Shark Liver Research Articles

Shark Liver Oil Protects the Chromosome and Sperm of Mice against the Cytotoxicity of Taxotere

Shark Liver Oil Protects the Chromosome and Sperm of Mice against the Cytotoxicity of Taxotere

Characteristic Squalene compounds Shark Liver Oil of home industry product in Pelabuhan Ratu

Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-9 fatty acids and Squalene are an active component of fish oil that are<br />beneficial to the human health. Squalene is countained in shark liver oil (Centrophorus sp.). The aim of<br />this research was to determine the quality and characterization of fish oil from of household production<br />at Pelabuhan Ratu. The analysis is the fatty acid profile, primer and sekunder oxidation and determine<br />the content of compounds squalene contained in the shark liver oil. The fatty acid profile showed that the<br />dominant fatty acid is oleic aced (28.22%). EPA and DHA of shark liver oil are 1.54% and 4.78% respectively.<br />The test results of parameter value of primary and secondary showed shark liver oil has a high oxidation<br />value of PV (17.73 mEg/kg), p-AV (29.32 mEg/kg), TOTOX (64.78 mEg/kg) and FFA (4.65%). The value<br />of the density and viscosity of the shark liver oil of 0.91 g/cm3 and 38.18 cPs. Clarity shark liver oil at a<br />wavelength of 450 nm is 84.98%. GC-MS showed that squalene peak appears at the retention time of 23.357<br />and 23.285 minutes with a total area of 12.49% and 22.14% for crude and pure (reffine) shark liver oil and<br />its molecular weight was 410.391 g/mol.<br /><br />

Spray drying of shark liver oil pool: Effects on physical-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity

Context: Spray-drying is a technique used to produce encapsulated products, thus improving the stability of components as well as their organoleptic characteristics. Aims: To evaluate the effect of microencapsulation of shark liver oil pool by spray drying on its physical-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity. Methods: A mix design was created with a constant load of oil, made possible by controlling the proportion between chitosan acetate and maltodextrin. Loss on drying, encapsulation efficiency and yield were determined for the microcapsules. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis was used in order to determine the vitamin A content in microencapsulated and non-microencapsulated oil, as well as its delivery from the dried product. Vitamin A was the active compound used as a chemical marker. The following parameters were also evaluated: organoleptic characteristics, moisture content, particle size, surface morphology and antioxidant capacity. Results: The encapsulation efficiency of microencapsulated oil increased slightly as the concentration of chitosan acetate increased. In order to achieve a greater encapsulation efficiency and a lower moisture content in microencapsulated oil, the proportion between chitosan acetate and maltodextrin should be maintained at 35% and 35% each, according to established manufacturing conditions. Both polymers prevent oil from leaving the droplet. This is a very important factor in storage stability of vitamins and fatty acids, which are subject to oxidative deterioration. Conclusions: Spray-drying microencapsulation of pool oil does not affect vitamin A content or delivery; fatty acid content and antioxidant capacity are also not affected.

KARAKTERISASI HASIL PEMURNIAN MINYAK HATI IKAN CUCUT PISANG (Charcharinus falciformis)

The shark has a yield by-product from its liver up to 20% of its body weight, 50% of the total fish oil found on the liver. The aimed of this study was utilized by-product from shark’s liver oil and neutralization it to improve its quality shark liver oil. The method of quality fish oil referred to AOAC. The treatments in this study was extraction with temperature 50 °C and bleaching using magnesol XL 3%. The result of showed that the bleaching using magnesol XL can affect quality of silky shark liver oil. The result refined oil using magnesol XL 3% did not contain any microbes. Refined method using magnesol 3% produced oil with quality value (FFA: 0,72%±0,06; PV: 1,27±0,04 mEq/kg; p-AV: 4,27±1,95 mEq/kg; TOTOX: 7,27±1,93 mEq/kg; AV: 0,74±0,00 mg KOH/kg; clarity: 74,19±1,7 %).

Characterization of liver oils from three species of sharks collected in Tunisian coasts: In vitro digestibility by pancreatic lipase

The increase in world fish lipid request has made necessary the search for new fish species rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that could be used as raw material for oil production. In this study, liver oils from the deep-sea sharks Mustelus mustelus, Squalus acanthias, and Rhinobatos cemiculus were extracted and analyzed to describe their lipids characteristics. Lipid contents of shark livers ranged from 64.245 to 69.57%. Among minerals, potassium and sodium were the most abundant while unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) were dominant exceeding 55% of the total FAs. Omega-3 PUFA (ω-3 PUFA) profiles exhibited a dominance of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This study suggests that shark livers, actually considered as waste, may be an attractive source of ω-3 PUFAs and a good source of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Practical applications The production of EPA and DHA concentrates from residual sources of marine oils has unexplored potential of use in food industry and oil-based nutraceutical production for obtaining health benefits can be achieved. The economic activities of fish residues can reduce inappropriate excessive fishing, reducing imports of fish oils while contributing to the ecosystem balance.

Dioxin concentrations in dietary supplements containing animal oil on the Japanese market between 2007 and 2014

We determined the concentrations of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) in 46 dietary supplement products, containing the oil of fish, marine mammals, or egg yolk, on the Japanese market between 2007 and 2014. Dioxins were detected in 43 of the 46 products tested at concentrations from 0.00015 to 67 pg TEQ/g. The highest concentration of dioxins was found in a shark liver oil product which varied insignificantly in five batches collected over a two-year period. The dioxin intakes from these five batches reached 2.3–2.8 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, or 58%–70%, respectively, of the Japanese tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. However, the dioxin intakes from most of the other products tested were less than 5% of the TDI. Although rare, supplements based on animal oils may contain relatively high concentrations of dioxins, leading to a substantial increase in dioxin intakes.

Synergistic Activity for Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors of Angiogenesis Induced by Murine Sarcoma L-1 and Human Kidney Cancer Cells.

Tumor angiogenesis is an important link in the process of tumor growth and metastasis. A number of substances with an anti-angiogenic activity has been described, but their efficiency remains low. Many researchers believe that a better therapeutic effect could be achieved using a cocktail of several anti-angiogenic agents, having different points of action. A lot of synthetic and natural products of plant and animal origin have anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of some combinations of angiogenesis inhibitors on the growth and neovascularization of murine sarcoma L-1 , and on angiogenesis induced in the mouse skin by grafting of human renal cancer. The influence of theobromine, sulindac and its metabolite sulindac sulfone, chlorogenic acid, and shark liver oil on the afferent and efferent angiogenesis pathways was tested. Individually, all of these substances suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis. Synergy was found for a combination of theobromine, sulindac, and chlorogenic acid (L-1 sarcoma tumor growth), and for theobromine with sulindac sulfone or with shark liver oil, which were given to the mice grafted with human renal cancer cells (angiogenesis). No synergistic effects were shown after preincubation with tumor cells and inhibitors.

Shark Interactions With Directed and Incidental Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Historic and Current Encounters, and Challenges for Shark Conservation.

For over 100 years, sharks have been encountered, as either directed catch or incidental catch, in commercial fisheries throughout the Northeast Pacific Ocean. A long-standing directed fishery for North Pacific Spiny Dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) has occurred and dominated shark landings and discards. Other fisheries, mainly for shark livers, have historically targeted species including Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) and Tope Shark (Galeorhinus galeus). While incidental catches of numerous species have occurred historically, only recently have these encounters been reliably enumerated in commercial and recreational fisheries. In this chapter we present shark catch statistics (directed and incidental) for commercial and recreational fisheries from Canadian waters (off British Columbia), southern US waters (off California, Oregon, and Washington), and northern US waters (off Alaska). In total, 17 species of sharks have collectively been encountered in these waters. Fishery encounters present conservation challenges for shark management, namely, the need for accurate catch statistics, stock delineation, life history parameter estimates, and improved assessments methods for population status and trends. Improvements in management and conservation of shark populations will only come with the further development of sound science-based fishery management practices for both targeted and incidental shark fisheries.

CATTLE DIP AND SHARK LIVER OIL IN A TECHNO-CHEMICAL COLONIAL STATE: THE POISONING AT MALANGALI SCHOOL, TANGANYIKA, 1934

AbstractIn October 1934, a group of schoolgirls at Malangali School in Iringa Province, Tanganyika received doses of what the school headmistress thought was shark liver oil. Many girls began to spit and vomit the medicine, while others attempted to leave the school grounds to return home. Within three hours, several pupils had died and within three days, another 32 girls succumbed to the toxic draught. This article examines this little known and poorly understood tragedy through the lens of the scientific and social experimentation that occurred at Malangali School. As one of two government- run schools that enrolled girls, Malangali provided the colonial state with an opportunity to conduct a variety of experiments upon a captive audience. This article argues that the ‘discovery of colonial malnutrition’ in the interwar period not only depoliticized hunger but its emphasis on techno-chemical approaches to social and material problems led to tragedy.

NETRALISASI MINYAK HATI IKAN CUCUT PISANG (Charcarinus falciformis) MENGGUNAKAN NaOH

The shark has a yield by-product from its liver up to 20% of its body weight, 50% of the total fish oil found on the liver. The aimed of this study was to determine heavy metal content, fatty acid profilel, and parameter of oxidation after neutralization. The method of heavy metal test for silky shark oil stated on the SNI and fatty acid analysis referred to AOAC. Neutralization used NaOH 18°Be temperature (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C). The result of oil neutralization with NaOH had heavy metal content meet to IFOS (0.1 ppm), fatty acid of SFA was 19.58% , MUFA was 19.26 %, and PUFA was 41.58 %. The oxidation result of silky shark liver oil neutralization indicated the best treatment at 50°C with peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), percentage of free fatty acid (% FFA), acid value (AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) were 72,49±0,27 mEq/kg, 8,57±0,46 mEq/kg, 0,28±0,00%, 0,56±0,00 mg KOH/kg, 13,57±1,01 mEq/kg respectively.

Extraction and characterization of liver oil from silky shark (Charcharinus falciformis)

Silky shark liver was 10-15% of its body mass and 50% of oil is contained in the liver. The aimed of<br />this study was to determine heavy metal content, fatty acid profile on raw material, extraction of its oil, and<br />parameter of oxidation. The method of heavy metal test stated on the SNI and fatty acid analysis referred<br />to AOAC. The extraction was oven methode at 50, 60, 70, and 80°C in 8 hours. Cadmium (Cd) as the<br />highest heavy metal content with 0.88±0.01 ppm, SFA was 18.46% composed by palmitic acid dominantly<br />(12.59%). The MUFA was 24.54 % with the highest oleic acid (17.86%). PUFA was 19.11 % that consist of<br />DHA (14.35%) as the most abundantly present while EPA was 1.50%. Shark liver oil which was extracted<br />at 50°C had the highest yield (24.47%). The oxidation of silky shark liver oil extraction indicated the best<br />treatment at 50°C with peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), percentage of free fatty acid (% FFA),<br />acid value (AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) were 7.26±1.27 mEq/kg, 16.79±0.28 mEq/kg, 5.47±0.12%,<br />10.88±0.25 mg KOH/kg, and 31.31±2.26 mEq/kg respectively.

Extraction and characterization of liver oil from silky shark

Silky shark liver was 10-15% of its body mass and 50% of oil is contained in the liver. The aimed of<br />this study was to determine heavy metal content, fatty acid profile on raw material, extraction of its oil, and<br />parameter of oxidation. The method of heavy metal test stated on the SNI and fatty acid analysis referred<br />to AOAC. The extraction was oven methode at 50, 60, 70, and 80°C in 8 hours. Cadmium (Cd) as the<br />highest heavy metal content with 0.88±0.01 ppm, SFA was 18.46% composed by palmitic acid dominantly<br />(12.59%). The MUFA was 24.54 % with the highest oleic acid (17.86%). PUFA was 19.11 % that consist of<br />DHA (14.35%) as the most abundantly present while EPA was 1.50%. Shark liver oil which was extracted<br />at 50°C had the highest yield (24.47%). The oxidation of silky shark liver oil extraction indicated the best<br />treatment at 50°C with peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), percentage of free fatty acid (% FFA),<br />acid value (AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) were 7.26±1.27 mEq/kg, 16.79±0.28 mEq/kg, 5.47±0.12%,<br />10.88±0.25 mg KOH/kg, and 31.31±2.26 mEq/kg respectively.<br /><br />

Cuantificación de escualeno en el aceite de amaranto crudo y refinado

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la refinación del aceite de maranto crudo (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) y su efecto sobre la concentración de escualeno. El aislamiento y la cuantificación de escualeno se realizó por cromatografía en columna. El contenido de escualeno se conservó con modificaciones mínimas durante el refinado del aceite de amaranto crudo. Por lo tanto, el escualeno que se encuentra en el aceite de amaranto, puede ser una opción para ser empleado como un alimento nutracéutico, debido a su efecto antioxidante; y su concentración es comparable a la cantidad encontrada en el aceite de hígado de tiburón y el aceite de oliva.

Detection of piRNAs in whitespotted bamboo shark liver

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are 26 to 31-nt small non-coding RNAs that have been reported mostly in germ-line cells and cancer cells. However, the presence of piRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark liver has not yet been reported. In a previous study of microRNAs in shark liver, some piRNAs were detected from small RNAs sequenced by Solexa technology. A total of 4857 piRNAs were predicted and found in shark liver. We further selected 17 piRNAs with high and significantly differential expression between normal and regenerative liver tissues for subsequent verification by Northern blotting. Ten piRNAs were further identified, and six of these were matched to known piRNAs in piRNABank. The actual expression of six known and four novel piRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, a total of 401 target genes of the 10 piRNAs were predicted by miRanda. Through GO and pathway function analyses, only five piRNAs could be annotated with eighteen GO annotations. The results indicated that the identified piRNAs are involved in many important biological responses, including immune inflammation, cell-specific differentiation and development, and angiogenesis. This manuscript provides the first identification of piRNAs in the liver of whitespotted bamboo shark using Solexa technology as well as further elucidation of the regulatory role of piRNAs in whitespotted bamboo shark liver. These findings may provide a useful resource and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies against liver damage.

English

Shark liver oil (SLO) has been widely used as a food supplement to boost human immunity. The extraction method of shark liver oil is immature. In this study, four different extraction methods of shark liver oil were tried, the effect of the solid-liquid ratio, quality of the enzyme, reaction pH and temperature on SLO extraction rate have been discussed. Infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the main composition of SLO, and U14 tumor bearing mice were used to explore anti-tumor effect of SLO. Our results show that alkaline protease extraction method was the best with an extraction rate of 30.15%, and the solid-liquid ratio, quality of the enzyme, reaction pH and temperature was 1:2, 2% of the liver quality, 9, 3.5 h, 48°C respectively. Characteristic peak of alkoxy glycerol, squalene and vitamin A was presented in the IR spectra of SLO, the proportion of alkoxy glycerol, squalene content and vitamin was 35.3, 40.4 and 7.8% determined by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inhibition rate was 54.56. Key words: Shark liver oil, extraction, characterization, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Alkylglycerols reduce serum complement and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in obese individuals.

Alkylglycerols (AKGs), isolated or present in shark liver oil have anti-inflammatory properties. Complement 3 (C3) and 4 (C4) participate in lipid metabolism and in obesity, contributing to the metabolic syndrome and to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity. In a randomized, controlled, crossover study, 26 non-diabetes obese individuals were assigned two preparations with low (LAC, 10mg AKGs) and high (HAC, 20mg AKGs) AKG content. Intervention periods were of 3weeks preceded by 2-week washout periods in which shark liver oil was avoided. Cholesterol, C3, C4, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreased in a linear trend (P<0.01) from baseline (control) to LAC and HAC. Values after HAC were significantly lower (P<0.05) versus both baseline and after LAC. No adverse effects were observed or reported. Data from this pilot study open a promising field for the study of the beneficial effects of AKGs on cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals.

Does shark liver oil have a potent antithrombotic effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats?

The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the favorable effect of dose‐dependent effect of shark liver oil (SLO) on the improvement of blood circulation by enhancing endothelial function and antithrombotic effects against spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Rats were randomized into 5 groups (n=10/group): Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat control; SHR control; SLO1 (45% squalene; 400mg/kg body weight); SLO2 (98% squalene; 400 and 1,020mg/kg). The test materials were administered orally on a daily basis with a normal diet for 8 weeks. 6‐week‐old male SHRs were given test materials by gavage feeding and blood pressure was recorded on a weekly basis. Blood pressure was significantly reduced in SHRs fed the 98% squalene high dose (1,020 mg/kg B.W) group compared to vehicle group (p&lt;0.05). Platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and adenosine diphosphate was significantly reduced in SHRs fed the 98% squalene low dose (400 mg/kg B.W) group compared to vehicle group. However, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time had no significant differences. Plasma prostaglandin‐I2 and thromboxane‐B2 levels were significantly different between WKY and SHR, however, there was no significant different between SHR and SLO‐treated SHRs. These finding suggests that SLO might have a favorable effect for improving blood pressure control and platelet aggregation regardless of dose dependency. In further study, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐Akt‐eNOS signaling pathway will be observed to elucidate the mechanism of the blood pressure response to SLO.Support or Funding Information* This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning (Bio‐synergy Research Project NRF2012M3A9C4048761) and BK21 PLUS through the National Research Foundation.

Cadmium concentration in liver and muscle of silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) in the tip of Baja California south, México

Cadmium concentrations were determined in the tissues of muscle and liver of Carcharhinus falciformis (silky shark) sampled in Todos Santos, Baja California South, Mexico. This is one of the main shark species for human consumption in Mexico. Results indicate that accumulation of Cd varied in both sexes, based on its metabolism, sex, maturity and other biological characteristics. High Cd values were observed in the liver of adults of male (529.61μgg−1) and female (457.43μgg−1), whereas, in muscular tissues it was low (0.37μgg−1) than the prescribed permissible limits for seafood (0.5μgg−1). Substantial correlations were observed between body length and Cd values in adults except young male due to faster growth rate and its metabolism. The study indicated the impact of environmental conditions in the accumulation of Cd and its risk to the food web structure in the marine environment and health hazard for humans.

Selective cytotoxic effect of 1-O-undecylglycerol in human melanoma cells

Context: 1-O-alkylglycerols are ether-linked glycerols derived from shark liver oil and found in small amounts in human milk. Previous studies showed antineoplastic activity for this family of compounds, structurally related to alkylphospholipids, but the activity of linear chain synthetic alkylglycerols in cancer cell lines is less documented. Melanoma is a high incidence cancer, highly resistant to potential treatments. Finding new anti-cancer compounds to improve melanoma prognosis is a relevant research issue. Aims: To study the cytotoxic effect of 1-O-undecylglycerol in primary cultured normal fibroblasts and A375 human melanoma cell line. Methods: Cells were treated with different concentrations of 1-O-undecylglycerol and viability assessed by MTT assay. Morphological changes were visualized by DAPI and acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated, and gene expression of P53 and BcL-2 was semi-quantified. Results: 1-O-undecylglycerol decreased viability of A375 cells and exerted very low cytotoxicity on primary cultured normal fibroblasts. Necrosis appeared in A375 cells but not in fibroblasts, and no apoptotic changes were visualized in DAPI staining experiments. After 24 h fibroblasts and melanoma cells developed mitochondrial potential changes similar to valinomycin. The gene expression of P53 and BcL-2 decreased in treated cells. Conclusions: 1-O-undecylglycerol exhibited selective cytotoxic activity in A375 melanoma cells when compared with primary cultured fibroblast. Its toxicity is mediated by necrosis that may be related with mitochondrial events and decrease in P53 and BcL-2 expression. The results suggest that UDG could be a useful strategy to combine with other chemotherapeutic agents in melanoma treatment.

Advances in Biochemistry and Microbial Production of Squalene and Its Derivatives.

Squalene is a linear triterpene formed via the MVA or MEP biosynthetic pathway and is widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. Metabolically, squalene is used not only as a precursor in the synthesis of complex secondary metabolites such as sterols, hormones, and vitamins, but also as a carbon source in aerobic and anaerobic fermentation in microorganisms. Owing to the increasing roles of squalene as an antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agent, the demand for this chemical is highly urgent. As a result, with the exception of traditional methods of the isolation of squalene from animals (shark liver oil) and plants, biotechnological methods using microorganisms as producers have afforded increased yield and productivity, but a reduction in progress. In this paper, we first review the biosynthetic routes of squalene and its typical derivatives, particularly the squalene synthase route. Second, typical biotechnological methods for the enhanced production of squalene using microbial cell factories are summarized and classified. Finally, the outline and discussion of the novel trend in the production of squalene with several updated events to 2015 are presented.