eradication.

Retrospective Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Analysis of the Bluetongue Virus in Tunisia.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus considered as a major threat for the global livestock economy. Since 1999, Tunisia has experienced several incursions of BTV, during which numerous cases of infection and mortality have been reported. However, the geographical origin and epidemiological characteristics of these incursions remained unclear. To understand the evolutionary history of BTV emergence in Tunisia, we extracted from Genbank the segment 6 sequences of 7 BTV strains isolated in Tunisia during the period 2000 to 2017 and blasted them to obtain a final dataset of 67 sequences. We subjected the dataset to a Bayesian phylogeography framework inferring geographical origin and serotype as phylodynamic models. Our results suggest that BTV-2 was first introduced in Tunisia in the 1960s and that since 1990s, the country has witnessed the emergence of other typical and atypical BTV serotypes notably BTV-1, BTV-3 and BTV-Y. The reported serotypes have a diverse geographical origin and have been transmitted to Tunisia from countries in the Mediterranean Basin. Interserotype reassortments have been identified among BTV-1, BTV-2 and BTV-Y. This study has provided new insights on the temporal and geographical origin of BTV in Tunisia, suggesting the contribution of animal trade and environment conditions in virus spread.

Brief Analysis of the Development of Livestock Economy in Qiqihar City under the Rural Revitalization Strategy

Brief Analysis of the Development of Livestock Economy in Qiqihar City under the Rural Revitalization Strategy

Current state of livestock economy in Kazakhstan

The purpose of article is to study the state of the livestock economy in Kazakhstan, identify problems and justify promising directions for solving them for the industry. For the development of agriculture, the Concept for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021-2030 was adopted. The study was conducted in the context of individual entrepreneurs, peasant or farm enterprises, and public farms. It has been established that livestock farming in Kazakhstan is developing at a high rate. There has been an increase in meat production in slaughter and live weight. In terms of the number of livestock, the largest increase was obtained in horses and cows, but in the number of pigs, goats, as well as in the production of chicken eggs, there was a decrease in indicators. Problems in the development of livestock farming in Kazakhstan are highlighted: lack of self-sufficiency in poultry meat and dairy products; imbalance of feed production; low efficiency of production organization in personal subsidiary plots of the population; tense epizootic situation regarding especially dangerous animal diseases, ineffectiveness of government control; deterioration of the material and technical equipment of state veterinary organizations; low level of personnel training; limited environmental monitoring.

ОРУДИЙНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС АЛАКУЛЬСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ ЗОЛОТОЕ-1 В ЛЕСОСТЕПНОМ ПРИТОБОЛЬЕ

The article presents the results of a typological and experimental traceological study of the tool complex of the Alakul time of the Zolotоe-1 settlement, located in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve. About 40 items made of stone, clay, bone, and bronze have been analyzed. As a result, the range of products has been determined and the functional purpose of most of them has been established. The tool complex includes ceramic spindle whorls, hammers for forging, passive tiles for grinding and grinding, piercers, blunt axe, agalus, etc. The inventory set finds numerous analogies in Alakul and other Bronze Age and later Bronze Age sites. It is concluded that the Alakul population in the area of the village was engaged in the processing of leather, metal, stone, bone, the manufacture of dishes, spinning — the main industries characteristic of the pastoral tribes of the Late Bronze Age (the authors adhere to the Eastern European chronological scale). Thus, the conducted studies made it possible to supplement the characteristics of the livestock economy of the Alakul population with data on production activities and confirm the earlier conclusions about the absence of differences in the traditions of farming among the population living along the rivers and in the interfluve.

ANIMAL ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION AT THE ADMINISTRATION SECTOR OF HITTITE CAPITAL ŠAPİNUWA

During the excavations carried out in Ortaköy-apinuva, another capital city of the Hittites, a large number of animal bones were found along with other find groups. Although it is understood that most of the bones in question represent the food waste of the city, the remains of sacrifices were also unearthed. This article aims to explain the livestock economy and consumption patterns of the city through a bone group recovered from the excavation area of the Tepelerarasi Region G Area. The area represents a metal workshop dating to the 14th century BC. The group of materials recovered from this area, called Workshop I, is not insitu. It is thought that after the workshop lost its function, it was filled with debris, which was brought from other sectors of the city for flatteing the terrain and described as the waste of the city. The results of our analysis showed that animal consumption is based on sheep and goats. Cattle are found in a very low numbers of mostly young individuals. Pig and few other species are minimally represented in the bone assemblage. While the mortality profile of cattle is dominated by young animals, those of sheep and goat show evidence fort he use of secondry products whilst also point to a meat provision strategy.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Fasciola gigantica Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 (FgNR1).

Fasciola gigantica, a giant liver fluke, causes tremendous loss to the livestock economy in several regions throughout the world. The situation of drug resistance has been emerging increasingly; therefore, novel drugs and drug targets need to be discovered. The adult F. gigantica inhabits the major bile ducts where bile salts accumulate-these are steroid-like molecules that mediate several physiological processes in organisms through interacting with their specific nuclear receptors. However, the molecular mechanism of the interaction in the parasitic organisms have not been clearly understood. In this study, putative nuclear receptor subfamily 1 of F.&amp;nbsp;gigantica (FgNR1) was identified. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the FgNR1 homolog were obtained from the transcriptome of F. gigantica and predicted for properties and functions using bioinformatics. The full-length cDNA was cloned and expressed in the bacterial expression system and then used for immunization. Western analysis and immunolocalization suggested that FgNR1 could be detected in the crude worm antigens and was highly expressed in the caeca and testes of the adult parasite. Moreover, the bile could significantly activate the expression of FgNR1 in cultured parasites. Our results indicated that FgNR1 has high potential for the development of a novel anthelminthic drug in the future.

Community based assessment on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), Risk Factors and One Health Perspective of Brucellosis in rural and urban settings of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic infection of ruminants in Pakistan with detrimental impacts on livestock economy. The major losses caused by brucellosis in animals include abortions, week calves, infertility, and reduced milk production. Regardless of the prevalence of the disease, limited data is available about brucellosis in Pakistan. The present study aimed to access the one health concept in prospective of Brucellosis among small-scale dairy farmers by examining knowledge, attitude and practices at the farms and household level that might pose a risk for humans contracting brucellosis. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among small household dairy farms (n=333) in rural and urban areas of district Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results revealed almost 74.17% of the participants knew about animal brucellosis and about 69.97% of the participants were able to identify the symptoms of animal brucellosis. 58.26% of participants showed knowledge about the transmission of disease from animals to humans. A majority (70.87%) of participants used the raw milk for making other dairy products. Most household farmers are unaware of routes of transmission and major risk factors of brucellosis. Almost all the participants, except veterinarians, including butchers, dairy farm owners and workers, slaughterhouse owners and workers and farmers were involved in at least one risky practice. The moderate knowledge and poor understanding of the disease emphasize the need to initiate awareness programs to educate the farmers who are at high risk along with the improvement of vaccination programs for animals and strict implementation of brucellosis eradication policy which should be devised by government.

Establishment of a reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR method for Getah virus detection and its application for epidemiological investigation in Shandong, China.

Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. Natural infections of GETV have been identified in a variety of vertebrate species, with pathogenicity mainly in swine, horses, bovines, and foxes. The increasing spectrum of infection and the characteristic causing abortions in pregnant animals pose a serious threat to public health and the livestock economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a method that can be used for epidemiological investigation in multiple animals. In this study, a real-time reverse transcription fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method combined with plaque assay was established for GETV with specific primers designed for the highly conserved region of GETV Nsp1 gene. The results showed that after optimizing the condition of RT-qPCR reaction, the minimum detection limit of the assay established in this study was 7.73 PFU/mL, and there was a good linear relationship between viral load and Cq value with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998. Moreover, the method has good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. The established RT-qPCR is 100-fold more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR. The best cutoff value for the method was determined to be 37.59 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.956. Meanwhile, we collected 2,847 serum specimens from swine, horses, bovines, sheep, and 17,080 mosquito specimens in Shandong Province in 2022. The positive detection rates by RT-qPCR were 1%, 1%, 0.2%, 0%, and 3%, respectively. In conclusion, the method was used for epidemiological investigation, which has extensive application prospects.

Trichostrongyle infections in domestic ruminants from Egypt: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Trichostrongylid nematodes can cause serious loss in the livestock economy; nevertheless, infections with these ubiquitous nematodes in animals from developing countries are largely neglected. The present paper provides a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the status of trichostrongyle infections in domestic ruminants from Egypt. Out of 626 collected publications, 118 were defined suitable for inclusion in this review and represented trichostrongyle infections in 5 ruminant species (sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes and camels) from Egypt. Published surveys have mostly focused on sheep, which had the highest (44.8%) pooled prevalence of trichostrongyle infections based on 95% confidence interval (35.9-53.6%) with no significant variations among sheep in different Egyptian regions. Goats had lower infection prevalence (31.2%, 21.5-40.8%) in comparison to sheep, and no significant regional differences were also found. The management and marketing practices likely account for the wide distribution of infection among small ruminants across Egypt. Variable trichostrongyle infection rates were estimated for camels (38.8%, 28.9-48.7%), cattle (27.4%, 14.4-40.3%) and buffaloes (12.2%, 8.0-16.4%). The prevalence of infection was significantly high during winter (52.1%, 32.2-72.1%), which provide favorable conditions for development and survival of larvae on pastures. The most common trichostrongyle identified in infected animals was Haemonchus contortus. The parasite was detected in 38.8% (29.9-47.6%) of infected sheep, 35.3% (24.8-45.7%) of infected goats and in 40.6% (18.6-62.5%) of infected camels. Clinical infections have been reported in a limited number of studies. Analysis of fecal egg counts (FECs) revealed that more than half (52.7%, 30.4-75.0%) of the tested sheep had low counts (<500 eggs per gram EPG), whereas only a few sheep (6.1%, 3.5-8.7%) had high counts >2000 EPG, implying that subclinical infections are common; however, the clinical infections cannot be completely ruled out. Anthelmintic resistance does not appear to be serious in trichostrongyle populations infecting ruminants from Egypt; nonetheless there have been a few cases of albendazole resistance in trichostrongyles infecting sheep. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology and economic implications of trichostrongyle infections in ruminants from Egypt, which is crucial for establishing effective control strategies against these ubiquitous nematodes.