Life In Norway Research Articles

Parental mediation and children’s digital well-being in family life in Norway

ABSTRACT Because children are introduced to digital technology at an early age, their digital skills are influenced by digital learning and well-being in everyday life. This article examines how family values may influence children’s digital lives. The study is based on qualitative data from individual interviews with family members from ten different families and ten focus groups with children aged five to ten years. The analysis shows how values linked to parental mediation are important in determining how family members relate to digital technology. In the discussion, we examine how established values may affect parental mediation, and how children can participate in a digital culture. This work posits that the ability to communicate about digital lives is an important value regarding the well-being of young children.

Between Term and Trope

The term koranskole has a prominent place in the public discourse on Islam and Muslim life in Norway. Despite being empirically imprecise, it is by far the most frequently used term in reference to non-formal Islamic religious education (IRE), but it is also used in other contexts with explicit or implicit referents, creating a polyvalent and at times contested concept. First coined by ethnographers studying Muslim societies, the term koranskole does not originate in Islamic educational traditions; however, it has been used both by researchers and practitioners, although today it occurs to a lesser extent among organizers of such educational enterprises than in public discourse. This article maps the use of the term koranskole in Norwegian public and scholarly discourses throughout the past century, preparing the ground for discussing the analytical vocabulary for research in this area.

Mortality in Norway and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020–22: A comparative study

BackgroundNorway and Sweden picked two different ways to mitigate the dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Norway introduced the strictest lockdown in Europe with strict border controls and intense virus tracking of all local outbreaks while Sweden did not. That resulted in 477 COVID-19 deaths (Norway) and 9737 (Sweden) in 2020, respectively. MethodsWeekly number of COVID-19 related deaths and total deaths for 2020–22 were collected as well as weekly number of deaths for 2015–19 which were used as controls when calculating excess mortality. During the first 12–18 months with high rate of virus transmission in the society, excess mortality rates were used as substitute for COVID-19 deaths. When excess mortality rates later turned negative because of mortality displacement, COVID-19 deaths adjusted for bias due to overreporting were used. ResultsThere were 17521 COVID-19 deaths in Sweden and 4272 in Norway in the study period. The rate ratio (RR) of COVID-19 related deaths in Sweden vs. Norway to the end of week 43, 2022, was 2.11 (95% CI 2.05–2.19). RR of COVID-19 related deaths vs. excess number of deaths were 2.5 (Sweden) and 1.3 (Norway), respectively. RR of COVID-19 deaths in Sweden vs. Norway after adjusting for mortality displacement and lockdown, was 1.35 (95% CI 1.31–1.39), corresponding to saving 2025 life in Norway. If including all deaths in 2022, RR= 1.28 (95% CI 1.24–1.31). ConclusionsBoth COVID-19 related mortality and excess mortality rates are biased estimates. When adjusting for bias, mortality differences declined over time to about 30% higher mortality in Sweden after 30 months with pandemics.

Secular trends in infant feeding practices during the first year of life in Norway: findings from 1998 to 2019 - the Spedkost surveys.

The aims of the present study were to assess secular trends in breast-feeding and to explore associations between age at introduction of solid foods and breast-feeding duration. Data from three national dietary surveys in Norway were used, including infants born in 1998 (Spedkost 1, n 1537), 2006 (Spedkost 2, n 1490) and 2018 (Spedkost 3, n 1831). In all surveys, around 80 % of the infants were breastfed at 6 months of age. At 12 months of age, breast-feeding rate was 41 % in Spedkost 1, increasing to 48 % in Spedkost 2 and 51 % in Spedkost 3. Compared with earlier introduction, introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was associated with a lower risk of breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. In Spedkost 2, the adjusted hazard ratio for breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life for those introduced to solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was 0·43 (95 % CI (0·31, 0·60)), P < 0·001, while the corresponding number in Spedkost 3 was 0·44 (95 % CI (0·29, 0·67)), P < 0·001. In conclusion, breast-feeding at infant age 12 months increased over time. Introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was positively associated with breast-feeding duration in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. As breast-feeding contributes to numerous health benefits for infant and mother, and possibly improved dietary sustainability in infancy, findings point to the importance of continued protection, support and promotion of breast-feeding.

Recognising intra-actions of music and pupil

ABSTRACT Music is deeply entangled with human activity and can play various roles in our lives, also in the lives of children. A large part of children’s day-to-day life in Norway takes place within a school context. However, research on children’s musical lives within a primary school context is scarce, and there is little knowledge of how pupils engage and interact with music throughout their school day. Building on classroom observations of 4th graders in a Norwegian primary school, this article addresses the intra-actions of pupil(s) and music(s) at school from a posthuman and new materialist perspective. Through a diffractive reading of data and a ‘thinking with theory’ approach, we investigate how pupils and music intra-act within material-discursive school practices. Our results show that the intra-actions of music(s) and pupil(s) are connected to the norms and rules regulating the classroom and that these understandings have material effects.

Inequality of opportunity in a land of equal opportunities: The impact of parents’ health and wealth on their offspring’s quality of life in Norway

BackgroundThe literature on Inequality of opportunity (IOp) in health distinguishes between circumstances that lie outside of own control vs. efforts that – to varying extents – are within one’s control. From the perspective of IOp, this paper aims to explain variations in individuals’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by focusing on two separate sets of variables that clearly lie outside of own control: Parents’ health is measured by their experience of somatic diseases, psychological problems and any substance abuse, while parents’ wealth is indicated by childhood financial conditions (CFC).We further include own educational attainment which may represent a circumstance, or an effort, and examine associations of IOp for different health outcomes. HRQoL are measured by EQ-5D-5L utility scores, as well as the probability of reporting limitations on specific HRQoL-dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual-activities, pain & discomfort, and anxiety and depression).MethodWe use unique survey data (N = 20,150) from the egalitarian country of Norway to investigate if differences in circumstances produce unfair inequalities in health. We estimate cross-sectional regression models which include age and sex as covariates. We estimate two model specifications. The first represents a narrow IOp by estimating the contributions of parents’ health and wealth on HRQoL, while the second includes own education and thus represents a broader IOp, alternatively it provides a comparison of the relative contributions of an effort variable and the two sets of circumstance variables.ResultsWe find strong associations between the circumstance variables and HRQoL. A more detailed examination showed particularly strong associations between parental psychological problems and respondents’ anxiety and depression. Our Shapley decomposition analysis suggests that parents’ health and wealth are each as important as own educational attainment for explaining inequalities in adult HRQoL.ConclusionWe provide evidence for the presence of the lasting effect of early life circumstances on adult health that persists even in one of the most egalitarian countries in the world. This suggests that there may be an upper limit to how much a generous welfare state can contribute to equal opportunities.

Anledningen til å jobbe fritt

Milada Blekastad (1917–2003) was a translator, writer, and university lecturer. She was bornin Prague; however, she spent most of her life in Norway. She translated books from Czechto Norwegian and vice versa. Blekastad was also a scholar focusing on the work of Jan AmosComenius (1592–1670), a leading humanist, theologist, philosopher, and pedagog.Norway helped Blekastad to develop her full potential. In return, she worked hard to introduceCzech (or wider European) cultural values to Norway through her work. What circumstancesshaped the mutually enriching relationship between Blekastad and the Norwegian intellectual,academic, and cultural environments? What drove her rising social trajectory? To answer thesequestions, one must look at the social fields she operated in, at her habitus, and at the culturaland economic capital she managed to turn into symbolic capital in a country that was not herhomeland.

Waiter, there’s a fly in my coffee!

Waiter, there’s a fly in my coffee!

A Widening Gap Between Official Teacher Training and Professional Life in Norway

A sociological case study of Norwegian teachers reveals how teacher education reforms have inadequate definitions of teacher competence. Legislators, officials and the media continue to uphold the image of a school system and teaching profession in crisis in several OECD countries. For the Nordic welfare states, education is a public good. Mediocre results in international comparisons cause public debate regarding the quality of the educational system. This has led to a devaluation of teachers and teacher education. The aim of this article is to analyze and discuss how teacher education is valued and converted by Norwegian teachers. Interviews and written accounts from novice teachers and persons with teacher training working outside of the school environment suggest an alternative narrative in which teachers’ competences are in high demand. The results and discussion reveal a more nuanced way to view teachers’ expertise as an asset in a multitude of careers.

What are determinants of utilisation of pharmaceutical anticancer treatment during the last year of life in Norway? A retrospective registry study

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the use of, and predictors for, pharmaceutical anticancer treatment (PACT) towards the end of a patient’s life in a country with a...

Hans Nielsen Hauge og mystikken: – ut fra hans autobiografiske tekster

Hans Nielsen Hauge’s view of Christendom was shaped by the state Pietism of the Danish-Norwegian church. As in all Pietism, however, a mystical foundation can also be detected in Hauge’s thought. This was explicitly expressed in his autobiographical texts, which was not unusual in his days. As a mystic he did not consider himself bound by the restrictions imposed by ecclesiastical law on the layman’s sermon (The Conventicle Act). But Hauge and his adherents remained loyal to the state church, and Haugeanism became a Pietistic awakening and pietist movement within the Church of Norway. Their mysticism was ecclesiasticalized, and in this manner the movement came to shape church and cultural life in Norway.

Forced Migration and the Quest for Normality: Post-Migratory Experiences of Traumatized Iraqi Refugees in Norway

Abstract The study investigates how a clinical sample of Iraqi refugee men speak about their lives in Norway, specifically on their experiences related to factors known to be influential in the restoration of normality in exile. Using thematic analysis (TA), the major themes extracted in this study relate to employment, finances and social support. These themes were all found to be influential in the lives of the participants, encouraging a sense of normality when in place. Drawing from Conservation of resources theory and The resource-based model of refugee adaptation, the key-findings suggest that (1) access to resources are regulated by social and political conditions and that (2) resource spirals perpetuate positive and negative cycles in the lives of the participants. We also engage in discussions on social inequality, discuss implications of the findings for service providers, and finally we make suggestions for future research.

A travelogue of the second degree: “The Letters from Norway” by Isidora Sekulić as a pretext of the book about Norway of Vida Ognjenović

The work of the Serbian writer Vida Ognjenović “A Travel to a Travelogue” (2004) is dedicated to her stay in Norway and the perception of this country through the prism of the well-known Serbian travelogue “The Letters from Norway” (1914) by Isidora Sekulić. Ognjenović’s text contains not only impressions of life in Norway, but also a reflection on the travelogue genre, on the text of her predecessor and the controversy caused by Sekulić’s work. Within the framework of Serbian literature, “The Letters from Norway” became a hypotext for the perception of Norwegian culture. In addition to the extensive metatextual layer Ognjenović’s work contains “The Letters to Isidorа Sekulić from Norway”, in which the author addresses her predecessor in an epistolary form and tells her about the trip to Norway. Having studied the Norwegian route of Sekulić in detail, Ognjenović decided to repeat it and to share her impressions with an imaginary Sekulić. The hypertext by Ognjenović offers not only a new reading of the Sekulić’s travelogue, which has become a reference book for Serbian emigrants in Norway, but also contains a bold assumption that Sekulić’s “Letters” were addressed to the famous critic Jovan Skerlić, who would later call the writer “Scandiphile”, and would condemn her for lack of patriotism. Ognjenović’s travelogue with its intense intertextual connections and palimpsest elements has pronounced features of a postmodern text, but does not completely fit into the paradigm of postmodernism, occupying a borderline position between the veneration of Logos, of authority and the postmodern irony.

Myklebost , Kari Aga Nielsen , Jens Petter Rogatchevski , Andrei The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Northern Impact and Beyond (review)

REVIEWS 185 Myklebost, Kari Aga; Nielsen, Jens Petter and Rogatchevski, Andrei (eds). The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Northern Impact and Beyond. Academic Studies Press, Boston, MA, 2020. xix + 211 pp. Notes. Figures. Bibliographies. Index. $109.00. The centenary of the Russian Revolution inspired a host of scholarly publications of various kinds that continue to appear in print. The current volume resulted from a conference that convened at UiT The Arctic University of Norway in October 2017. The volume includes twelve contributions by Russian, Norwegian, Swedish and British scholars and focuses on the ‘northern dimension’ of the Russian Revolution. The chapters discuss such diverse topics as the course of the Revolution and Civil War in Russia’s Northern region, the reception of the revolutionary events in Scandinavian countries, and the impact of the Revolution on the international relations in that part of the globe. Additional chapters focus on various other aspects and the legacy of the Russian Revolution. As almost every collected volume, this one is uneven and includes chapters of various scholarly originality. Unfortunately, the volume opens with a superficial essay by Vladislav Goldin that summarizes his 1993 book on the Allied intervention in North Russia. Almost all of his historiographic sources were published before the end of the 1970s, and it remains a mystery why the author chose ‘Contemporary Approaches and Understandings’ as the subtitle for his contribution. Other chapters, in particular those based on new documentary materials, provide a more rewarding read. Tatyana Troshina and Ekaterina Kotlova’s essay discusses the fate of foreign property in North Russia and economic relationships with Norway during the revolutionary years. The authors offer some interesting evidence about grassroots reactions to these economic contacts. For example, northern peasants strongly believed that after the Revolution forests became their own property and even tried to charge foreign entrepreneurs operating in the north for cutting ‘their’ timber for sawmills (p. 60). Such cases reveal how transnational economic relations during the revolutionary period could be shaped by very particular local interests. Reactions to the Russian Revolution in Scandinavian countries are discussed in an engaging contribution by Kari Aga Myklebost. Her subject are the Norwegian Slavist Olaf Broch’s publications in the newspaper Aftenposten during the momentous months of 1917. Broch’s enthusiasm about the liberal Provisional Government in Russia and his underestimation of the Bolsheviks resonated with many liberal Norwegians at that time. In his turn, Klas-Göran Karlsson provides a useful critical summary of Swedish-language scholarship on the effect of the Russian Revolution in Sweden. He perceptively underscores therevolution’scontradictoryimpact,as‘anticommunismandanti-Bolshevism SEER, 99, 1, JANUARY 2021 186 born out of a repudiation of the Russian Revolution is more important for Swedish political development’ than radicalization brought about by the Russian events (p. 26). A similarly balanced assessment is offered by Hallvard Tjelmeland in his regional study of the Revolution’s influence on the NorthNorwegian labour movement. The author attributes its radicalization not just to the revolutionary events in neighbouring Russia, but also to local long-term social and political conditions. Switching focus to international relations, Åsmund Egge describes Soviet diplomatic efforts in Norway and Sweden in the interwar years, and the role played by the Soviet representative Alexandra Kollontai. Particularly interesting is the discussion of Kollontai’s personal connections with some leading politicians in these countries. Ole Martin Rønning’s archival study deals with the international cadre schools in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. On the example of the Norwegian Communist Party, he reveals the heavy influence that the schools’ graduates had on the leadership of Communist parties in Scandinavia. Victoria V. Tevlina’s chapter, in turn, discusses the Russian emigration’s cultural life in Norway in the 1920s. The second part of the volume deals with the broader impact of the Revolution and is only vaguely related to the rest of the collection. Andrei Rogatchevski examines an anti-Soviet rebellion of the indigenous people of the North and its ‘remythologization’ in Aleksei Fedorchenko’s recent film, Angels of the Revolution (2014). Ekaterina Rogatchevskaia offers her reflections as lead curator on the exhibition, ‘Russian Revolution: Hope, Tragedy, Myths’, that was on display at the British Library...

The COVID-19 pandemic in Norway and Sweden \u2013 threats, trust, and impact on daily life: a comparative survey

BackgroundNorway and Sweden have similar populations and health care systems, but different reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. Norway closed educational institutions, and banned sports and cultural activities; Sweden kept most institutions and training facilities open. We aimed to compare peoples’ attitudes towards authorities and control measures, and perceived impact of the pandemic and implemented control measures on life in Norway and Sweden.MethodsAnonymous web-based surveys for individuals age 15 or older distributed through Facebook using the snowball method, in Norway and Sweden from mid-March to mid-April, 2020. The survey contained questions about perceived threat of the pandemic, views on infection control measures, and impact on daily life. We performed descriptive analyses of the responses and compared the two countries.Results3508 individuals participated in the survey (Norway 3000; Sweden 508). 79% were women, the majority were 30–49 years (Norway 60%; Sweden 47%), and about 45% of the participants in both countries had more than 4 years of higher education.Participants had high trust in the health services, but differed in the degree of trust in their government (High trust in Norway 17%; Sweden 37%). More Norwegians than Swedes agreed that school closure was a good measure (Norway 66%; Sweden 18%), that countries with open schools were irresponsible (Norway 65%; Sweden 23%), and that the threat from repercussions of the mitigation measures were large or very large (Norway 71%; Sweden 56%). Both countries had a high compliance with infection preventive measures (> 98%). Many lived a more sedentary life (Norway 69%; Sweden 50%) and ate more (Norway 44%; Sweden 33%) during the pandemic.ConclusionSweden had more trust in the authorities, while Norwegians reported a more negative lifestyle during the pandemic. The level of trust in the health care system and self-reported compliance with preventive measures was high in both countries despite the differences in infection control measures.

A new life in Norway: The adaptation experiences of unaccompanied refugee minor girls

IntroductionIn recent times, record numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) have settled in Norway. Many researchers have investigated the myriad challenges URMs face when settling in the countries of refuge, but fewer have focused on the strategies they use and resources they draw upon. Moreover, the dominant focus is on unaccompanied minor boys’ experiences because they are overrepresented in this group. Unaccompanied minor girls are therefore less visible within URM research. The aim of our study was to explore the experiences of URM girls’ adaptation to life in Norway focusing on their strengths, and to examine the social and structural factors that influence settlement. MethodThis was a qualitative study and data was collected by conducting narrative interviews with six girls/young women aged between 15 and 20, who came to Norway as unaccompanied refugee minors. We applied a resource-based approach by using resilience and acculturation as our analytical framework. FindingsParticipants in our study had adapted well to their new lives in Norway, based on academic, social and linguistic success. They exhibited strengths through actively gaining skills and building networks to help them to adapt to a new life in Norway. However, some of them experienced tension between the need to belong, which meant adopting an assimilation acculturation strategy and the need to hold onto their own cultural identity, an integration strategy. ConclusionURM girls/ young women may have a greater need for emotional connection and support from female caregivers during the settlement. It is important that more research is done that highlights the gender dimension of URMs’ girls/ young women’s experiences during settlement to make sure that their needs are adequately catered for.

Intergenerational perspectives on refugee children and youth's adaptation to life in Norway

AbstractRefugees from the Global South face many challenges when they arrive in Europe, not least having their subjectivities and beliefs questioned as part of requests for them to adapt to the norms of the destination context. Although there has been much critical research on migrant integration and adaptation, few of these studies have used an intergenerational lens to investigate the experiences of refugee children and youth. This article addresses this research gap using a social navigation theoretical framework and qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions with Eritrean and Afghan unaccompanied minors, young adults, and parents. The findings demonstrate how challenges and resources associated with adaptation identified across generations were related to (a) the frequency and nature of interactions between refugees, their compatriots, and Norwegians; (b) learning the Norwegian language; (c) comprehension of Norway's bureaucratic welfare systems; and (d) accepting Norwegian cultural values while maintaining transnational cultural ties. Notably, unaccompanied minors, young adults, and parents all navigated dual cultures as part of efforts to achieve normative Norwegian markers of successful migrant adaptation. Significantly, the older generational groups had the most difficulty “breaking” into Norwegian society. Overall, it is argued that to understand better the challenges migrants face when they are required to adapt to a new life in a destination context and the implications of these challenges for their aspirations, it is important to include both a focus on how they move through the society (social navigation) and the interactivity between generations (intergenerational perspective).

Rereading of Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines’ Pastoral Statement on Death Penalty and its Communion with the State

This paper will identify significant roles of Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines as a critical collaborator with the State. Instead of retribution and legal execution, the leaders of the Church in the Philippines are calling the government to encourage non-retribution-based justice; a non-retaliatory principle based on love, mercy and justice being taught by Jesus. Other than theological and Biblical perspectives to support above key points, multi-disciplinary approaches such as juridical, sociological, psychological, criminal justice and other fields of thought will also be used to explain the relevance of the statement of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines as a willing yet critical cooperator with the affairs of the State. &#x0D; References&#x0D; 1997. Catehism of the Catholic Church. 2nd. 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Manila: unpublished thesis presented to the Faculty of Canon Law.&#x0D; Francis. 2017. “Address to participants in the meeting promoted by the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.” Vatican Website. October 11. Accessed July 4, 2019. https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2017/october/documents/papa-francesco_20171011_convegnonuova-evangelizzazione.html.&#x0D; Gould, Jon, Julia Carrano, Richard Leo, and Katie Hail-Jares. 2014. “Predicting Erroneous Convictions.” 99 Iowa Law Review 471 489.&#x0D; Hass, Moloney, Chambliss. 2017. Criminology: Connecting Theory, Research and Practice. London: Routledge.&#x0D; Hill, John Lawrence. 2016. After the Natural Law: How the Classical Worldview Supports Our Modern Moral and Political Values. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.&#x0D; Hontiveros, Romeo. 2016. “What is the true meaning of separation of Church and State?” PagadianDiocese. org . May 26. http://www.pagadiandiocese.org/2016/05/26/what-is-the-true-meaning-ofseparation-of-church-and-state/.&#x0D; John Paul II. 1995. Encyclical Letter Evangelium Vitae. http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html.&#x0D; _______________ 2000. “Jubillee in Prisons.” Vatican Website. July 9. Accessed January 15, 2019. http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000709_jubilprisoners.html.&#x0D; John XXIII. 1963. Pacem in Terris. April 11. http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem.html.&#x0D; Kendall, Diana. 2016. Sociology in Our Times. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. McCrudden, Christopher. 2008. “Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights.” The European Journal of International Law 19 (4): 656-657.

“God Brought Me Here to Change Me”

This article discusses narratives of spiritual transformation among Filipino migrants in the context of a Filipino Pentecostal migrant church in Norway, asking how Filipino migrants encounter and make use of religion in their migratory trajectories and experiences. The article takes a narrative approach to stories of transformation and discusses these with insights from theology, psychology and sociology of religion and in light of their sociocultural and spiritual contexts. The analysis focuses on these migrants' encounters, emotions and engagements related to facing life in Norway in context of the Pentecostal spirituality found in one growing Filipino migrant church. The article takes special interest in references to emotion as a hermeneutical cue in the narratives. From this, special attention is given to the individual's story and for understanding such churches as sociocultural and spiritual communities of transformation and mission.

An observational study of immigrant mortality differences in Norway by reason for migration, length of stay and characteristics of sending countries

BackgroundKnowledge of mortality differentials in immigrant groups depending on their reason for migration, length of stay in host countries and characteristics of sending countries may be beneficial for policy interventions aimed to improve various immigrant groups’ health and welfare.MethodsWe employed discrete-time hazard regression models with time-varying covariates to compare the death risk of immigrants to those of Norwegian-born natives using linked register data on the Norwegian population aged 25–79 during 1990–2015. More than 492,000 deaths occurred in around 4.6 million individuals. All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, calendar time and sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsImmigrants had an 11% survival advantage overall. Those immigrating due to work or education had the lowest death risk, whereas refugees had the highest death risk (albeit lower than that of natives). Death risks increased markedly with length of stay, and were most pronounced for those having spent more than 40% of their lives in Norway. Net of reason for migration, only minor differences were observed depending on Human Development Index characteristics of sending countries.ConclusionIndependent of reason for migration and characteristics of sending countries, those who immigrate to Norway in adulthood appear to be particularly healthy. The higher death risk associated with prolonged lengths of stay suggests that disadvantageous ‘acculturation’ or stress factors related to the post-migration period may play a role in the long run. The health and welfare of long-term immigrants thus warrants further research.