Lipid Peroxidation In Liver Research Articles

Effect on physiological and production parameters upon supplementation of fermented yeast culture to Nicobari chickens during and post summer.

Nicobari is an indigenous bird reared for meat and eggs. This study evaluated the effect of heat stress on plasma levels of leptin, growth hormone and their receptors, liver AMP kinase, plasma cholesterol and lipid peroxide (MDA). The laying period coincided with the post summer period. The birds were equally divided into three groups, control group was offered ad libitum feed and treatment groups were supplemented with fermented yeast culture at 700mg (T1) and 1.4g/kg (T2) of feed/day. The levels of plasma Leptin and GH hormones were higher (p<0.05) in the control group when compared to the treatment groups. The expression of the hormone receptors was higher in the brain, and MMP3 gene expression in the magnum was lower in the treatment group. Plasma cholesterol, MDA and AMP kinase were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control group. Fermented yeast culture supplementation decreased feed intake and increased egg production parameters, which indicates a greater efficiency of supplementation. Supplementation reduced the severity of necrosis of villi in the jejunum when compared to control. In conclusion, higher ambient temperature during summer had negative effect on production parameters through modulation of physiological parameters which could be ameliorated by supplementation of FYC.

Synthesis, characterization, toxicity and morphology assessments of newly prepared microemulsion systems for delivery of valproic acid

Valproic acid (VPA), an anti-epileptic drug used to treat seizures, epilepsy, and psychological disorders, has shown promising antitumor potential; however, the side effects are a serious concern. This effort reports the nano-formulation and characterization of oil-in-water F127/lignin microemulsions to enhance the bioavailability of valproic acid (VPA). Microemulsions showed a high encapsulation efficiency and prolonged release. F127/VPA and lignin/VPA microemulsions were tested for their cytotoxic activity via MTT colorimetric assay and LDH leakage assay in cancerous (MCF7 and Hela) and normal (HUVEC) cell lines. High encapsulation efficiency and sustained release were observed for F127/VPA microemulsions. Cell proliferation assays showed that VPA microemulsions induced evident morphological alterations and were more effective than the free drug in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. In contrast, normal cells seem to be less affected by these formulations. Moreover, F127/VPA microemulsions significantly increased caspase-3 activity in Hela cells (P < 0.05). In vivo administration of free VPA at the dose of 20 mg/kg significantly increased serum biochemical parameters and liver lipid peroxidation in rats compared to the control rats. In addition, the 20 mg/kg of free VPA significantly increased liver lipid peroxidation. The group treated with the 20 mg/kg dose of F127/VPA microemulsions showed increased toxicity compared to the group treated with lignin/VPA microemulsions and free VPA. Molecular simulations revealed that the formation of seven and six-member rings via HB interactions between VPA and F127 influence the stability of the corresponding microemulsion systems and may help to a better action of F127/VPA in comparison to free VPA. Together, our experimental and theoretical findings highlight the opportunity to exploit surfactant microemulsion systems for efficient VPA delivery to target progressive cancer cells and prevent undesirable toxicity leading to tissue injuries.

Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Extract on the Antioxidant Status and Proximate Composition of Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Meat

ABSTRACT Considering the potential of rosemary as a metabolic modulator, the use of this plant as a supplement in the diet of freshwater prawns can contribute to improving the physiological and metabolic conditions of prawns. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rosemary extract supplementation on the physiology and body composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii prawn. Four formulations were made containing 0%, 2%, 5%, and 15% of rosemary extract; the prawns received supplemented diet for 90 days. The zootechnical parameters, the antioxidant status, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the proximate composition of meat were evaluated. Reduced glutathione levels and increased GR and GST activities were observed for all rosemary extract concentrations studied. In addition, the supplementation with 15% of rosemary extract significantly increased the lipid peroxidation in prawn liver. Regarding the proximate composition of meat, the rosemary extract led to significant reductions in lipid content without affecting the other parameters. The addition of rosemary extract had a pro-oxidant potential and dose-dependent effect, leading to significant physiological changes reflected in the composition of prawn meat.

Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata against different pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain and liver

Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata against different pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain and liver

Thymoquinone, the Most Prominent Constituent of Nigella Sativa, Attenuates Liver Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats via Regulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Expression

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder that results in dysfunction and failure of various organs. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of Thymoquinone (TQ), on antidiabetic, oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (55 mg/kg b.w) diabetic rats. TQ was orally given for 8 consecutive weeks at dose of 150 mg/kg b.w. The blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver function enzymes, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were measured accordingly in control, diabetes control (DC), and TQ-treatment groups. These experiments confirmed that TQ conserves the insulin level (0.4 ng/mL vs. 0.23 ng/mL), fasting blood glucose (146 ± 7 mg/dL vs. 225 ± 5 mg/dL), and HbA1c (7.5% vs. 10.6%) quite considerably as compared to DC animals. Our results also confirmed that TQ treatment conserves the body weight and lipid profile significantly in STZ-treated animals as compared to the DC group. Moreover, the antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, GST, and CAT) levels decreased, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6) increased by STZ treatment, that is significantly restored after TQ treatment. As compared to untreated animals, TQ restored the hepatocytes architectural changes and collagen fibers and cox-2 protein expression in liver tissues as evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry staining. Taken together, all these findings indicated that TQ ameliorates glucose level and lipid metabolism. It restores liver function, antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory markers, and maintains hepatocytes architecture in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Here, in this study, we have demonstrated for the first time the role of TQ in the reduction of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and fibrosis formation in diabetic rats. Based on the findings, the study suggests that TQ is a novel natural drug with a wide range of clinical applications including the management of diabetes mellitus.

Finger Citron Extract Ameliorates Glycolipid Metabolism and Inflammation by Regulating GLP-1 Secretion via TGR5 Receptors in Obese Rats.

Finger citron (FC) is one of many traditional Chinese herbs that have been used to treat obesity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of FC on obese rats. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet as a model of obesity and treated with FC at three different dosages for 6 weeks. Pathology in liver tissue was observed. Glucose levels, lipids levels, and inflammatory indicators in serum were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) pathway genes in rat colon tissue was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR). Our result revealed that FC alleviates obesity by reducing body weight (BW) and waist circumference, managing inflammation and improving glycolipid metabolism, liver function, and liver lipid peroxidation in vivo. In addition, the mechanism of FC on obesity is possibly the stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion by activating the TGR5 pathway in intestinal endocrine cells. Our studies highlight the obesity reduction effects of FC and one of the mechanisms may be the activation of the TGR5 pathway in intestinal endocrine cells.

Kushenol C Prevents Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury.

Sophora flavescens, also known as Kushen, has traditionally been used as a herbal medicine. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effects of kushenol C (KC) from S. flavescens against tBHP (tert-Butyl hydroperoxide)-induced oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cells and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. KC pretreatment protected the HEPG2 cells against oxidative stress by reducing cell death, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. KC pretreatment also upregulated pro-caspase 3 and GSH (glutathione) as well as expression of 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase (OGG1) in the HEPG2 cells. The mechanism of action was partly related by KC’s activation of Akt (Protein kinase B (PKB)) and Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) in the HepG2 cells. In in vivo investigations, coadministration of mice with KC and APAP significantly attenuated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and liver damage, as the serum enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as liver lipid peroxidation and cleaved caspase 3 expression, were reduced in APAP-treated mice. Coadministration with KC also up-regulated antioxidant enzyme expression and prevented the production of proinflammatory mediators in APAP-treated mice. Taken together, these results showed that KC treatment has potential as a therapeutic agent against liver injury through the suppression of oxidative stress.

Bergenin Attenuates Sodium Selenite-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Improvement of Hepatic Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance in HepG2 Cells and ICR Mice

Bergenin is a C-glucoside derivative of gallic acid claimed to exhibit antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. However, its effect on sodium selenite-induced oxidative damage has never been elucidated. We investigated the impact of bergenin on the oxidant-antioxidant balance in sodium selenite-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and mouse livers. HepG2 cells were co-incubated with sodium selenite (10 μM) and either bergenin (75, 150, and 300 μM) or gallic acid (60 μM) for 24 h. Adult male ICR mice were orally administered sodium selenite (4 mg/kg/day) in combination with either bergenin (10, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day) or gallic acid (100 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Sodium selenite injured HepG2 cells and mouse livers by disturbing the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Bergenin exerted protective effects against sodium selenite-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Moreover, bergenin attenuated sodium selenite-induced liver damage (nuclear pyknosis and necrotic areas) through a decrease in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels, and decreased production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in reduced lipid peroxidation in plasma and livers. Bergenin also restored hepatic antioxidant enzyme expression levels and activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and reinstated hepatic glutathione homeostasis. Finally, bergenin returned cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA expression to normal levels. In conclusion, bergenin reduced-sodium selenite induced liver damage by restoring the oxidant-antioxidant balance and reducing lipid peroxidation through multiple pathways.

Processing technology for reducing toxicity of fried Tripterygium wilfordii in Lysimachia christinae decoction

On the basis of the previous work of the research group, the orthogonal design method was further used to optimize the processing technology for reducing toxicity of fried Tripterygium wilfordii in Lysimachia christinae Decoction. A total of 9 processed products of T.wilfordii in L.christinae decoction were prepared by four factors and three levels orthogonal design table. The contents of triptolide in T.wilfordii were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) before and after processing: 4.27, 3.92, 3.57, 2.75, 2.42, 2.66, 3.51, 1.87, 1.75, 2.03 μg·g~(-1). On this basis, the above processed products were orally given to mice for 28 days. 12 hours after the last administration, food fasting except water was provided, and 24 hours later, the eyeballs were taken for blood and liver tissue. Serum biochemical indexes, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant related indexes were detected by kit method. Twenty-eight days after oral administration of raw T.wilfordii, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and liver malondialdehyde(MDA) in mice increased by 91%(P&lt;0.01), 46%(P&lt;0.05), 73%(P&lt;0.01) and 99%(P&lt;0.01), while the liver antioxidant indexes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPX) and glutathione-S transferase(GST) significantly decreased(P&lt;0.01). After administration of the processed products, the above indexes were significantly reversed(P&lt;0.01 or P&lt;0.05). Especially, the processing conditions of A_3B_2C_1D_3 had the best detoxification effect on T.wilfordii, which decreased the high levels of AST, ALT, ALP and MDA by 49%(P&lt;0.01), 32%(P&lt;0.01), 42%(P&lt;0.01), and 17%(P&lt;0.05). Therefore, the best processing conditions for T.wilfordii in L.christinae decoction were A_3B_2C_1D_3, namely &quot;15% mass fraction of L.christinae, 1 h moistening time, 160 ℃ frying temperature, and 9 min frying time&quot;.

Effect of Short-Term Tacrolimus Exposure on Rat Liver: An Insight into Serum Antioxidant Status, Liver Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammation

Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressive drug, optimally used for liver, kidney, and heart transplant to avoid immune rejection. In retrospect, a multitude of studies have reported effects of TAC, such as nephrotoxicity, diabetes, and other complications. However, limited information is available regarding short-term exposure of TAC on the liver. Therefore, the present study was designed to unravel the effects of short-term exposure of TAC on a rat model. The animal model was established by TAC administration for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h time points. Liver histopathological changes were observed with PAS-D, reticulin stain, and immunostaining of PCNA and CK-7 coupled with glycogen quantification in a liver homogenate. TUNEL assay was performed to evaluate the DNA damage in the liver. Concentration of GSH and activities of SOD and CAT in the serum were measured to assess the antioxidant status, whereas liver tissue MDA level was measured as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Hepatic gene expression analysis of IL-10, IL-13, SOCS-2, and SOCS-3 was performed by RT-PCR. Results revealed marked changes in liver architecture of all TAC-treated groups, as evidenced by sinusoid dilation, hepatocyte derangement, glycogen deposition, and collapsed reticulin fibers. Significant increase in PCNA and CK-7 immunostaining along with the presence of TUNEL-positive cells was revealed in treatment groups as compared to the control group. Serum antioxidant enzyme status was markedly decreased, whereas the liver MDA level was increased in TAC treatment groups indicating oxidative stress induction. The gene expression profile of cytokines was significantly upregulated in treatment groups highlighting an inflammatory response. In conclusion, results of the current study propose that even a short-term TAC exposure can induce change in antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid and minimize immunosuppression-related issues in a prolonged course of treatment.

Comparison of the Histopathological Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Cadmium-intoxicated Rabbits

This study compared the effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles on biochemical and histopathological changes of cadmium-intoxicated rabbits. Forty white New Zealand rabbits were equally distributed into four groups. The Control group received saline orally while the negative control group received six-week oral administrations of cadmium 5 mg/kg. The third group received oral administration of selenium nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). The fourth group received cerium oxide nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). After six weeks, serum was obtained by the conventional methods, and then rabbits were sacrificed to obtain liver, kidney, and testis tissues for histopathological examinations. The oral administrations of Cadmium 5 mg/kg caused significant elevations in serum liver enzyme levels, serum BUN, serum creatinine, and lipid peroxidation levels (P&lt;0.05). The histopathological investigations showed necrosis and inflammations in the liver, kidney, and testis of rabbits. Selenium nanoparticles oral administrations at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg significantly reduced liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histopathological changes. The cadmium intoxicated rats treated with Cerium oxide nanoparticles showed normal biochemical and histopathological parameters (P&lt;0.05). The current study proved the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles in cadmium intoxicated rabbits; however, cerium oxide nanoparticles were more effective.

The possible role of vitamins E and C in reducing the toxicity of copper nanoparticles in the kidney and liver of the rats (Rattus norvegicus)

This study aims to ascertain the extent of accumulation of copper in the tissue of kidneys and liver, in addition to elucidate the effects of toxic nanoparticles on the kidneys and liver’s functions. Also it aims to measure some of the standards of antioxidants. We randomly had divided 56 rats (Rattus norvegicus) weigh 120 g ± 10 g into seven treatment groups and one of them is a controller. Rats in treatment groups were given 100 mg/kg/day of copper nanoparticles and 250 mg/kg/day of vitamins E and C.The obtained results had indicated an accumulation of copper nanoparticles in the liver and kidneys of the rats in the treatment groups. We also found that the accumulation in the liver is significantly more than in the kidneys. Treatment also resulted in the increase of ALT, AST and GGT enzymes level and serum urea and creatinine in blood serum in the copper nanoparticles treated groups. Also there’s increase in level of lipid peroxide and decrease in the level of glutathione in the liver and the kidneys. When we made a comparison between the controlled group with the treated groups by nanoparticle and vitamins, the results had confirmed the effective role of vitamins as antioxidants that reduce the accumulation of nanoparticles in tissues, and returns the level of liver enzymes, Kidney function, lipid peroxide and glutathione to almost normal levels.

Individual and Combined Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Sterigmatocystin on Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Redox System of Common Carp Liver.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the short-term effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 100 µg/kg feed) and sterigmatocystin (STC 1000 μg/kg feed) exposure individually and in combination (100 μg AFB1 + 1000 μg STC/kg feed) on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system both in biochemical and gene expression levels in one-year-old common carp. Lipid peroxidation parameters were slightly affected, as significant differences were observed only in conjugated diene and triene concentrations. Reduced glutathione content decreased more markedly by STC than AFB1 or AFB1+STC, but glutathione peroxidase activity did not change. Expression of gpx4a, gpx4b, gss, and gsr genes was down-regulated due to STC compared to AFB1 or AFB1+STC, while an induction was found as effect of AFB1+STC in the case of gpx4a, but down-regulation for gpx4b as compared to AFB1. Expression of the glutathione biosynthesis regulatory gene, gss, was higher, but glutathione recycling enzyme encoding gene, gsr, was lower as an effect of AFB1+STC compared to AFB1. These results are supported by the changes in the expression of transcription factors encoding genes, nrf2, and keap1. The results revealed that individual effects of AFB1 and STC on different parameters are synergistic or antagonistic in multi-toxin treatment.

Ferutinin: A phytoestrogen from ferula and its anticancer, antioxidant, and toxicity properties.

This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and toxicity properties of ferutinin, a phytoestrogen derived from Ferula species. The human Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cell line and normal human fibroblast (HDF) were cultured and treated with different ferutinin concentrations. The cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell death-defining tests (a comparative real-time polymerase chain reaction[for Baxand Bcl-2genes], flow cytometry, and acridine orange/propidium iodide cell staining). Moreover, 15 white male balb/c mice were divided into three groups of five (one untreated control group and two groups), which received different doses of ferutinin-supplemented water (500 and 1000 µg/kg mice weight) to check the mice liver and kidney pathomorphological alterations and to determine the antioxidant enzymes' expression profile (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione peroxidase) in the mentioned tissues. Finally, the liver lipid peroxidation of mice was analyzed. The results of MTT and cell death-defining tests indicate the significant reduction in cell viability and induction of apoptotic death in MCF-7 cells (enhanced sub-G1 peaks, Baxoverexpression, Bcl-2downregulation, and increased apoptotic cells). The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the mice liver and kidney cells were found to beupregulated (p < .05) in response to the increasing doses of ferutinin. Besides, the lipid peroxidation of the liver tissue of mice was significantly reduced. According to the results, we suggest that ferutinin has the potential to be served as a selective anticancer compound for breast cancer treatment.

Effects and Mechanisms of Chitosan and ChitosanOligosaccharide on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Lipid Peroxidation, Adipose Lipolysis, and Intestinal Lipid Absorption in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity.

Chitosan and its derivative, chitosan oligosaccharide (CO), possess hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects. However, it is still unclear if the mechanisms are different or similar between chitosan and CO. This study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of CO and high-molecular-weight chitosan (HC) on liver lipogenesis and lipid peroxidation, adipose lipolysis, and intestinal lipid absorption in high-fat (HF) diet-fed rats for 12 weeks. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control diet (NC), HF diet, HF diet+5% HC, and HF diet+5% CO. Both HC and CO supplementation could reduce liver lipid biosynthesis, but HC had a better effect than CO on improving liver lipid accumulation in HF diet-fed rats. The increased levels of triglyceride decreased lipolysis rate, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity in the perirenal adipose tissue of HF diet-fed rats could be significantly reversed by both HC and CO supplementation. HC, but not CO, supplementation promoted liver antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and reduced liver lipid peroxidation. In the intestines, CO, but not HC, supplementation reduced lipid absorption by reducing the expression of fabp2 and fatp4 mRNA. These results suggest that HC and CO have different mechanisms for improving lipid metabolism in HF diet-fed rats.

Preventive effects of the antioxidant and antigenotoxicAchyrocline satureioides extract against zearalenone-induced mammal cytogenotoxicity and histological damage

Zearalenone (ZEN), aFusarium’s mycotoxin, is immunotoxic, genotoxic, hepatonephrotoxic and, affects the reproductive system. ZEN induces toxic and genotoxic effects on humans and other animals.Achyrocline satureioides has several medicinal properties. Moreover, the aqueous extract ofA. satureioides is a safe agent that exerts low cytotoxicity and no genotoxicity. This extract is a promissory candidate to counteract ZEN effects. The present study aimed to investigate the capacity of cold aqueous extract fromA. satureioides to protect against ZEN multi-target toxicity in different experimental mammal models. Anticytotoxicity was evaluated by neutral red uptake and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium reduction assays. Comet assay and micronuclei test, oxidative stress (TBARs), and histopathological damage were evaluated in Balb/C mice. Anticytotoxic studies indicated that cold aqueous extract (100 and 300 μg/ml) protected from damage induced by ZEN (50 μg/ml) on Vero cells.In vivo studies indicated that ZEN (40 mg/kg body weight) induced an increase of genotoxicity: micronuclei (34 MNPCE/1000 PCE) and increase of damage (tail moment) in blood cells. Also, it increased lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys and generated several histopathological alterations in both organs. Cold aqueous extract (100 mg/kg body weight) protected from genotoxicity induced by ZEN in both tests. Cold aqueous extract, also, reduced the lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in liver and kidneys. In conclusion, the cold aqueous extract ofA. satureioides that contains bioactive flavonoids prevents the multi-target toxicity induced by ZEN improving all the parameters evaluatedin vitro andin vivo, which is a valuable and original finding in order to develop future treatments for human and veterinary medicine.

Evaluation of the Seasonal Variation of Parameters of Oxidative Status of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas and Skuk, 1983

Markers of oxidative status may become important tools in conservation biology as a means of evaluating survival and reproductive expectations in organisms, as well as to elucidate the effects of anthropogenic impacts on populations living in their natural environments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate seasonal variations in oxidative status in a population of Tropidurus catalanensis through the analysis of lipid peroxidation levels and quantification of activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase in liver, kidneys, and tail muscle. This lizard inhabits southern Brazil, in the Pampas grasslands. A total of 73 animals were collected over a 1-year period through active search and hand capture, separated into males and females, euthanized with ketamine hydrochloride, and frozen. A detailed approach on the variation of climatic variables over the seasons is also provided in order to subsidize a better comprehension of seasonal variation in oxidative stress biomarkers of T. catalanensis. Results obtained reveal that this lizard exhibits a clear pattern of seasonal variation in redox balance markers across different tissues. Antioxidant system of these animals is highly efficient, being able to maintain constant levels of lipid peroxidation in liver and muscle in males and in all tissues studied in females. In the renal tissue, an increase in lipid peroxidation was found only in males in spring. The enzymatic antioxidant defense system studied herein exhibited tissue and sex-specific responsiveness, and was possibly modulated by factors both abiotic (e.g., photoperiod, temperature, radiation, precipitation) and biotic (e.g., reproductive cycle, nutritional status, type of food consumed).

Assessment of the Inherent in-vitro Antioxidant Potential of Commelina benghalensis Leaf Extract

Commelina benghalensis is a troublesome but exotic weed native to the African and Asian subregions used traditionally for the treatment and management of various disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antioxidant activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Commelina benghalensis using various in vitro models. This was done by investigating the ability of the extract to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Other activities assessed were the reducing ability, ability to inhibit erythrocyte damage and reduce ferrous-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation on bovine liver and egg yolk homogenates. The results revealed that the plant extract possessed significant hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities. The extract also possessed significant ability to reduce ferric ions and molybdate VI. The methanolic extract also significantly inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation in bovine liver and egg yolk homogenates induced by the ferrous-ascorbate system was also reduced by the extract. In many instances, the effect of the extract was concentration-dependent. (p &lt; 0.05). This antioxidant activity of the extract is ascribed to the phytochemicals which probably acted in synergy thus the Commelina benghalensis leaves could be exploited both nutraceutically and pharmacologically.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Acidic-Hydrolysis Residue Polysaccharides from Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes) in Mice.

The present work was designed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of acidic-hydrolysis Lentinus edodes residue polysaccharides (Ac-LRP) on lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatoprotective effects were observed in liver treated with Ac-LRP at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxide, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, malondialdehyde, and lipid peroxidation in liver or serum samples were analyzed. Ac-LRP reduced the incidence of liver necrosis detected via histological observations. In addition, Ac-LRP chemical bonds and ultrastructure were measured. These results provided valuable evidence supporting the utilization of Ac-LRP as a functional food and natural medicine for the treatment of liver injury.

Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities.

This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells' infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.