Livelihood Security Of Farmers Research Articles

Economic Evaluation of Cost and Returns of Potato Crop towards Livelihood Security of Farmers in the Nalanda District of Bihar

"India is the world’s second – larger producer of veggies, after China. The primary vegetable grown in Nalanda is the potato. The goal of the current analysis was to analysis potato farming costs and returns using various cost models. The study was carried out in Bihar sarif and Noor Sharai block, which were chosen due to their high potato production and area. Number of farmers in each category based on probability proportional to size (PPS). Cost of cultivation of potato on the sample farms in Nalanda district of Bihar. Production is generally considered to be a function of area and yield. The selection of crop enterprise to be chosen in the farm and the location and distribution of resources within it depend to a great extent on the yield of the crop, its price and the cost of the inputs used for its production. These measurements for potatoes were developed as a result of taking into account the cost of cultivation and returns on various production aspects when choosing a crop. Per hectare, on an average ` 92552.03 was spent on potato. In the medium farm category, ` 100166 was spent on farming the highest. Followed by small farms ` 92867 and marginal farms ` 84623.09. The cost of various components of cultivation such as tubers (seeds) is the highest (22.95%) in the variable cost, followed by (19.46 per cent) Human labour. The remaining significant factor included the fertilizer (8.82 per cent), irrigation charge 7.77 per cent, machine charge 6.49 per cent, plant protection 3.79 per cent, manure 3.06 per cent, depreciation rate 1.62 per cent and land revenue 0.24 per cent and the percentage of rental value of own land includes cost of fixed cost (21.61 per cent), interest on fixed capital 2.95 per cent and interest on working capital 1.23 per cent."

The Coordinated Development of Ecosystem Services and Farming Household Livelihood Security: A Case Study of the Dongting Lake Area in China

Ecosystem services (ESs) are an important basis for maintaining farming household livelihood security and achieving the synergistic and efficient development of ecosystem services, and farming household livelihood security is important for maintaining sustainable development in the region. However, it is difficult to quantify the level of the coordinated development of ESs and farming household livelihood security in a region and their dynamic evolution. This study systematically analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution of the production-living-ecological space, ecosystem service values, and farming household livelihood security in the Dongting Lake from 2000 to 2020 based on land use data, as well as the level of coordinated development of ESs and livelihood security of farmers. The results indicate that more than 80% of the Dongting Lake area has a low level of coordinated development of ESs and farming household livelihood security at or below the level of imminent disorder, but it is on the rise, increasing by 6.32% in the past twenty years. This study can provide a reference for decision-making on the coordinated development of ecological environment and farmers’ livelihoods in the Dongting Lake area.

Emerging Issues and Problems of Soil Salinity and Water Logging

Soil salinity negatively affects plant growth and induces soil degradation. Saline soils indicate lower agricultural productivity and their impact on the livelihood security of farmers and the socio-economic status of the Indira Gandhi Canal region, Rajasthan. In the context of irrigation development, problems of rising groundwater levels and the development of salinity have arisen in the Indira Gandhi Nahar Priyojana (IGNP) area. The irrigation has recently decreased to about 1 meter, much higher than the specified value of 0.51 m in phase I. In phase I, severe inundation was observed. found in a variety of locations. It is anticipated that by the end of this century, roughly 49.6 percent of the region being studied will be at risk of experiencing flooding. The waterlogging, soil salinity, and alkalinity that plague India's agricultural landscape pose a challenge to the viability of irrigated farming. It has been determined that the most effective technique for halting the reduction in agricultural output is to use enhanced irrigation management in conjunction with a combination of surface and subsurface drainage. The method of reclaiming waterlogged lands by bio drainage is one that is efficient and economical. For the objectives of rehabilitation, species such as Salvador, Tamarix, Eucalyptus, and Prosopis Juliflora are among those that are recommended for planting in afflicted regions. The bio-drainage system helped in reducing the waterlogged areas and soil salinity by lowering the water table in the study area. Traditional knowledge and modern agricultural management good practices should be adopted for efficient and optimal use of water resources. This can be achieved by maintaining irrigation through the minimum pumping hours according to the minimum water requirements of the crop, as well as choosing more cost-effective planting methods. This research paper recommends policies to improve traditional and scientific knowledge into policies and improve mutual understanding, cooperation, and collaboration for better policy results for sustainable development and mitigate the emerging Issues and problems of soil Salinity and water logging in the area of Indira Gandhi Canal, Rajasthan.

Feasibility Assessment of on Farm Water Harvesting Structures for Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farmers

The present study was taken up in the black clay soil zone of Manthani mandal of Peddapalli district Telangana state in which series of on farm water harvesting structures were taken up by small and marginal farmers. The sizes of water harvesting structures, season wise cropping pattern, crop yields, cost of cultivation and net margins were collected from randomly selected farmers.
 Thereafter, techno economic feasibility of taking up water harvesting structures was assessed. The field study revealed that these structures are technically feasible and financially viable for effective rainwater harvesting, providing critical irrigation to crops, enhancing crop yields and cropping intensity, resulting in resilience to adverse effects of climate change and consequent improvement in livelihood security of farmers.

Assessment of Livelihood Security and Diversification of Tribal Dairy Farmers in NEH Region of India

Indian economy is heavily reliant on agriculture and livestock. Approximately two-thirds of rural communities rely on livestock for their livelihood. Livestock has traditionally been an integral part of the framing community of Tripura. The rearing of cattle, pigs, poultry, and other livestock provides livelihood support to the rural masses in the state. The present study was conducted in Tripura during 20221-22 with objective to analyse access the livelihood security and livelihood diversifi cation of the farmers practicing dairy farming. For data collection, three districts (West Tripura, Khowai, and Sepahijala) were selected by the purposive sampling method. Out of total 12 selected villages, a sample of 120 dairy farmers were chosen for primary data collection. The access the livelihood security consists of 7 subindicators viz. Food security, Economic security, Health security, Education security,Social security, Infrastructural security, and Institutional security. The fi ndings of the study indicated that there is infrastructural security 78.28 per cent contributed the most to improving the overall livelihood security of farmers, whereas social security 28.33 per cent contributed the least to improve the overall livelihood security of farmers. Majority of respondents had medium 'Livelihood Diversifi cation (67.50%) while 36.7 per cent were found in the category of low 'Livelihood Diversifi cation'. Only 0.83 per cent of respondents in the study area were motivated to highly diversify their livelihoods. Income and land holdings were found to be signifi cant associated variables with livelihood diversifi cation.

The Evaluation of Food and Livelihood Security in a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Site

Based on the basic selection criteria of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and food and livelihood security research trends, this paper established an evaluation framework and indicator system for food and livelihood security in GIAHS and selected the first GIAHS site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case for empirical evaluation. The results demonstrate that the food and livelihood security of farmers at this site was at a medium level, with an average evaluation value of 2.91, which still lagged behind the level of better food and livelihood security. Specifically, the average values of farmers' evaluation of food security and livelihood security were 1.43 and 1.48, respectively, which show that farmers' food security in the study area was at a medium level and that of livelihood security was relatively good. Simultaneously, the more simple a farmers' economic activities (i.e., agriculture-oriented economic activities or non-agriculture-oriented economic activities), the worse their food and livelihood security; while the more diversified the economic activities (i.e., engaged in part-time economic activities), the better the food and livelihood security.

Predictors of adoption of zero-tillage system by farmers for risk adjustment in saline ecosystem: A discriminant analysis

Increasing incidence of soil and water salinity has become a serious threat to crop production and livelihood security of farmers. The study was conducted in saline ecosystem of Mewat district of Haryana, where zero-tillage system in wheat could be used for risk adjustment. The study was conducted with survey of randomly selected 60 adopter and 60 non-adopter farmers with help of interview schedule. The adopters and non-adopters of zero-tillage technology in wheat differed significantly with respect to knowledge about the technology. The important predictors for adopters of zero-tillage technology in saline eco-system were identified as perceived ease of application of technology, perceived usefulness, risk orientation and access to machinery.