Livelihood Issues Research Articles

تصورِ کفالت اور ریا ستی ذمہ داری: سیرت طیبہ کی روشنی میں ایک مطالعہ

From the point of view of Islam, the issue of sustenance and livelihood of the people has been taken by Allah Almighty and the ruler as a resource is responsible for delivering to the people what Allah has taken responsibility to deliver to the people. However, those texts in which the issue of sustenance is entrusted to Allah, are lessons and instructions for the ruler that he should fulfill the duty of supporting the weak and poor people of the state; Whoever has authority over the servants, is responsible for fulfilling the rights of the servants and is responsible for them. This paper studies concept of protection and state Responsibility in the light of Sīrah of the Prophet Peace be upon him. It argues that state is responsible for the protection of its citizens.

The Insights of Japanese Street Stall Management and Cultural Design for the Development of China’s Street Economy

In the development processes of many countries, changes in economic policies, insufficient driving forces for economic development, and financial crises leading to rising unemployment have resulted in the expansion of the street economy. As a significant component of informal employment, the street economy holds crucial significance in addressing livelihood issues and promoting urban economic growth. Therefore, measures and policies that regulate, guide, and support the development of the street economy need to be implemented. This paper, through the compilation of data and relevant research works on street economies in China and Japan, explores the relevance and insights of Japanese street stall management and cultural design for the development of China's street economy. It begins by discussing the background of Japan's street stall economy, conducting a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of its management models and the uniqueness of its cultural design, highlighting the advantages of Japanese street stalls. Next, it introduces the current status of China's street economy development and emphasizes the current attention on the "micro" economy, along with the pressing issues it faces. It then compares the street economies of both China and Japan, emphasizing the strengths of Japan's street economy and the shortcomings in China's low-carbon economic development. Taking into account the development status of China's street economy, it examines the relevance and insights for China's street economy development. Finally, it concludes by summarizing the significant potential of street economy development and suggests the importance of establishing clear legal provisions to positively influence its growth.

On the water resources tax standard and tax administration mode for urban residents in China

Abstract Levying water resources tax represents the exploration and innovation of paid use system of water resources in China. Due to the actual situation in China, the formulation of the water resources tax standard should fully reflect the value of water resources. Therefore, we use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the water resources value in China, explore the spatial distribution of water resources value, and calculate the tax standard for urban residents. The results show that China's spatial distribution of water resources value demonstrates a pattern of ‘high in the north and low in the south’. There is a significant gap between the calculated results and the existing water resources tax standard, which fails to reflect the water resources value. This gap makes it a challenging task to generate a water-saving incentive effect. In addition, we also discuss the collection and management mode of water resources tax for urban residents and the dynamic adjustment basis for the formulation of water resources tax standards with people's livelihood issues taken into consideration. These research results will provide concrete theoretical support and policy reference for policy-makers seeking to improve water resources tax reform policies.

Research on the Legal Liquor Youth in the US

Changing the legal drinking threshold in USA is an issue of contention in general that has been debated for decades but also one of the governments concerns since it relates to the citizens health and livelihood issues such as traffic problems. The trends in related literature research in recent years keep in a relatively high position, lots of researchers are working on whether to lower the drinking age or not. This paper discusses whether the United States should lower the drinking age or not through the form of a literature review. Based on the analysis, it concludes that dropping the acceptable drinking age is essential. The main reason is about responsibility, potentially negative effects on the youth and others including sexual assault, binge drinking, development of the brain, and future study career. The research in this article can provide some reference for the US government to set the drinking age reasonably.

Conservation Policy, Indigeneity, and Changing Traditional Hunting Practices in West Papua

Regional governments are increasingly developing conservation policy initiatives that are framed alongside the empowerment of Indigenous Peoples. This paper examines the case of Tambrauw, West Papua, that set out to establish one of the first ever Conservation Regencies in Indonesia. To understand the implications of conservation policy developments, we explored from an environmental justice perspective the ways that one of the most important forest-based activities of local communities – hunting – has changed in recent years. Data was collected using qualitative methods of participatory observation and interviews between 2015-2018 across three Tambrauw districts. The study shows how policy changes are increasing clashes between local hunters and conservation officials. This has implications for broader issues of conservation policy and local livelihoods, and sheds light on the more recent trend of foregrounding Indigenous identity in forest management. Although on the face of it the emergence of conservation regencies represents a trend in downscaling authority to empower local communities, findings shows that place-based and more locally responsive policies need to be established to address emerging conflicts that can also meet broader conservation outcomes.

Study on the Livable Community Streets Based on the Investigation of Residents Living Conditions-Take Xi'an as an Example

Livable community streets are a key livelihood issue that the whole society pays attention to. Researchers from around the world visited neighborhood streets in different countries to explore the livability of different urban neighborhoods. There are also many research gaps. Therefore, based on the ancient capital of Xian with a long history of thousands of years, this paper collects questionnaires on the livability of the citys residents in the downtown area of Xian on the livability of their living areas in the city. A comparative analysis is carried out to study the livability of the community streets in the downtown area of Xi'an. The study found that the living conditions, per capita income, and sanitation conditions in different regions are different, and the livability of community streets is also different. People are happy to live in clean neighborhoods and want to renovate and rebuild their homes and neighborhood streets. Promote national integration, neighbors go out of the house to communicate.

The Merger between Rogers and Shaw

The communication industry is an essential issue of people's livelihood, which has re-ceived the attention of government regulators and the public. As one of the largest mer-gers in Canada, the merger between Rogers and Shaw caused too much attention from the public. This paper discussed the status of the Canadian Telecommunication industry, the reasons why Canadian Government approved the merger, the potential risks of the merger to the participants in the communication market and the influence of Rogers service dis-ruption on national business and the merger. In addition, on the basis of macroeconomic theories, the author provides some remedial and preventive measures to combat similar future risks as well as the short-term and long-term effects of restrictions on the merger. At the last, the paper claims that the merger will increase the market power of Rogers, and it requires Canadian government to take action to regulate the telecommunication industry to improve peoples welfare because it closely connects with everybodys life.

Spatio-temporal patterns of human-carnivore conflict and mitigation in Pakistan

Human-carnivore conflict is a noteworthy rural livelihood issue as livestock of local communities living around protected areas are depredated by wild carnivores, which are the persecuted by local communities, in response. The current study aimed at investigating the patterns, perception, economic losses, and mitigation of human wildlife conflict in Pakistan through meta-analysis of published literature and using the questionnaire survey method. We retrieved data from the published and unpublished sources, and from records of provincial wildlife departments. In addition, we also collected empirical data from different households falling in the range of targeted carnivore species and filled 331 semi-structured questionaries. Based on the activities and home range of the predator species, conflict density maps for each predator species were developed. Our analysis revealed that five major carnivore species are involved in the human-wildlife conflict, namely Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos), common leopard (Panthera pardus), grey wolf (Canis lupus) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). About 7214 livestock heads were reportedly lost during past two decades because of these five carnivore species. The domestic goat depredation was maximum (51.08 %, n = 3685), followed by sheep (27.09 %, n = 1954), cow (11.37 %, n = 820), buffalo (2.34 %, n = 169), dogs (2.05 %, n = 148), poultry (0.87 %, n = 63), donkey (4.28 %, n = 348), and horse (0.37 %, n = 27), causing a total financial loss of USD 1.87 million. Maximum livestock depredation occurred in summer season (50.79 %), at night (59.92 %) time and outside the village (51.22 %). Majority of the people showed negative attitude towards the predators, and they did not know about the conservation status and the authorities to report for conservation of the predator species. Most of the respondents were unaware about the possible management of the predator species for the co-existence of human and wildlife in the same landscape. However, majority of respondents (38.3 %) thought that livestock depredation by carnivore species can be controlled through payment of insurance compensation to the person who lost its livestock during carnivore attacks, followed by restoration of natural habitat (20.1 %), translocation of predator (16 %), and improved husbandry practices like predator proof corals (8 %). The study concludes that buffer zones of the protected areas are the hotspots for human- wildlife conflict and to avoid such conflict in future, special mitigation measures should be adapted, and regulations should be developed to minimize the niche overlap of the livestock and wildlife prey species, thereby to avoid any competition for food resources.

Research on Influencing Factors of Second-Hand Housing Price in Haidian District, Beijing

The housing issue is an economic issue as well as an issue of people's livelihood, especially in megacities like Beijing, where housing prices in the second-hand housing market fluctuate greatly, so its influencing factors have become the focus of attention. Studying the influencing factors of housing prices in the second-hand housing market can provide reference for the government to formulate appropriate real estate regulation policies and predict the development trend of housing prices in the future. This article collects nearly 3,000 groups of public second-hand housing individual transaction data from the Lianjia website in the domestic second-hand housing market. The time span of the data is from June 2020 to June 2021. After data cleaning and descriptive statistical analysis of the acquired data, we set the total price of the house as the explained variable, and the number of rooms, the area of the house, the decoration, the floor, and the unit price of the house are used as the explanatory variables. We establish a multiple linear regression model, then test and optimize it. The results are as follows: in the second-hand housing market of Haidian District, if the second-hand house has a large construction area, a large number of rooms, a high unit price and has been renovated, the total price of the house will be high.

Understanding vulnerability and sustainable livelihood factors from coastal residents in Taiwan

The sustainability of Taiwan’s coastal areas is vulnerable to human-caused and natural environmental changes, placing the income stability and the livelihoods of coastal residents at risk. In response to the challenges of coastal sustainability, this study examined the relationship between the vulnerability context and respondents’ perceptions of livelihood factors using the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) to understand the differences between the perceptions of coastal residents in multiple clusters. The findings are expected to facilitate decision-making in relation to sustainable livelihood issues, enhance the resilience of coastal areas to environmental changes, and increase attention on appropriate policy development and the future investment of resources. We recruited 410 coastal residents as respondents for a questionnaire survey. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and cross analysis, we explored the typology of the respondents and the differences in their perceptions of livelihood factors. The EFA results revealed that the respondents valued five livelihood factors, namely context, supporting benefit, network, productivity, and autonomy. Next, by using the segmentation technique, we determined the typology of the three resident clusters and the differences in their perceptions of livelihood factors. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the key to the sustainable livelihood strategy is livelihood diversification, which can improve livelihood resilience. Thus, we assert that using the SLA as a method of strategic planning for coastal areas can facilitate the development of suitable countermeasures. Future studies are recommended to translate livelihood capitals into the aforementioned five livelihood factors to serve as a research basis.

Partial climatic risk screening, adaptation and livelihoods in a coastal urban area in Ghana

Coastal urban areas worldwide are increasingly becoming convergence points for climatic hazards, demographic shifts, and spatial development. However, the presence of societal demands that impact both livelihoods and urban planning in response to climatic hazards undermines the potential positive outcomes. This research, conducted in a coastal urban area of Ghana's Greater Accra Region, utilized the Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to analyze the experiences of climatic hazards and overall livelihoods of the population. The study employed Ghana's Census Sampling Frame for implementation, and Participatory Learning Approaches, to collect data which it identified floods, heavy storms, and heat stress as the most significant hazards. These hazards greatly influenced the population's physical, social, and financial livelihood assets, resulting in losses and damages caused by heavy rains, storms, and subsequent floods. Extreme heat also had a notable impact on human and financial resources. The local population prioritized human mobility and livelihood diversification as important adaptation strategies. The findings have important policy implications, highlighting the need to address barriers and disruptions in resilience-building and sustainability efforts, emphasizing the significance of prioritizing policy investment and considering climate change uncertainties in planning towards minimizing “urban climate policy inhibition” (Urban-CPI). The study also revealed valuable lessons, such as CRiSTAL's ability to bridge the gap between climatic risk and livelihood issues, bringing them closer to communities and enhancing preparedness to adapt to climatic risks and impacts on livelihoods.

Research on the precise positioning system of financial tech in big data and blockchain model

After the beginning of the comprehensive implementation of targeted poverty alleviation, social livelihood issues have been comprehensively improved, but the actual poverty alleviation system still exists data tampering, information opacity and other problems, resulting in poverty alleviation work cannot play its role. The direct application of big data technology and blockchain mode to targeted poverty alleviation can guide the rapid development of rural fintech. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the mode of big data and blockchain, this paper deeply discusses how to implement the precision positioning system of fintech based on the mode of big data and blockchain, according to the four innovations of targeted poverty alleviation by fintech in the new era.

State, Land and Livelihood

Land is significant material, economic resource of our society and great number of people dependent on it. Equitable access to land not just provide access to economic need and survival to individual or community but also give impetus to other democratic and constitutional rights like education, health, food availability, social security and basic stability etc. Indian Constitution aspire for providing justice in every field and to establish an egalitarian social order which could ensure basic human rights. Under, the Neoliberal regime and economic ideology, the access to land to masses becoming difficult and even redistributive justice measures have been taking reverse step. The article is an attempt to understand the current situation around land and livelihood issues of large number of people in our country who are condemned to live in a desperate situation.

Multiple-use water systems and rural livelihoods in north-western Ghana: adjusting to a failed hope

ABSTRACT This study examines the sustainability of multiple-use water systems (MUS) and the associated livelihood issues among women gardeners in north-western Ghana. Focus group discussions and observation techniques were used as part of a qualitative approach to data collection. We found that the MUS strategy has the ability to improve livelihoods. However, the viability of the strategy necessitates technical assistance and innovative fund-raising strategies. The MUS facility (the hope of the people) failed because these conditions were inadequate. Due to the beneficiaries’ worsening situation, alternative livelihoods were adopted, such as the migration of married women to southern Ghana, the production of charcoal and the harvesting of wild fruits.

Climate Change and Disasters in The Three Northern Regions of Ghana

The study documented disaster events, their impacts and the strategies used by local communities to avert or live with these disasters. A desk study approach was used in data collection. Information from stakeholder organizations working on climate change and related livelihood issues was collected. Data on disaster occurrence, impacts as well as mitigation and adaptation strategies were also obtained from individuals and groups in the communities of the research. The study revealed that the occurrence of floods, drought, wildfires and famine have been widespread in the study area in time and space. Rural communities have however been able to cope with these disasters through self-help and solidarity of households and informal social networks based on neighbourhood, kinship, clansmen, friends and relatives, and religious ties. External support agents, however, usually do not use these local structures. Such interventions miss the really vulnerable in the community. Traditional people have profound knowledge for disaster prediction. These include knowledge of local rain corridors, colour of clouds, prolonged drought followed by storms, thunder and lightning during first rains in the year, change in calls of birds, onset of breeding periods of birds as sign of change in season.

Agricultural products price prediction based on improved RBF neural network model

ABSTRACT The agricultural products price has been affecting people’s livelihood issues and economic and social security and stability. The cyclical fluctuation of the price of agricultural products often indirectly affects the inner psychological demand of agricultural consumers. If the prices of production and processing industries, which rely on cheap raw materials as basic raw materials, are subject to frequent and abnormal fluctuations, it is likely to cause further widespread concerns about people’s lives, and ultimately lead to a vicious cycle of falling commodity prices. In recent years, as a result of lack of timely authoritative information all the time, the market price of agricultural products appeared a lot of varieties before short-term rise and fall repeatedly phenomenon. This paper attempts to take the quantity of garlic produced and sold by pork in China as the key object of analysis and research, and analyzes the level of market price index and the main factors influencing the price of pork sales and edible garlic demand in China in recent ten years. In information economics, financial market theory, statistical methods and other relevant mathematical model as the main guidance, combined with China’s agricultural prices during the period of policy, select the RBF neural network theory and the analysis methods for technical improvements, in a variety of market factors affecting economic operation under the mixed operation China period in our country agricultural prices technology wave prediction rule, broken Based on the traditional artificial statistics and forecasting model method of agricultural product price, the short-term forecasting model of Chinese agricultural product market price theory based on information technology innovation method was established.

Research on layout model and construction planning of aged care institutions for disabled elders in China: based on Nanjing city data

BackgroundTo meet the needs of diversified pension services and the construction of aged care institutions is one of the urgent livelihood issues in China. Under the major national needs of pension and care for the elderly, it is necessary to optimize the allocation of pension and care for the elderly resources, and formulate operational coping strategies and optimization plans. It is of great significance to deal with the urgent problem of population aging in a timely and scientific way.MethodsThe economic benefits and social costs of aged care institutions are regarded as objective functions. To satisfy the economic benefits, it is necessary to reduce the social costs, and its construction quantity can only be an integer. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is improved with integer programming, and the global optimal solution is achieved after several times of searching. Under the multi-objective optimization model, the improved genetic algorithm was combined with the superior and inferior solution distance method to solve the genetic algorithm, and the corresponding objective function value was obtained after rounding. Finally, Pareto optimal solution set is selected by multi-objective decision, and the result of construction planning is obtained.ResultsBased on multi-attribute decision analysis and taking three years as the construction cycle, the planning scheme of aged care institutions construction in each district of Nanjing in the next 15 years was proposed. In addition, considering the intelligent trend of future pension, the proportion of home-based pension is increasing year by year, and the model is promoted to meet the needs of diversified pension services. With the gradual increase of the elderly population in Nanjing, the proportion of intelligent home-based care has been increasing year by year since 2027, and the construction demand of aged care institutions has also increased. The number of construction at all levels rises gradually in each cycle, and the increase is more obvious after 2027.ConclusionsThe layout and planning of aged care institutions proposed in this paper not only considers economic and environmental benefits, but also combines the current situation of aged care institutions in various districts of Nanjing. The model is reasonable and effective, and has practical application value. It will help China optimize the allocation of elderly care resources under the target of active aging, and scientifically and comprehensively deal with the problem of population aging.

Сharity Impresa as a Determining Point of Cultural and Artistic Activity of Nowadays

The relevance of the article. Charitable activities play an important role in the formation of value guidelines and moral norms of an individual and society as a whole. Its development is determined by various factors that occur in society. The start of active hostilities in Ukraine in 2022 affected all spheres of human existence. Among them, there were changes in the functioning and development strategies of charity events, in particular events. This issue needs clarification, because it will allow not only to understand the strategies of adaptation of this form of charity, but also to predict further ways of its transformation. That is why scientific, including socio-cultural analysis of the phenomenon of charity event is extremely relevant.
 The purpose of the article. To analyze charitable events in the socio-cultural space in the conditions of a full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war; to reveal the cultural, artistic, financial and technical factors affecting the organization and holding of events.
 The methodology. A cultural approach to the analysis of the mentioned problem demonstrates that the concept of charity belongs to certain historically developed and regulated norms of social actions that implement their worldview orientations and cultural values. The specifics of scientific intelligence led to the use of the structural-functional method, which made it possible to investigate specific functional characteristics and regularities. The method of content analysis and personal practical experience of holding events made it possible to determine the artistic features of conducting charity events, the method of terminological analysis helped to find out that the Polonism “impreza” successfully filled a gap in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language.
 The results. We believe that charity is one of the “material” factors of the spiritual culture of mankind. This phenomenon arose spontaneously at the beginning of human civilization. Subsequently, it developed as targeted attention and concrete help from society to people who are unable to independently solve the issue of personal livelihood due to a number of reasons (subjective or objective). If we trace the genesis of charity, it is possible to distinguish three main historical types that are peculiar to the Western European mentality: ancient, Christian and modern charity. It was revealed that today the prevalence of charity in Ukraine is rated as “high”. It has been found out that in terms of its artistic structure, the charity event has all the features inherent in such forms of stage art as collective concert, thematic spectacle, solo concert. However, when forming the concept of a charity event, the organizers should naturally and organically integrate an auction, exhibition, fair or active online donation into the structure of the event. An important factor in organizing a charity event is attracting external help and finding people you can rely on and who will show a genuine interest in this cause. Involvement in a charity project must be voluntary, following the “calling of the heart”. It can be assumed that true humanism is achieved exclusively in the conditions of practical realization of the essence of a person through his actions.
 The scientific novelty. The time of military aggression was systematized, the place and role of domestic artists in the charitable sphere was established. Sociocultural functions of the phenomenon of charity events in Ukraine were generalized.
 The practical significance. The data of this study reveal various types and forms of charity events as effective factors in fundraising. The materials of the article can be used for the practical organization of a charity project and the theoretical features of the organization of charity art projects studied by film director students.
 Conclusions. Charitable activity is a determining point of reference in the formation of moral and ethical values and humanistic relations in society. Thanks to the holding of charity events, a number of psychological, social and political issues are resolved, in particular, the formation of national identity, which is an integral factor of Ukraine’s national security. At the international level, artistic charity events primarily carry out “cultural diplomacy” with the aim of conveying the truth about Ukraine and the war in Ukraine, and more broadly — explaining and understanding what Ukraine and its culture actually are, what is its self-sufficiency and diversity, how this energy was manifested at different historical stages despite mostly unfavorable socio-political contexts.

MARGINALIZATION OF THE MEAL MAKERS: ETHNOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS OF SALT FARMERS AND WORKERS OFTHE LITTLE RANN OF KUTCHH IN INDIA

India has witnessed inequalities despite making sustained developmental progress. The economically, socially, and ecologically marginalized communities are the worst affected by this skewed development. The Salt workers living inside the protected area of Wild Ass Sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch (LRK) in India (Agariyas) experience such multi-dimensional marginality. Despite being the user of the common pool resource for decades, this community remains deprived of basic facilities and a range of public services during their stay inside the Rann. While their livelihood issues are well-documented, this research explored the complexities of their social, spatial, ecological, and political marginalization. An ethnographic study involving non-participant observations, in-depth interviews, and informal discussions with a range of different stakeholders was carried out during several short visits and a long stay. Data was collected in the form of field diaries, photos and videos, and audio recordings. For analysis, field notes and interview transcripts were read several times with a reflective mind. Situational and social arena maps were used for understanding the complexities of the lives of these populations. Despite the age-old association with the Rann, Agariyas became illegal residents of the LRK since it became a Wild Ass Sanctuary. While the ecological effects of climate change have affected the salt production cycles, increasing input prices, stagnant and decreasing output prices, increased occupational risk, and limited entrepreneur ability have resulted in grim economic prospects in an oligopolistic market. Carrying a historical stigma of belonging to the De-notified tribes, most Agariyas have poor social networks and remain politically invisible. They continue to remain excluded from most welfare entitlements of the public system. Agariyas face multiple and intersecting vulnerabilities that need policy attention. Ecological conservation to include economic, sociological, and anthropological viewpoints to appreciate the LRK as commons for the Agariyas who face unique challenges of sustaining and surviving.

The Neglect of Local Residents’ Livelihood Issues in the Urbanising Peri-Urban Mwanza City, Tanzania

The Neglect of Local Residents’ Livelihood Issues in the Urbanising Peri-Urban Mwanza City, Tanzania