Shark Liver Oil Research Articles

The extraction and purification of squalene from Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L) leaves

Squalene is a natural organic compound that is primarily found in shark liver oil. It can act as a skin moisturizing, anticancer, antivirus, and drug delivery agent. The advantages of people consuming healthy oil which contains squalene can lower the risk of heart disease. Due to the high market demand for squalene, it becomes a severe threat to shark existence. Therefore, investigation to find a new source of squalene is deemed necessary. Squalene is present in the leaves of nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), a species of mangrove plant commonly found along Indonesia’s coast. This study aims to extract and purify squalene from nyamplung leaves. First, nyamplung leaves were crushed and extracted with n-hexane. The extract was designated as a crude extract of nyamplung leaves. After that, squalene was purified from the crude extract by the multistage adsorption-desorption method at 3°C. The crude extract was dissolved in hexane, and silica gel was then added at 30 min. The mass ratios of silica gel to crude extract were varied at 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 (g/g). N-hexane fraction was separated from silica gel by filtration paper. N-hexane fraction was designated as a non-polar fraction (NPF), while silica gel fraction was designated as a polar fraction (PF). The dark-colored of PF was employed for the desorption process using methanol until its color became colorless. Meanwhile, NPF was extracted with fresh silica gel until it reached the 10th stage of extraction. NPF and PF were then quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using TLC and GC, respectively. The best result was obtained from silica gel to crude extract mass ratio of 1:1 (g/g) at the 5th stage with squalene purity of 35.96% (45.82% recovery).

Shark cartilage (SC) and shark liver oil (SLO) treatment for lung damage via formaldehyde (FA) exposure

Formaldehyde reacts with amino acids in living organisms to form toxic intermediates that cause epithelial cell damage. In past epidemiological studies, a statistically significant relationship was found between FA and leukemia risks and occupational inhalation exposure. As a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) technique or alternative medicine, shark cartilage (SC) and shark liver oil (SLO) are presented as a new and different alternative source in this study. In this study, the toxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) on lung and the protective effects of SC and SLO against these toxins have been investigated. For the experiment, 40 rats were classified as follows: 4, control group (experiment control); 6, the group that received FA but was not treated (treatment control); 15, the group that was given FA and SC for treatment; and the last 15 were the group that was given FA and SLO for treatment. Negative effects of FA on lung were evaluated biochemically, genetically and pathologically. In terms of therapeutic efficacy, SLO appears to be more effective in improving lung injury on the basis of genetic, pathological and biochemical findings, against to FA administration. The toxic effect of FA in lung and the therapeutic effect of SLO and SC were determined and we believe that our experimental model provided the desired goal and success on the basis of our work.

Characteristics of catfish oil, red palm oil and shark liver oil as functional foods

Functional food is a food ingredient in addition to basic needs as nutrients that can also play a functional role in health. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil as functional food ingredients. The research method was to extract fish oil from belly flap, purify catfish oil, and process red palm oil (RPO) from crude palm oil (CPO). The analysis parameters consisted of sensory analysis, oil chemical characteristics (free fatty acid analysis, peroxide, iodine, saponification, and acid numbers), total carotene, tocopherol, and analysis of fatty acid composition. The results showed that the catfish oil after being purified had sensory characteristics, smelled slightly fishy and semi-solid, and had a bright yellow color. The results of the analysis of chemical characteristics showed that the free fatty acid numbers of catfish oil and shark liver oil were following IFOS standards (1.33 and 0.62%), and the RPO numbers for peroxide and free fatty acids according to the SNI standards (9.56 meq kg and 1.44%). The highest ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids were in shark liver oil (3.56 and 35.35%), followed by catfish oil (1.72 and 19.9%). and RPO does not contain ω-3 and ω-6. Catfish oil, RPO, and shark liver oil act as functional foods. The fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and the fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Mono and poly unsaturated fatty acid (FUFA anf MUFA) in crude catfish oil, pure catfish oil, shark liver oil, and red palm oils were 56.71, 58.12, 63.81 and 47.39% respectively. The result of analysis showed composition of in catfish oil 1.72 and 19.9 %. The content of and of shark liver oil was 3.5 and 35.5%. Whereas in red palm oil does not Ω 3 and Ω 6. The content of EPA and DHA in shark liver oil was 0.08, 0.09 but not in catfish and red palm oil. The total content of carotene and tocopherol in red palm oil was 513.86 and 925.80 mg/kg, respectively. The nutritional composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil has the potential to be used as functional food. Keywords:Characteristic physicochemicalCaroteneTocopherolω-3ω-6

Determination of Wound Healing Activity of Shark Liver Oil using Burn Wound Model in Wistar Rats

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Research on wounds has proved that a wound instigates interruption to skin integrity caused by physical trauma or disease. Burn is a wound which causes tissue coagulant necrosis and thus exerts a devastating effect on individuals in terms of human health and injury. The present study is designed to evaluate wound healing properties of Shark liver oil and estimate various parameters such as, SOD, CAT, GSH, hydroxyproline and histopathological studies.<strong> Methods: </strong>Thermal injuries were done with a solid aluminum bar 10 mm in diameter formerly heated in boiling water to facilitate the temperature reached 100&deg;C measured with a thermometer. Ketamine at a dose of 80 mg/kg is given to produce anesthesia and the hair on dorsum of rats were shaved to ensure even burn wounding. From day-1 to end of experiment (30 days), these rats were applied with Standard (Silver Sulphadiazine Ointment USP 5% w/w) and SLO (Shark liver oil emulgel, 5%, 10% and 15%) formulations were applied 1 mg/cm²; topically. Animals were subsequently examined for biochemical and histopathological variations. <strong>Results: </strong>In burn wound model the developed shark liver oil emulgel shows significant wound healing property in dose dependent manner as compare to disease control groups. The wound healing property of shark liver oil emulgel 5%, 10% and 15% (*<em>p</em>&lt;0.05, **<em>p</em>&lt;0.01) showed wound healing on 3^rd and 4^thweek respectively. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The shark liver oil emulgel exhibited significant wound healing activity in burn wound model, comparable to the marketed standard formulations. This finding provides an insight into the usage of the shark liver oil emulgel in the treatment of wounds or burns. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong> Key words: </strong>Burn wound, Percentage wound closure, Hydroxyproline, Epithelization, Shark liver oil and Wound healing activity.

Local Cuban bentonite clay as potential low-cost adsorbent for shark liver oil pool purification

Context: The shark liver of the species Ginglimostoma cirratun, Carcharhinus longimanus, and Carcharhinus falciformis, captured in the north-central coast of Cuba are a source of oil, that when extracted it must be purified due to its bad smell, taste and the amount of impurities it has. Aims: To evaluate the purification of the shark liver oil (SLO) pool of species Ginglimostoma cirratun, Carcharhinus longimanus, and Carcharhinus falciformis, by Cuban bentonite clay. Methods: The effects of bentonite dose, contact time and speed rate were studied using the 23 factorial designs. The parameters are evaluated in the experiment design: acidity value, p-anisidine value, peroxide value, Totox value and Bleaching performance. Response Surface Methodology modeling techniques were applied to model the process and their performance and predictive capabilities of the response (purification efficiency) was also examined. Results: The experiments showed that the oil is suitable for consumption after the purification process. The best treatment, which could reduce the impurities in the SLO pool, was a treatment with bentonite dose at 80 g/L, time at 15 min, and speed rate at 250 rpm. Cuban bentonite clay is a promising adsorbent candidate for the removal of impurities of the SLO. Conclusions: The local Cuban bentonite clay can be used as potential low-cost adsorbent for shark liver oil pool purification, as showed the experiments.

Bioprocess Potentials of Squalene from Thraustochytrids Microalgae for Nutraceuticals in New Normal Era Isolated from Indonesian Mangroves: A Review

The covid-19 pandemic has been increasing people's awareness of good eating habits and consumption to maintain their health. Accordingly, the choice shifted more to consume nutraceutical and functional food to provide a beneficial impact. One of the essential and attractive nutraceuticals is squalene (C 30 H 50 ). Squalene is a precursor for biosynthesis in all human steroids and has a long history as an essential compound in the pharmaceutical industry. A common source of this terpenoid comes from the liver oil of a deep-sea shark. However, the strategy for squalene production from liver sharks encountered environmental and political barriers due to strict nature protection regulations. The renewed scientific interest has found microalgae from the thraustochytrids family as a promising future source of squalene. Thraustochytrids is a group of Osmo-heterotrophic marine microalgae, which can be found commonly in mangrove are, has recently gained increased attention owing to its promising biotechnological potentials. As the country with the largest mangrove forest globally, Indonesia has the highest biodiversity potentials of Thraustochytrids. Unfortunately, the study on the potential of bioprocess technology using Thraustochytrids microalgae from Indonesian mangrove forests for squalene production has received less attention from researchers. Therefore, this paper presents Thraustochytrids' potential from Indonesian mangrove forests as a sustainable source of squalene production that can replace raw material from shark liver oil. This paper summarizes all selected strains used in the previous study and their operating parameters. Based on our review study, the most productive Thraustochytrid producing squalene comes from the Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a–1, which operated in a temperature-controlled reciprocal 500 mL shaker of Sakaguchi flask (25 °C, 100 strokes min − 1,70 mm amplitude) and used nutrients of 2.0% glucose, 1.0% tryptone, 0.5 g /l yeast, and 50% artificial seawater (ASW). Compared to squalene from other sources (yeast, bacteria, and plants), Thraustochytrid can yield more squalene. Bioprocess engineering aspects and the general uses of squalene are also presented, including the notable developments in the adjuvant vaccine of Covid-19, anti-aging substance, and anti-cancer applications.

Determination of the protective effect of shark cartilage and shark liver oil (SLO) on colon cancer by using experimental DMH

Objectives: It is a known fact that cancer is one of the biggest health problems. There are many different alternative products that are preferred for use among cancer patients. Our study is based on shark cartilage and liver oil as alternative products within alternative treatment (CAM) due to low incidence of cancer in sharks. Method: With this study; it was aimed to search the toxic effects of DMH on colon, SC and SLO ‘s conservative effects against these toxic and carcinogic effects. 40 rats have been classified as follows: 40 DMH group: 4; control group – 6; given DMH but not cured group – 15; given DMH and cured with SC group – 15; given DMH and cured with SLO group. Results and Conclusion: The negative effects of DMH on biochemical, genetic, and pathological were observed in rat column; The treatment of SLO and SC against to colon cancer is thought to be associated with damage and regression of tumor cells. When we look at the numerical results, it can be said that SC is more successful and effective in correcting the effect of DMH. It can be said that our experimental model provides the desired aim and success in this direction.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective property of squalene for counteracting the oxidative damage induced by methotrex- ate in experimental rats

Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is extensively prescribed for patients suffering from diseases like cancer, psoriasis, neoplasms, and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its effectiveness, MTX sometimes finds limited application because its undesirable side effects, including hepatic or renal impairment, bone marrow toxicity and gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Squalene, a highly unsaturated isoprenoid compound, isolated from shark liver oil has great potential in neutralizing the damaging effects triggered by free radicals. Therefore, in this study, the protective role of dietary squalene supplementation on oxidative stress induced by methotrexate in experimental rats was evaluated. A significant reduction was displayed in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Similarly, the activities of glutathione dependant enzymes (GPx and GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in MTX-induced groups were shown to be lower compared to the untreated control. Increased LPO (lipid peroxide) level was found in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. In addition, alterations in the levels of liver marker enzymes like AST, ALP, ALT, and LDH were noticed in MTX intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Biochemical results were confirmed by the histopathological examination of liver sections. In conclusion, the result obtained in the present study proposes that squalene exerts antioxidant activity and is capable of ameliorating oxidative stress and liver injury induced by MTX.

Enrichment of Alkylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid via Enzymatic Ethanolysis of Shark Liver Oil and Short-path Distillation

ABSTRACT Enzymatic alcoholysis of squalene-free shark liver oil (SLO) for the enrichment of alkylglycerols (AKG) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was investigated. The squalene-free SLO contained 75.11% triacylglycerols (TAG) and 18.69% diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), and its DHA and total AKG contents were 7.52% and 6.17%, respectively. The catalytic discrimination against both DAGE and DHA was observed during the reaction, and the discrimination against DAGE was affected by lipase and reaction conditions. The ethanolysis reaction was carried out at 40°C for 24 h, where the reaction medium contained 20% ethanol and 3% Lipozyme® 435. The ethanolysis derivatives with 62.96% monoacylglycerol ethers, 30.93% monoacylglycerols, and 5.88% DAGE were obtained followed by short-path distillation, and its DHA and total AKG contents were improved to 23.17% and 33.98%, respectively. The study provides an approach for value-added utilization of SLO with low contents of AKG and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Development and validation of a gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for quantitative analysis of four major fatty acids extracted shark liver oil

Context: The shark liver of the species Ginglimostoma cirratun, Carcharhinus longimanus, and Carcharhinus falciformis, captured in the north-central coast of Cuba are a source of oil, whose content of major fatty acids could be used in its quality control. Aims: To develop a simple and robust gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) method that is suitable for routine analysis of four major fatty acids extracted shark liver oil. Methods: Four major fatty acid content in shark liver oil pool of species Ginglimostoma cirratun, Carcharhinus longimanus, and Carcharhinus falciformis, was analyzed through the gas chromatography with a GC-FID. The fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters derivatives, using 5% aqueous sulfuric acid in methanol. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and limit of detection and quantitation. Results: Under the optimum analytical conditions, the analysis revealed that each target component was well separated with satisfactory recoveries and reproducibility. The method linearity was found to be high with good determination coefficient values for all target components. The evaluation of the matrix effect, demonstrated, that there is not interference from substances other than analysis. The method was also found to be accurate, precise and reproducible and it was applied to the quantitative determination of the fatty acid content in shark liver oil pool; oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid (22.69%), followed by palmitic (18.85%), stearic (6.01 %) and myristic acid (0.40 %). Conclusions: The GC-FID developed method is reliable and suitable for determination of four major fatty acids in shark liver oil pool.

Mucoprotective Activity of Shark Liver Oil on Ethanol Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Mucoprotective Activity of Shark Liver Oil on Ethanol Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Shark liver oil supplementation enriches endogenous plasmalogens and reduces markers of dyslipidemia and inflammation

Plasmalogens are membrane glycerophospholipids with diverse biological functions. Reduced plasmalogen levels have been observed in metabolic diseases; hence, increasing their levels might be beneficial in ameliorating these conditions. Shark liver oil (SLO) is a rich source of alkylglycerols that can be metabolized into plasmalogens. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of SLO supplementation on endogenous plasmalogen levels in individuals with features of metabolic disease. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study, the participants (10 overweight or obese males) received 4-g Alkyrol® (purified SLO) or placebo (methylcellulose) per day for 3 weeks followed by a 3-week washout phase and were then crossed over to 3 weeks of the alternate placebo/Alkyrol® treatment. SLO supplementation led to significant changes in plasma and circulatory white blood cell lipidomes, notably increased levels of plasmalogens and other ether lipids. In addition, SLO supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of total free cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein. These findings suggest that SLO supplementation can enrich plasma and cellular plasmalogens and this enrichment may provide protection against obesity-related dyslipidemia and inflammation.

Determination of wound healing activity of Shark liver oil using the excision wound model in Wistar rats

There are various promising preclinical models, such as in mice, wistar rats, rabbits and pigs, which can be utilized to initiate acute or chronic wounds. These can be persuaded by many distinctive techniques, with excision the most common. After determining a proper model for a study, investigators need to choose an appropriate and reproducible technique that will permit the monitoring of the wound improvement over time. In this study, the healing power of Shark Liver Oil Emulgel (SLO) in Wistar rats were analyzed by using the excision wound model. The shark liver oil was prepared as emulgel at a concentration of 5%,10% and 15%, respectively and both Standard drug(Povidone-Iodine Ointment USP 5% w/w-PI) and SLO is applied at a concentration of 1mg/mm2; Topically. The parameters integrated for the assessment of the effects of SLO were Relative body weight changes, wound area contraction in mm2, relative wound percentage and epithelialization time. Wound area contraction was measured on 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th and 21st day. Wistar rats treated with SLO showed substantial variations in epithelialization period and improved wound contraction in the excision wound treatment as compared to disease control. The biochemical biomarkers like SOD(Superoxide dismutases), GSH(Reduced Glutathione)and LPO(Lipid peroxidase) in the treated group have shown a significant change in the improvement of wound healing. Histopathological studies and microscopic observations specify that the topical use of Shark liver oil Emulgel extensively improved wound contraction, collagenation and epithelialization with well-organized dermis devoid of inflammatory cells in contrast to disease control.

Synthetic Biology-derived triterpenes as efficacious immunomodulating adjuvants

The triterpene oil squalene is an essential component of nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvants. It is most notably in the MF59 adjuvant, a component in some seasonal influenza vaccines, in stockpiled, emulsion-based adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines, and with demonstrated efficacy for vaccines to other pandemic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Squalene has historically been harvested from shark liver oil, which is undesirable for a variety of reasons. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of a Synthetic Biology (yeast) production platform to generate squalene and novel triterpene oils, all of which are equally as efficacious as vaccine adjuvants based on physiochemical properties and immunomodulating activities in a mouse model. These Synthetic Biology adjuvants also elicited similar IgG1, IgG2a, and total IgG levels compared to marine and commercial controls when formulated with common quadrivalent influenza antigens. Injection site morphology and serum cytokine levels did not suggest any reactogenic effects of the yeast-derived squalene or novel triterpenes, suggesting their safety in adjuvant formulations. These results support the advantages of yeast produced triterpene oils to include completely controlled growth conditions, just-in-time and scalable production, and the capacity to produce novel triterpenes beyond squalene.

Water free incorporation of shark liver oil into starch microparticles by supercriticalCO2impregnation at low temperature

AbstractShark liver oil (SLO), rich in squalene, was incorporated into modified starch microparticles (MSMs) by supercritical CO2. This polyunsaturated triterpene presents antitumor and antioxidant activities and, due to the high level of unsaturation in the molecule, it is vulnerable to oxidative attack. This research therefore contributes to the development of methods for impregnating such oil into MSM in order to increase the oil's oxidation stability and prevent its degradation in order to facilitate its use in mixtures with inputs for drugs, foods, and cosmetic. To form SLO‐incorporated MSM, a physical mixture composed of 44% of two MSM with different degrees of hydrophobicity, 11% SLO, 1% lecithin, and 44% ethanol were treated with supercritical CO2at 120 bar, 40, and 60°C. The SLO‐incorporated MSM preserved MSM morphology and exhibited good incorporation of SLO (74–82%), a high degree of solubilization in water (78–86%), and a low hygroscopicity (4–9%). Stability evaluation revealed that the SLO‐incorporated MSM of Purity Gum Ultra that was formed at 60°C preserved 44% of the initial squalene content. Accordingly, supercritical impregnation represents a practical alternative for SLO impregnation since it is a quick method that does not use water in its formulation and can be done at low temperature.Practical ApplicationsThe improvement of drug and food inputs that are thermosensitive in nature and/or of low polarity can be produced by using low‐cost wall material that can make the process more cost effective and more accessible. Particle formation by supercritical CO2impregnation is a green and nonaggressive process for bioactive compounds that allows the design of innovative food products. Moreover, the fact that the use of modified starches for wall materials, which are already used safely by the food and pharmaceutical industries, makes the process and derived products more reliable. In this sense, the incorporation of shark liver oil (rich is squalene) in modified starch microparticles by supercritical impregnation could be a practical alternative for powdered food industries.

Monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in dietary supplements based on fish oils

ABSTRACT Dietary supplements based on fish oils might be contaminated with thermal processing contaminants, which are generated during the fish oil deodorisation. In the study, 30 samples of dietary supplements were analysed in terms of the occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). The results showed that the highest levels of 3-MCPDE (mean: 1461 µg kg−1) as well as 2-MCPDE (mean: 357 µg kg−1) were observed in the products containing shark liver oil. In the case of GE, they were mainly detected in the supplements including shark liver and cod liver oils. Although the results indicated that the consumption of the investigated supplements constituted no more than 1% of tolerable daily intake (TDI), the occurrence of MCPDE and GE in fish oil dietary supplements with a special attention to the origin of ester precursors should be thoroughly investigated in further studies.

Agricultural growth in a cold climate: the case of Iceland in 1800–1850

ABSTRACT During the first half of the nineteenth-century Iceland experienced a steady increase in exports. New products were sought after for export by Danish merchants and the peasant farming community responded by increasing the production of the relevant products. The whole period from 1800 to 1850 saw a continuing increase in the exports of sheep products and shark liver oil, which had a common origin in peasant farming production. This period contrasts with the eighteenth century when there was no corresponding growth in exports. The level of exports in the eighteenth century remained overall much the same except during periods of dearth, when it fell. Traditionally the beginning of the modernisation of Icelandic society is dated to around 1880–1910. However, it could be argued that increasing exports of sheep products and shark liver oil after 1800 saw a clear break with the eighteenth-century pattern and that the period should be taken into consideration as being the origin period of economic modernisation in Iceland. This article discusses questions the exclusion not only of the role of peasant farming in the modernisation narrative of Iceland, but also of the Copenhagen merchant houses that organised the goods export from Iceland after 1800.

First Total Synthesis of Two 1‐O‐Alkylglycerols Based Alkyne Analogues of Bioactive Natural Products

AbstractAlkylglycerols (AKGs) with a straight‐chain alkane or alkene are ether lipids abundant in the liver oil of some elasmobranch fish species such as ratfishes and some sharks. Natural shark liver oil (SLO) mixture displays several known biological activities and most of its identified alkylglycerols were also obtained individually in pure form by total synthesis. However, the synthesis of alkylglycerols containing at least one alkyne moiety in the alkyl chain has yet not been reported. In this work, we describe the first total synthesis of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols based alkyne (2S)‐3‐((4‐methoxytridec‐6‐yn‐1‐yl)oxy)propane‐1,2‐diol (10) and (S)‐3‐(((R)‐12‐methoxyoctadec‐9‐yn‐1‐yl)oxy)propane‐1,2‐diol (11), analogues of bioactive ether lipids found in the SLO mixture. Oxiranes opening by alkynyl boranes and solketal etherification are the key steps with a global yield up to 72 % in eight steps sequence.

Determination of functional compounds in blue shark (&lt;em&gt;Prionace glauca&lt;/em&gt;) liver oil obtained by green technology

The objectives of this research were to obtain blue shark liver oil using supercritical CO2 and to characterize the physicochemical parameters of the oil, and the contents of squalene and vitamin A. Supercritical extractions were performed at 50 and 60 °C and pressures from 100 to 300 bar. The oil yield obtained was up to 60% and presented a profile equivalent to that of refined oils for density (0.920 – 0.922 g/mL); viscosity (52.55 – 56.47 Pas.s); refractive index (1.4760 – 1.4785); acid value (1.13 – 2.22% oleic acid); peroxides (10.47 – 24.04 meq of active O2 /kg of oil); saponification value (171.37 – 556.03 mg KOH/g oil), and iodine value (120.05 – 149.21g I2 /100g oil). The fatty acid profile indicated a majority of unsaturated fatty acids. High levels of squalene and vitamin A corroborate the high nutritional quality of this oil from an underexploited by-product with great processing potential.

Synthesis of halogenated 1-O-alkylglycerols from ricinoleic acid derivatives

Resistance to the existing drugs and increasing numbers of diseases result in identifying new drug candidates with new forms of activity. As marine organisms are well known to provide a wide range of original compounds, Herein, we report the synthesis of new non-natural brominated, iodinated and chlorinated-substituted 1-O-alkylglycerols 5–7, analogs of a prominent 1-O-alkylglycerol (AKG) of the natural shark liver oil (SLO) mixture, namely the AKGs 18:1, n-9.