Liver Markers Research Articles

A patient infected with SARS-Cov-2 presents with DIHS syndrome induced by olanzapine: diagnostic difficulties

Abstract Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a potentially life-threatening reaction. The pathology of DIHS has been connected with adverse reactions to drugs; however, it has been observed that viruses and other infectious factors may induce similar responses in the body. COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently become a major challenge for worldwide healthcare. The dermatological symptoms occur in approximately 5.95% of COVID-19 patients, however, they are not exclusively a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Certain skin-related symptoms might result from therapeutic drug administration, personal protective equipment, or sanitizers used by medical personnel. The complex pathomechanism of those symptoms leads to multiple diagnostic difficulties. This article describes a case of a 40-year-old man who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to heavy respiratory failure in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patient has been treated with olanzapine for anxiety disorder for approximately 4 years. On the seventh day of treatment, the patient presented with a maculopapular rash, fever, and swollen upper lip. Because of these presented symptoms, the patient has been diagnosed with drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS). The results of blood analysis showed elevated levels of acute phase markers, liver and kidney damage markers, which are present both during COVID-19 and DIHS. Furthermore, the patient presented with peripheral eosinophilia, which is a distinctive feature of DIHS. In the course of COVID-19, the laboratory-measured levels of eosinophilic granulocytes declined to 0. Therefore, in the active phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the eosinophilia connected with DIHS was difficult to assess. In this paper, we compare and contrast the clinical and laboratory symptoms of COVID-19 and DIHS syndrome, describe patient's case and explain the diagnostics difficulties resulting from the concomitance of those disease entities.

Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity: a possible potential in the management of liver and kidney diseases

The rising prevalence of liver and kidney diseases is worrisome and constitutes a major threat to public health. The present study investigates the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in the management of liver and kidney diseases. Albino rats were randomly divided into five groups each containing 5 animals. In all groups, except group I (control), animals were exposed to 3 ml/kg bw of CCl4 and then administered further different treatments. Groups III, IV, and V each were treated with 50 mg/kg bw, 100 mg/kg bw of bitter leaf extract, and 100 mg/kg bw of silymarin, respectively. Group II animals were left untreated after exposure to toxicant. Activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as the level of urea, uric acid, and bilirubin were determined in the serum and tissue homogenates. Lipid profile as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also determined. Exposure to CCl4 resulted in a significant increase in CK, AST, ALP, and ALT levels as well as bilirubin, urea, and uric acid when compared to the control. Lipid profile was disrupted, activities of SOD and CAT were markedly inhibited and the level of GSH was significantly depleted. However, treatment with V. amygdalina reversed the toxic trend in a dose-dependent manner comparable to animals treated with silymarin. In conclusion, V. amygdalina leaf extract restored deranged lipid profile, distorted histoarchitecture as well as liver and kidney function markers. Hence, the plant is a potential candidate for the management of liver and kidney diseases.

PS-C35-9: THE EFFECT OF CEREAL MEAL (FRUGURAÂ) ON BLOOD PRESSURE

Background: Although Japanese guideline recommends to reduce salt intake to less than 6 g per day for patients with hypertension, dietary salt intake is still high, being around 10–11 g. Cereal food contains much less salt compared to a Japanese breakfast (4–5 g of salt in general), predicting the effect to reduce the blood pressure. Patients and Methods: Patients who have a risk for atherosclerotic disease w eligible for enrollment in this study. The participants took a 50 g package of Frugura∨ (cereal meal, contains 0.2 g of salt) with milk or yogurt as a breakfast at least 4 days per week. Blood pressure (BP), body composition data, estimate dietary salt intake, and serum blood data were compared between before and 4 weeks after taking the meal. Result: Sixteen patients (9 male and 7 female) were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 68.2 years-old. BP in the morning was reduced from 128.7 to 127.8 [mmHg] (p = 0.635) in systolic, and from 79.8 to 77.3 [mmHg] (p = 0.124) in diastolic. Furthermore, BP in the night was reduced from 123.5 to 122.6 [mmHg] (p = 0.606) in systolic, and from 75.1 to 71.8 [mmHg] (p < 0.05) in diastolic. The estimate dietary salt intake was reduced from 9.3 g to 8.6 g, although there was no significant difference (p = 0.370). There was also no significant difference in body weight (62.0 vs 62.0, p = 0.914 [kg]) and body fat ratio (30.2 vs 31.5, p = 0.330 [%]). Serum interleukin-6 significantly decreased after 4 weeks (2.1 vs 1.5, p < 0.05 [pg/dL]). In note, there was no significant difference in liver, kidney, and diabetes marker (HbA1c) between groups. Moreover, 13 patients out of 16 claimed improvement of bowel movement. Conclusion: There could be a potential in Frugura∨ reducing blood pressure via low salt contents.

Level function levels and oxidative stress markers in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Brazilian Amazon.

This study aimed to correlate the values of liver markers with oxidative stress markers in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 30 patients from the Tuberculosis clinic of a referral hospital were admitted to the study. Whole blood samples were collected for analysis of liver enzyme values and oxidative stress markers by spectrophotometry. The prevalence was male (60%) and the 18-29 age group was the most affected. Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis presented catalase values with a median equal to 6.94 U/gHb and for glutathione, the median was equal to 14.76 µg∕ml. As for the values of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, Gamma-GT and Alkaline phosphatase) the patients had medians equal to 60.50 (U/L); 80 (U/L); 54 (U/L); and 100 (U/L) respectively (p<0.0001). The results suggest a hepatotoxic effect of the drug, which recommends further studies with a larger number of samples in order to investigate the predictors of liver damage in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Evaluation of Hematological, Biochemical Profiles and Molecular Detection of Envelope Gene (gp-41) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Patients.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a highly morphic, retrovirus that rapidly evolves through mutation as well as recombination. Because of the immunocompromised status in HIV patients, there is often a higher chance of acquiring different secondary infections followed by liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B & C, and HIV-associated nephropathy. The current study was conducted to see the prevalence of secondary infections, hematological and biochemical markers for liver and renal associated diseases, and to detect the envelope gene (GP41) in newly diagnosed HIV patients. A total of 37 samples were collected from HIV-positive patients registered in different hospital settings under the National AIDS control program. The collected samples were processed for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hematological analysis, and biochemical analysis. To identify the envelope gene in newly diagnosed HIV patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using four gene-specific primers. The HIV infections were seen more in male as compared to females. A significant decrease in complete blood count was observed in HIV patients when compared to healthy individuals. There was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine observed in HIV patients. No significant difference was observed in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and albumin levels when compared to healthy control. Anemia was observed in 59.4% of HIV patients. A total of three (8.1%) patients were found to be co-infected with hepatitis B and one (2.7 %) was co-infected with hepatitis C. Out of these 37 tested samples, a total of four showed the successful amplification of the envelope gene. This study provides platform for the health care facilitators to regularly monitor the signs, symptoms and clinical biomarkers of HIV-associated infections to prevent toxicity at an early stage to improve the quality of life (QoL) and minimize the mortality rate in HIV patients. Envelope gene mutating frequently results in drug resistance, and thus future research on polymorphism analysis will reveal points of substitutions to improve drug designing.

Haemodynamic and prognostic associations of liver fibrosis scores in Fontan-associated liver disease

ObjectivesFontan-associated liver disease (FALD) is universal post-Fontan palliation; however, its impact on survival remains controversial and current diagnostic tools have limitations. We aimed to assess the prognostic role of liver...

The nature and characteristics of hypertriglyceridemia in a large cohort with type 2 diabetes

AimsTo determine the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) in a large, diverse healthcare system cohort with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to study associations between triglyceride levels and demographic factors, glycemic control, body weight and to investigate whether triglyceride levels associate with markers of fatty liver and renal disease. Methods19,086 individuals with T2D were studied between 2015 and 2020. We compared groups with normotriglyceridemia (<150 mg/dl [<1.7 mmol/l]), mild (150-199 mg/dl [1.7–2.25 mmol/l]), moderate (200-499 mg/dl [2.26–5.64 mmol/l]) or severe HTG (>499 mg/dl [>5.64 mmol/l]). We also performed univariate and multivariate correlational analyses with triglyceride level as a continuous variable. Results39 % had triglyceride levels ≥150 mg/dl (<1.7 mmol/l), 19 % had moderate and 2 % had severe HTG. There was a lower proportion of Blacks in all HTG categories compared to Whites. There was no overall gender difference in prevalence except that severe HTG was more common in men and as HTG severity worsened mean age fell. Triglycerides correlated with HbA1c and associated with BMI, LDL-C, diastolic BP, transaminases and urine albumin/creatinine ratio, independent of HbA1c. ConclusionThis study fills gaps in our knowledge of the distribution and clinical associations of HTG in T2D and characterizes the features of the small but important group with severe HTG. We demonstrate the influence of age, sex and race, confirm the moderate effects of glycemic control and obesity on triglyceride level, and provide evidence that triglyceride levels may be a marker for fatty liver and nephropathy independent of glycemic control.

7, 8-Dihydroxy-4-methyl coumarin alleviates cholestasis via activation of the Farnesoid X receptor in vitro and in vivo

Cholestasis is primarily caused by bile acid homeostasis dysregulation, resulting in retention, aggregation, and accumulation of the toxic cholate in the hepatocytes. Existing therapies for cholestasis are limited, demanding the urgent development of novel drugs. As a result, targeting FXR specifically promises a unique treatment strategy for cholestasis. The current study aims to evaluate the influence of 7, 8-dihydroxy-4-methyl coumarin (DMC) against alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury in mice. The “Computer-Aided Drug Design” (CADD) and molecular docking study anticipated that DMC would proficiently bind and activate the FXR. Accordingly, the hepatoprotective activity of DMC against ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity and cholestasis was investigated in ANIT-treated HepaRG cells and the ANIT-induced cholestatic mouse model. Outcomes indicated the protective effects of DMC against ANIT toxicity in HepaRG cells after 24 h of intervention and animals after seven days of treatment. DMC partially blocks ANIT-induced increases in serum markers of hepatocellular injury, liver and gall bladder enlargement, and hepatic necrosis. Western blotting revealed that DMC alleviates ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity and cholestasis via activating the FXR receptor and regulating CYP7A1, the enzyme responsible for bile acid synthesis. DMC exhibited protective activity against cholestasis through activating FXR, suggesting it might be a promising strategy for preventing and treating cholestatic liver disease.

Diagnostic ability using fatty liver and metabolic markers for metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease stratified by metabolic/glycemic abnormalities

Although several noninvasive predictive markers for fatty liver and metabolic markers have been used for fatty liver prediction, whether such markers can also predict metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains unclear. We aimed to examine the ability of existing fatty liver or metabolic markers to predict MAFLD. Participants in a high-volume center in Tokyo were classified into groups with and without MAFLD, based on the presence of metabolic abnormalities and fatty liver diagnosed through abdominal ultrasonography, between 2008 and 2018. The diagnostic abilities of three fatty liver markers: fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP), and three common metabolic markers: waist-to-height ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), for predicting MAFLD, were evaluated. Analyses stratified by MAFLD subtypes were performed. Of 92,374 individuals, 19,392 (36.1%) had MAFLD. The diagnostic performances for MAFLD prediction, measured as c-statistics, for FLI, HSI, LAP, WHR, BMI, and WC were 0.906, 0.892, 0.878, 0.844, 0.877, and 0.878, respectively. Optimal cutoff values for diagnosing MAFLD for FLI, HSI, LAP, WHR, BMI, and WC were 20.3, 32.7, 20.0, 0.49, 22.9, and 82.1, respectively. Analyses stratified by MAFLD subtypes, based on BMI and metabolic/glycemic abnormalities, suggested that FLI and HSI had acceptable (c-statistics >0.700) diagnostic abilities throughout all the analyses. All six markers were excellent predictors of MAFLD in diagnosing among the general population, with FLI and HSI particularly useful among all sub-populations.

Curcuminoid supplementation in canine diabetic mellitus and its complications using proteomic analysis.

Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to diabetes pathogenesis and consequences. Therapeutic approaches for canine diabetes remain a challenge. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and is beneficial for humans with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, data on its impact on canine diabetes is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for causing adverse effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-oxidative effects and proteomic patterns of curcuminoid supplementation on canine DM. Altogether, 18 dogs were divided into two groups: DM (n = 6) and healthy (n = 12). Curcuminoid 250 mg was given to the DM group orally daily for 180 days. Blood and urine sample collection for hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and proteomics were performed every 6 weeks. Curcuminoid supplementation with standard therapy significantly decreased oxidative stress with the increased glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, but cytokine levels were unaffected. According to the proteomic analysis, curcuminoid altered the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, transthyretin, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-IV, suggesting that curcuminoid improves insulin sensitivity and reduces cardiovascular complications. No negative impact on clinical symptoms, kidneys or liver markers was identified. This study proposed that curcuminoids might be used as a targeted antioxidant strategy as an adjunctive treatment to minimize diabetes complications in dogs.

Apigenin protects from hepatorenal damage caused by lead acetate in rats.

Exposure to lead (Pb) is associated with serious health problems including hepatorenal toxicity. Apigenin is a natural-sourced flavonoid with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this research, we investigated the potential protective role of apigenin against lead acetate (PbAc)-induced hepatorenal damage. Thus, this experiment studied the exposure of male Wistar Albino rats to apigenin and/or PbAc and their effects in comparison to the control rats. Apigenin administration decreased the levels of Pb and prevented the histopathological deformations in liver and kidney tissues following PbAc exposure. This was confirmed by the normalized levels of liver and kidney function markers. Additionally, apigenin inhibited significantly oxidative reactions through upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1, and activating their downstreamed antioxidants accompanied by a marked depletion of pro-oxidants. Moreover, apigenin decreased the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited cell loss in liver and kidney tissues in response to PbAc intoxication in both tissues.The obtained results demonstrated that apigenin could be used to attenuate the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations associated with Pb exposure due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.

The Effect of Combined Vitamin Treatment on Paraquat-inflicted Liver Damage

Paraquat poisoning causes serious herbicide intoxication commonly and usually as a result of deliberate or accidental ingestion. Vitamins C and E are very good antioxidants that reacts rapidly with radicals and alters lipid peroxidation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E and C combination therapy on the chronic toxicity of paraquat on liver markers in Wistar rats. A total of 200 male rats were used for the study. The rats were divided into four groups of 50 rats in each group (A, B, C, D) and was further subgrouped into two (0 and VEC), having 25rats per subgroup. All “0” subgroups (A0, B0, C0 and D0) except A0 were treated with paraquat in 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g respectively every two weeks for three months. All “VEC” subgroups (AVEC, BVEC, CVEC and DVEC) except AVEC were treated with paraquat similarly, after which they were treated with vitamin E (500mg) and C (2000mg/L) weekly for one month. AVEC was only treated with vitamin E and C. Blood samples were collected and analysed for liver function test (total and direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin and globulin). There was a significant difference in the level of all the parameters among the “Ao”, “Bo”, “Co” and “Do”, p-value&lt;0.05 and also among the “AVEC”, “BVEC”, “CVEC” and “DVEC”, p-value&lt;0.05. The result also showed that there were significant differences in intra-group comparison in all the liver biochemical parameters, p-value&lt;0.05. There was no significant difference in the concentration of globulin among the subgroup. This study has confirmed that vitamin E and C combination has a therapeutic effect in male Wistar rats on two month of weekly treatment. Therefore, a weekly treatment with Vit E and C can ameliorate liver toxicity in rats.

Biological and Hypoglycemic Effects of a Polyherbal Extract on Alloxanized Diabetic Rats.

The current study investigates the antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potentials of a polyherbal mixture containing the methanolic extracts of seeds from Nigella sativa, Cicer arietinum, Silybum marianum, and Citrullus colocynthis and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. The polyherbal extract (PHE) showed significant total phenolic contents (187.17 GAE/g), ferric reducing power (28%), and radical-scavenging activity (86.16%). The PHE also showed a substantial hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by reducing the blood glucose level of the PHE-treated rats (-48.64%) and increasing the insulin level (107.5%) as compared with the diabetic control group. Likewise, an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contents (22.95%) with an associated decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (-43.93%) was also noted. A significant decrease in serum levels of liver marker enzymes, e.g., SGPT (-36%), SGOT (-31%), and serum ALP (-12%), was also observed as compared with the standard drug-treated group. Based on the findings of the study, it may be suggested that PHE helps ameliorate the severity of diabetes as a herbal remedy and might be employed in nutra-pharmaceuticals, replacing synthetic antidiabetic compounds.

Investigating Laboratory Biochemical Factors in Different Types of Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Due to the destructive effect of cardiovascular disease on vital organs, the study of laboratory biochemical factors in the most common heart diseases is essential to accelerate the treatment of cardiovascular patients. Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and analytical. By referring to the hospital information system of educational hospitals of the Abadan University of Medical Sciences, the necessary information of 565 patients with cardiovascular diseases (e.g., demographic information and laboratory diagnostic markers) from March 21, 2019, to March 19, 2020, was extracted through the hospital information system and completed checklist. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: In this study, fasting blood sugar (FBS), international normalized ratio (INR), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK)- MB, and prothrombin time (PT) were higher than normal in patients with cardiovascular diseases. SGOT was significantly different between age groups (P=0.006), and the highest value was observed in the age group over 75 years. Moreover, FBS was significantly different between the male and female groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: FBS and some diagnostic markers such as renal markers, liver, coagulation, and inflammatory markers are abnormal in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Iodine Bioavailability and Accumulation of Arsenic and Cadmium in Rats Fed Sugar Kelp (Saccharina latissima).

Suboptimal iodine status is a prominent public health issue in several European coun-tries. Brown algae have a high iodine content that, upon intake, may exceed the recommended dietary intake level, but iodine bioavailability has been reported to be lower than from potassium iodide (KI) and highly depends on algae species. Further, potential negative effects from other components in algae, such as cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), have also been addressed. In this study, we observed a lower bioavailability of iodine from farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) than from KI in female Wistar IGS rats. Urinary iodine excretion was 94-95% in rats fed KI and 73-81% in rats fed sugar kelp, followed by increased faecal iodine levels in rats fed sugar kelp. No effects on body weight, feed efficiency, or plasma markers for liver or kidney damage were detected. The highest dose of iodine reduced plasma free thyroxine (fT4) and total T4 levels, but no significant effects on circulating levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free triiodo-thyronine (fT3) were detected. Faeces and urine measurements indicate that 60-80% of total As and 93% of Cd ingested were excreted in rats fed 0.5 and 5% kelp. Liver metabolomic profiling demonstrates that a high inclusion of sugar kelp in the diet for 13 weeks of feeding modulates metabolites with potential antioxidant activity and phytosterols.

Ulva fasciata, a green alga, attenuates the kidney and liver dysfunctions in rats induced by acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (AAP) is an analgesic–antipyretic drug which is considered safe at recommended dose, but its overuse may induce renal and hepatic injuries. Marine macro algae have great potential against drug-induced renal and hepatic dysfunctions. The present study described the reno-protective and hepato-protective effects of the ethanol extract of an edible green alga Ulva fasciata and its fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) against AAP toxicity. In the 1st set of experiment, rats were divided into five groups. Of which two were treatment groups beside three controls, the first treatment group was given ethanol extract of U. fasciata alone and the second group was given the same extract with AAP. In the 2nd set of experiment, rats were divided into nine groups, of which three treatment groups administered n-hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions of ethanol extract of U. fasciata respectively while other three treatment groups received the same fractions individually with AAP. On the 11th day, rats were decapitated after 12 h of fasting from both sets, blood samples were collected for assessment of biochemical parameters and kidney tissues were used for determination of oxidants and antioxidants. Histopathological assessment was also done in kidney tissues. A single dose of AAP (600 mg/kg) affected kidney markers including creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hepatic enzymes. Ethanolic extract of U. fasciata normalized kidney and liver markers in AAP intoxicated rats. AAP also reduced glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissues and altered kidney architecture, which were improved by ethanolic extract and chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata. A total of 14 polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified from chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata by GC-MS and assumed these may be involved in protective activities of U. fasciata.

TOXICITY OF AFLATOXIN B1 TOWARDS THE INDUCING ALTERATIONS IN THE LIVER FUNCTIONS

Since 2003, the world's developing countries are home to more than 5 billion people thought to be at danger of prolonged consumption of contaminated foods that are aflatoxic according to a number of study efforts conducted in South Africa, Egypt, and other countries in west and east Africa. Additionally, the presence occurrence of aflatoxins and their byproducts in animal tissues used to make food (such as beef and sheep meat) may contaminate human diets. As a result of their increasing prevalence, aflatoxins have recently been identified as a significant public health concern.Aflatoxins are dangerous second-generation byproducts of Aspergillus species. Due to their chemical makeup, the majority of aflatoxins are highly liposoluble substances that can be absorption from the exposed site, such as the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts, into the bloodstream, where they can then spread throughout the body and reach various organs, including the liver and kidneys. The primary goals of the study were to monitor and screen for levels of aflatoxin B1 in the Karbala Province using a case-control study. The connection between Aflatoxin B1 concentrations and the common biochemical indicators of liver function as well investigated. How alter liver function by Aflatoxin B1. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography, together with High Pressure liquid chromatography being employed for the quantitative identification (HPLC). In the province of Karbala, an analysis of case-control studies was done to look at the Aflatoxin B1 affects (AFB1) exposure on kidney disease patients. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography with high-performance liquid chromatography to provide quality results. The evaluations of the samples that tested positive for AFB1 as well as the lipid profile and indicators of liver function tests. The findings indicated that the population under investigation had afflatoxins exposure. AFB1 was found in 100% of individuals with unknown kidney disease (KD) and in 24%, 20%, and 100% of patients with known CKD, respectively. AFB1 concentrations in serum samples ranged from 0.68 to 8.33 ng/mL for patients with questionable KD, 1.21 to For patients, 5.60 ng/mL with known KD, likewise, healthy controls ranged from 0.11 to 1.30 ng/mL. The presence of AFB1 was positively and strongly linked with liver enzymes, specifically ALT and ALP. AFB1 levels among serum samples from KD sufferers and wholesome controls showed a prolonged contact with the poison, suggesting an unknown cause. The evaluation of the biochemical marker of liver functioning supported the effect of AFB1 exposure. This work may help build effective nationwide programmes for tracking AFs exposure. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. Future research is urged to concentrate on more comprehensive topics that cover the entire nation (Iraq).

HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF EUGENIA UNIFLORA L AGAINST GENTAMYCIN- INDUCED HEPATOXICITY

Hepatotoxicity is a common drug adverse effect and gentamycin has been linked to hepatotoxic adverse reactions. Folklore and ethnobotanical studies indicate Eugenia uniflora L is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments and has exhibited diverse biological activities. We investigated the hepatoprotective potential of this plant in treating gentamycin-induced hepatoxicity and compared the effect with Celebrex a COX2 selective inhibitor. Twenty-eight male adult Wistar rats average of 225g were used for the study and randomised into groups as described: normal control( normal saline), negative control: Gentamycin (40mg/kg. i.p), positive control; Gentamycin (40mg/kg. i.p) +5mg/kg Celebrex. Extract low dose: Gentamycin (40mg/kg i.p)+(50mg/kg) Eugenia uniflora L. leaves, intermediate-dose: Gentamycin (40mg/kg i.p) +100mg/kg Eugenia uniflora L leaves, high dose : Gentamycin (40mg/kg, i.p)+ (200mg/kg, ) of Eugenia uniflora L leaves. Our findings indicate that the body weight was unaffected throughout the experiment, as clearly demonstrated by the lack of significant variability (p&lt;0.05). Hepatotoxicity was confirmed by dose-dependent alteration in Liver marker enzymes, including AST, ALT, and ALP. Eugenia uniflora L leaves were able to ameliorate the levels of these liver enzymes to a normal level. Liver tissue revealed a dose-dependent curative effect with Eugenia uniflora L compared to the COX2 inhibitor (Celebrex) treatment. Consequently, we hereby report, for the first time, that an aqueous extract of Eugenia uniflora L leaves confers hepatoprotection against gentamycin-induced hepatoxicity in Wistar rats.

Gene editing of human iPSCs rescues thrombophilia in hereditary antithrombin deficiency in mice.

Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is caused by SERPINC1 gene mutations and predisposes to recurrent venous thromboembolism that can be life-threatening. Therefore, lifelong anticoagulation is required, which has side effects and may not be effective. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with severe antithrombin deficiency were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The mutation was corrected using CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre/LoxP genome editing. iPSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes, which were injected into the spleen of antithrombin knockout mice to restore the activity of antithrombin and reduce the thrombophilic state. Human iPSC-differentiated hepatocytes colonized mice and secreted antithrombin stably, normalizing antithrombin in plasma (activity: from 46.8±5.7% to 88.6±7.6%, P<0.0001; antigen: from 146.9±19.5nanograms per milliliter to 390.7±16.1nanograms per milliliter, P<0.0001). In venous thrombosis model, the rate of thrombosis in mice treated with edited hepatocytes, parental hepatocytes, and wild-type mice were 60, 90, and 70%, respectively. The thrombus weight was much lighter in mice treated with edited hepatocytes compared with parental hepatocytes (7.25±2.00milligrams versus 15.32±2.87milligrams, P=0.0025) and showed no notable difference compared with that in wild-type mice (10.41±2.91milligrams). The activity and concentration of antithrombin remained high for 3 weeks after injection. The liver and kidney function markers showed no obvious abnormality during the observation period. This study provides a proof of principle for correction of mutations in patient-derived iPSCs and potential therapeutic applications for hereditary thrombophilia.

Isolation of biomedically important bioactive compounds from Debregeasia salicifolia with extraordinary antioxidant potential hepato-protectivity

Debregeasia salicifolia is a widely used medicinal plant that has been used traditionally to cope up different ailments but received little research. So, we have investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties and also performed chemical profiling by using GC–MS, HPLC and FT-IR techniques. Their analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols and fatty acids. Albino mice were used for conducting hepatoprotective assay using CCl4 with three methanol and chloroform extract dosages of (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w.) along with silymarin serving as a positive control. Blood was tested for liver markers to see if they had any hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, to check healing ability in mice, tests were done by analyzing liver biochemical markers, antioxidant enzymes and direct bilirubins. The high dose of DSM (300 mg/kg b.w) had the most potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced abnormalities. The in vitro antioxidant, as well as the high quantities of flavonoids in the extracts, coincided well with the in vivo hepatoprotective benefits.