Livelihood Issues Research Articles

100 Resilient Cities program and the role of the Sendai framework and disaster risk reduction for resilient cities

The Rockefeller Foundation launched 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) in 2013 to build worldwide urban resilience. The 100RC program aims to implement urban resilience under the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. These frameworks link disaster resilience and disaster risk reduction to issues of vulnerability, climate change, livelihoods, rebuilding, and equity. Achieving disaster resilience and risk reduction requires more than building back better, or bouncing back from disaster: social equity, participation and livelihoods must also be advanced. Using a pathways approach related to narratives of disaster vulnerability and risk, this paper analyzes the resilience policies developed to support disaster risk reduction under the program. Evaluating member city Resilient Strategies plans using directed and summative content analysis, this research assesses whether the 100RC program emphasized vulnerability and risk narratives in its disaster risk reduction approaches. These results reveal the differences produced among member cities – and from expectations of advancing social equity, livelihoods and participation – due to the role of actors and power expressed in the policy design and implementation. The paper concludes with recommendations to support urban disaster resilience using the Sendai Framework.

Water Resource Risk Assessment Based on Non-Point Source Pollution

As one of the most important causes of water quality deterioration, NPS (non-point source) pollution has become an urgent environmental and livelihood issue. To date, there have been only a few studies focusing on NPS pollution conforming to the estimation, and the pollution sources are mainly concentrated in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Unlike studies that only consider the intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, the NPS pollution risk for the China’s Fuxian Lake Basin was evaluated in this study by using IECM (Improve Export Coefficient Model) and RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) models to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus loads and soil loss and by using a multi-factor NPS pollution risk assessment index established on the basis of the data mentioned above. First, the results showed that the load intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is low, so agricultural production and life are important sources of pollution. Second, the soil loss degree of erosion in the Fuxian Lake is mild, so topography is one of the most important factors affecting soil erosion. Third, the risk of NPS pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is at a medium level and its spatial distribution characteristics are similar to the intensity characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and mean concentrations are important factors affecting NPS pollution. These factors involve both natural and man-made environments. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the factors affecting NPS in order to assess the NPS risk more accurately, as well as to better solve the problem of ecological pollution of water resources and to allow environmental restoration.

PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT DESA KEMADUH BARON NGANJUK TENTANG RELEVANSI NAFKAH SUAMI TERHADAP KEHARMONISAN RUMAH TANGGA

The issue of livelihood is crucial in building household harmony. The husband is obliged to provide for his family with ma'ruf. This can create harmony in the household that is built.The people of Kemaduh Baron Nganjuk village have various views on the relevance of husband's livelihood to household harmony. This paper is the result of field research on this matter. This analytical descriptive research uses a qualitative approach, with data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study reveal that the husband's livelihood from the perspective of the Kemaduh Baron Nganjuk village community is a gift from a husband to his wife in the form of money, to meet daily needs, which is in line with Amir Syaifuddin's opinion that the husband's income is shopping for food needs which includes basic materials such as clothing and housing. or clothing, food, and shelter. Meanwhile, their perspective on household harmony is the attitude of helping each other, pouring out their hearts (deliberations), the lack of debate in running the household with mutual understanding. This is in line with the theory of household harmony with the realization of the wishes of husband and wife, minimizing interpersonal conflicts, the realization of reciprocity between husband and wife in carrying out their respective obligations. According to the people of Kemaduh village, husband's livelihood and household harmony are interrelated because living is the husband's obligation in the household which aims to meet household needs, so not fulfilling the needs in the family can make the family less harmonious. Even so, there are different opinions from the people of Kemaduh village which state that the husband's inadequacy of living does not cause fights and the family remains harmonious.

Research on the Operating Efficiency of Chinese Listed Pharmaceutical Companies Based on Two-Stage Network DEA and Malmquist

The development of pharmaceutical companies, which is an important part of the national economy and industry, is closely related to people’s livelihood issues. With the era of big data, this paper uses the two-stage DEA and Malmquist method to evaluate the efficiency of listed Chinese pharmaceutical companies. From a static and dynamic perspective, it analyses the total factor productivity index, pure efficiency change index, scale efficiency index, and so on. The results show that government subsidies have not had a positive impact on most Chinese pharmaceutical companies, and for films, diseconomies of scale caused by rapid expansion should be avoided.

Fishery Data Distribution System Based on Distance Prior Network Coding Strategy with Buffer Mapping Mechanism

Marine fishery production safety has always been a livelihood issue of high concern to government departments at all levels in China. With the construction of marine informatization, a large number of fishing vessels have entered the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS). The massive, highly concurrent, and continuous track data generated by these vessels has posed great challenges to real-time data distribution. To cope with low distribution efficiency in the original data distribution system, this paper proposed a data distribution model based on the combination of network coding and UDP, which improves both reliability and efficiency of data distribution. In order to further enhance the efficiency of data distribution, a Codeword Distance Priority Protocol based on Buffer Map (CDPPBM) was added to the proposed model for the concentration of innovative codewords in the network, thereby increasing the effectiveness of data received by nodes. Experimental results show that the protocol proposed in this paper improves the data distribution efficiency by about 75% on average, compared with the LT code. The influence of data block size on network coded data distribution system is not involved in the previous work. Therefore, this paper discusses the Block to Piece Protocol (BPP) for large files, divides large files into fixed sizes equally, and distributesndata blocks multiple times to find the optimal piece size. The experimental results show that there is an optimalnfor large files of different sizes, which can maximize the efficiency of data distribution.

Livelihood Issues as a Cause Of Divorce in The Perspective of Islamic Family Law

This study aims to analyze the livelihood issues that cause divorce from the perspective of Islamic Family Law, and to analyze the legal consequences of divorce due to subsistence factors with the study of Mataram Religious Court Decision No: 0492 / Pdt.G / 2016 / PA.Mtr. The research method used is empirical normative legal research, with a case approach method, a statutory approach, and a sociological approach. The results of the research and discussion conclude that the issue of livelihood can be one of the causes of divorce in terms of Islamic family law due to 3 things, namely, Nyusyus 'husband, Nyusyus' wife, and syiqaq. Based on the facts in decision No: 0429 / Pdt.G / 2016 / PA.Mtr due to the legal consequences of divorce due to financial factors and other reasons, the court obliges the ex-husband to provide living expenses and / or determine an obligation for the ex-wife. Before the marriage between a husband and a wife candidate should be more solidified in terms of physical and spiritual preparation and to officials at the Religious Courts, so that they can decide cases related to this factor of living more carefully and quickly so as not to cause harm to either party.

Socio-Economic Aspects and the Commercialization of Rural Mising People: Special Emphasis Related To Mising Community of Bishwanath District In Assam, India

The direction of commercialization is very relevant in building the economic foundation of a society. With the development of human civilization, the commercialization and market system has affected the rural areas. The abolition of the old-fashioned barter system has given rise to a new way of thinking and meeting the needs of the human mind. The issue of commercialization is more important than the economic aspects of a society and issues of livelihood as well as demand. If there is no need for human beings and there is no need to meet the need, then the idea of commercialization is also absurd. This research paper analyzes how the meetings in rural areas of Assam have commercialized the products for socio-economic upliftment and its impact on the four Mising villages of Bishwanath district as the main resource.

Extractive capital and multi-scalar environmental politics: interpreting the exit of Rio Tinto from the diamond fields of Central India

Rio Tinto had been developing a diamond mining project in Madhya Pradesh for a decade when in 2017 it hastily abandoned the project. We analyse this counterintuitive exit through an ethnographic approach nested within a qualitative case study framework. We argue that the exit was caused by multi-scalar politics. Local protests over livelihood and labour issues –pre-emptively rearticulated by regional civil society groups through an ecological ‘framing’ – led to litigation. The national forest bureaucracy posed regulatory hurdles, and a change in the national political regime in 2014 brought to power a party that leveraged national capital of a certain variety, which weakened Rio Tinto’s political position. Lastly, a slump in the global diamond market created economic uncertainties, finally leading to its exit. It has not, however, deterred the government from facilitating investment by Indian mega-corporate houses in mining diamonds, once again ignoring local dissent. Under the current regime in India, the space for activism is increasingly restricted, and that restriction, we contend, can lead to the disarray in strategising alliances and goals between ecological and social justice concerns.

Sustainable Management of Sundarbans: Stakeholder Attitudes Towards Participatory Management and Conservation of Mangrove Forests

The Sundarbans is one of the oldest, contiguous, and systematically managed mangroves in the world. This biologically diverse ecosystem provides numerous benefits and services to local communities and the environment, however, it continues to remain under threat from population pressure, overexploitation, natural disasters and lack of practical policy regimes. This study assesses attitudes of local stakeholders towards sustainable management and conservation of mangrove forests as a means to assist planners, policy-makers, and decision-makers. A mixed-method approach was conducted to fulfill the objectives of this study. The study reveals that the people of the Sundarbans Impact Zone are highly dependent on the Sundarbans for their livelihood. Indeed, collecting resources from both aquatic and terrestrial areas is considered a traditional right. As such, people are increasingly becoming more conscious about government policy, and they want the forest to be managed sustainably. Generally, the language of governance is very strong, but many argue that implementation of policy is difficult because of competing policies, weak infrastructure, inefficiencies, illegal approaches, and corruption. Efforts should be made to develop and advance coupled human-environment (socio-ecological) systems that call for more participatory management approaches. Wider participation and ‘empowerment’ of stakeholders would improve the governance of the Sundarbans and ensure common priorities and levels of agreement on both conservation and livelihood issues.

Pandemics, Climate Change and Growing Inequality:The Emerging Paradigm Shift in Helping Professions

The COVID-19 pandemic that has affected the world since December 2019 is the biggest challenge today, especially, in the areas of health and well-being. Many International bodies like the International Labour Organization, World Bank, and United Nations Development Programme have predicted a slowdown in growth of economies across countries, along with rise of unemployment, loss of income, increased problems of migrants, children and the elderly. The United Nations and United Nations Women have reported that lockdown, quarantine and job loss during this pandemic have led to an increase in gender inequality. This pandemic also exposes the health inequities and structural weakness of health systems of different countries. Along with these, various reports about climate change have also linked pandemics with zoonotic diseases. COVID-19 is considered one such zoonotic disease and more such diseases are predicted in the future. It has also been noticed that the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding and funding aids from International bodies have drastically reduced due to the pandemic, as well as a constraint is found in direct aid and field-based activities. This will either slow down or bring to standstill development activities, social work and public health related projects that address inequality. Such scenarios call for a reorientation of helping professions, including Social Work and Public Health. Such a reorientation and paradigm shift will be necessary to address inequality and livelihood issues in the post COVID-19 era. This symposium is a follow-up of the International Virtual Symposium (IVS-I) on Pandemics, Climate Change and Growing Inequality: Emerging Paradigm Shift in Helping Professions held on 28.08.2020; the National Virtual Symposium II (NVS-II) on Informality, New Forms of Work, Labour Concerns of the Pandemic: Evolving Strategies for Helping Professions organized on 12.09.2020; and National Virtual Symposium III (NVS-III) on Society, Economy And Development During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons For Emerging Economies held on 20.10.2020 in which several eminent global speakers delivered their keynote address enriching hundreds of scholars, faculties and practitioners worldwide. The report contains keynote address of eminent academicians presented in seven academic sessions. They have shared their views on Pandemics, Climate Change and Growing Inequality - Emerging Paradigm Shift in Helping Professions. The Book project is a continuation of this symposium and it invites the intellectual community (both academic/ practitioners) to reflect upon the reality, consider impacts and come up with innovative solutions. This will eventually lead to further research collaborations and create joint research with trans or inter-disciplinary approaches.

Multi-tiered Social Security System in the New Era: Basic Principles and Practical Approaches

The construction of the social security system, which matters the stability of a nation, is the essential issue of people's livelihood and one of the most important social and economic systems of the country. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China explicitly proposed to construct a multi-tiered social security system. This paper reviewed the relevance theories and existing literature concerning the construction of the multi-tiered social security system, studied and proposed the basic principles for the construction of China's social security system, on which basis the paper also attempted to propose the key direction for the ways to construct a multi-tiered social security system and overall design as well.

Portable wireless intelligent sensing of ultra-trace phytoregulator α-naphthalene acetic acid using self-assembled phosphorene/Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid with high ambient stability on laser induced porous graphene as nanozyme flexible electrode

The harm of pesticide residues to human health via environmental pollution in agriculture has recently become a significant livelihood issue. Herein, a new strategy for smart ultra-trace analysis of phytoregulator α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) residues in farmland environments and agro-products via machine learning (ML) using a nanozyme flexible electrode fabricated by two-dimensional phosphorene (BP) nanohybrid with graphene-like titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2-MXene) on the flexible substrate surface of laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG) is proposed. Highly ambient-stable BP nanohybrid with Ti3C2-MXene is prepared by ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation in organic solvent containing grinding black phosphorus, cuprous chloride and, Ti3C2-MXene that is obtained by selectively etching Al layers of Ti3AlC2. Nanozyme flexible electrode is fabricated by drop-coating Ti3C2-MXene/BP that is formed through electrostatic self-assembly between positively charged BP and negatively charged Ti3C2-MXene onto LIPG that is obtained by direct laser writing on commercial polyimide and patterned via a computer-aided design system as a flexible substrate. The ML model via artificial neural network algorithm for smart output of NAA is discussed. NAA is electrochemically detected in a wide linear range of 0.02–40 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.6 nM using a portable mini-workstation. Large and rough surfaces, excellent electrochemical response, and satisfactory practicability demonstrated the feasibility and detectability of the proposed method. This will provide a portable wireless intelligent nanozyme flexible sensing platform for cost-effective, simple, fast and, ultra-trace detection of hazardous substances in the safety of environments, products, and food in agriculture.

Fisheries decline, local livelihoods and conflicted governance: An Indonesian case

This study investigates the social and environmental impacts of the rise and decline of the fishing industry in an Indonesian coastal community as a case study of the conflicted role of governance in marine resource management. It analyses the relationship between two distinct but intersecting fisheries in west Bali: the traditional small-scale artisanal fishery targeting diverse near shore species for the local market, and the large-scale commercial purse seine fleet that exploits the once rich Bali Strait sardine fishery. The recent collapse of the sardine fishery has had a marked impact on the livelihoods of fishers in both the artisanal and commercial sectors. A significant issue for the future of fisheries dependent communities is the need to raise the priority of equity and sustainability in resource governance. The failure of regulatory regimes to control overfishing is found to be a key factor in the unravelling of the local economy and presents an instructive case for analysing the wider implications of a fundamental conflict in the political economy of the global system between unevenly matched market-driven resource use and sustainable development practices. Methodologically, the research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to compensate for the dearth of data available for the artisanal and commercial fishery sectors respectively. Catch statistics on the rise and decline of the commercial sardine fishery are linked to qualitative information from a longitudinal study on the livelihood impacts of resource decline in a community engaged in both fisheries. In connecting interview data on village level livelihood issues with commercial fishery data, the study highlights the imperative of good governance across scales for policy makers and development practitioners concerned with equity and sustainability of fisheries as a critically important component of global food security.

Celebrating Jodha

Narpat S. Jodha (1937–2020) passed away at the age of 83 years. He is best remembered for his contribution to research on the commons and livelihoods in semi-arid regions in India. His work has transcended geographical boundaries and has won him worldwide recognition. His passing away provides an occasion to revisit the commons issue for multiple reasons, mainly that the livelihood issues that triggered the study of the commons still remain. Despite all the livelihood benefits that the commons provide, it is widely acknowledged that the commons in India are under threat, which throws open multiple questions: Is it due to the absence of secure property rights among local communities or the result of weak governance mechanisms? We also recognize that research on the commons has moved beyond livelihood issues to gender perspectives, digital commons, urban issues, and health.

Community Public Safety Evaluation System Based on Location Information Service Architecture

The establishment of communities is for the better operation and management of cities, and community safety has gradually become a topic of increasing concern. It is not only an important part of the community public safety system, but also the foundation of social and economic development. With the improvement of the overall economic level of society, wireless network coverage has been greatly improved, smart devices have also been rapidly developed and popularized, and location-based information service systems have gradually entered the field of community public safety. At present, my country still lacks experience in community safety management. At the same time, there is no complete set of standards and evaluation system for the public safety evaluation system of urban communities. However, community public safety involves people’s livelihood issues and the stability and development of the city. Therefore, it is urgent to build a community public safety evaluation system based on the location information service architecture. Based on the safety community research and location service system, this paper uses the combination of theory and practice, quantitative and qualitative methods, and tentatively explored and constructed a community public safety evaluation system based on the location information service architecture. This article integrates location information service technology into the community public safety evaluation system, selects three indicator factors, investigates a more comprehensive evaluation subject, and combines the evaluation subject’s qualitative evaluation of community public safety with quantitative evaluation through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. This paper conducts an empirical analysis of a certain community and finds that its public safety evaluation score is 62.6232 points, which is in the “general” ranks, and it needs to be combined with the location information service system to improve the community safety issues. This study has guiding significance for ensuring community public safety and has theoretical and practical significance for community construction and development.

Intrusion Detection in Power Information Network Based on Deep Learning and Cloud Computing

With the electric power information network system has been popularized to all aspects of life, and its accompanying problems also come one after another, that is, its internal and external invasion ways are diversified, then the information security problems will affect the national econo-my, infrastructure and many other livelihood issues. On the one hand, the information security of power network needs the general characteristics of computer information security, while considering the characteristics of high security. According to the structure of power information network, this paper proposes an intrusion detection model to detect power information network, which uses both deep learning theory and cloud computing platform. This model not only uses parallel anomaly de-tection and misuse detection methods, but also can deal with the problem that a single misuse detec-tion model can't detect new attack variants. At the same time, it can capture a large number of data flows of power information network, learn and extract the essential characteristics of data flows through the deep feature learning and extraction ability of deep learning, and quickly and accurate-ly detect through the platform Invasion. Based on the analysis of all kinds of intrusion behaviors in power information network, this paper proposes a data extraction and analysis method based on Hadoop, which improves the accuracy of intrusion detection by analyzing massive captured data flow packets and generating characterization data. At the same time, considering the important factors affecting the detection of power information network intrusion feature selection, we study the auto-matic encoder algorithm using spark platform. According to the experimental results, it is found that this method can improve the feature selection of power intrusion detection system.

First Year of the Living Income Differential in Ghana’s Cocoa Sector: Critical Sustainability and Livelihood Issues

First Year of the Living Income Differential in Ghana’s Cocoa Sector: Critical Sustainability and Livelihood Issues

Research on Financial Fund Investment of Basic Old-Age Service Industry and Related Countermeasures

With ageing society continues to deepen, Survival and development of the elderly people has become the focus of the whole society in China, in the end of 2020, there are more than 250 million people over the age of 60 in China, accounting for one 5 of the population. In recent years, retirement services industry development is rapid, and China also set up a basic retirement services industry system. At the same time, a series of policies related to elderly people have been introduced, involving population policy, social security and other livelihood issues. However, problems such as insufficient supply of old-age service and products, imperfect fiscal and tax policies for old-age service, and unbalanced development among regions remain prominent. The development of elderly care services cannot be separated from financial support, and the construction of basic retirement service system need more capital input, also the core guarantees of basic old-age service are the investment and payment system construction. Therefore, this paper studies the financial fund problems of the basic old-age service industry and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.

Land question: Issue of tribal livelihood in India

It seems that fair distribution of land is not possible through mere legislative measures. The law, however well framed cannot succeed in the absence of a vigilant public opinion and active sociopolitical organization to help the underprivileged assert their rights over land. This confirms Gandhi's remark that "…the Congress will commit suicide if its attention is solely devolved to legislative work. Swaraj will never come that way. Swaraj can only come through an all-round consciousness of mass". Despite the fact that laws have been enacted, repealed, amended and enforced to check alienation thousands of acres of land has been transferred from tribals to non-tribals through legal and illegal means.

Research on the construction of social co-governance system of ecological environment protection

Ecological environment is an important issue of people's livelihood. Good ecological environment is the fairest public product, which is related to people's livelihood, national ecological security and social sustainable development. The boundary of eco-environmental protection capacity is fuzzy, and the effect of social co- governance of eco-environmental protection needs to be improved. This study precisely defines the role of "five subjects" in eco-environmental protection, and puts forward the policy suggestions of establishing the social co-governance behavior integral system of eco-environmental protection, determining the list of clues of social co- governance of eco-environmental protection, determining the list of awards for social co-governance of eco-environmental protection, and building an information platform for social co-governance of eco-environmental protection, so as to promote social co- governance of eco-environmental protection System construction.