Live Poliovirus Vaccine Research Articles

TRIALS OF LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACCINES

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 23 p. 909-911 Leading Article TRIALS OF LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACCINES First published: 01 December 1961 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1961.tb70112.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue23December 1961Pages 909-911 RelatedInformation

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (Sabin) in Czechoslovakia

IN VIEW OF the favorable results of our first field trial of Sabin's live poliovirus vaccine, conducted in Czechoslovakia in winter 1958-1959 in about 140,000 children aged 2 to 6 years, 1,2 and the results of other, particularly Soviet, authors, 3 we decided to organize a nation-wide vaccination of the entire child population in the spring of 1960, using live vaccine. Vaccination Program About 3,500,000 children aged 2 months to 14 years and some aged 15 years, i.e., about 93% of Czechoslovakia's child population (Table 1) werevaccinated. The vaccine, prepared from Sabin's attenuated viruses at the Institute for Sera and Vaccines in Prague and supplemented by vaccine procured from the Institute for Poliomyelitis Research in Moscow, was administered in liquid form, about 100,000 TCD 50 of each type, in a teaspoonful of syrup simplex. Because of lack of time the following schedule of administration of attenuated viruses

Live Poliovirus Vaccines.

The First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines was sponsored by the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation and was attended by scientists from around the world who had extensive experience in the use of live polio virus vaccines. In brief, all participants agreed that the vaccines used to date in large-scale field experiments in the Soviet Union, Poland, in Central and South America, and elsewhere have failed to show any evidence of reversion to virulent type and that no ill-effects have been discovered to date. While it is too early to properly assess duration of immunity, degree of protection, or the optimal method of administration of the 3 live virus vaccine types, there was general agreement by the participants that the future of this live virus method of immunization against poliomyelitis is a most promising one. This symposium is of interest to those who are concerned about the availability of this

The James D. Bruce Memorial Lecture on Preventive Medicine: Eradication of Poliomyelitis.

s1 May 1961The James D. Bruce Memorial Lecture on Preventive Medicine: Eradication of Poliomyelitis.A. B. Sabin, M.D.A. B. Sabin, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-54-5-1057_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe extensive field trials of 1959 on millions of susceptible persons of various ages not only established the safety and effectiveness of the oral, live poliovirus vaccine that I developed, but also suggested the possibility that the disease as well as the causative paralytic viruses could, under certain conditions, be completely eliminated. This is theoretically possible with the oral live vaccine, which gives rise to varying degrees of resistance to reinfection of the intestinal tract, but not with the killed virus vaccine, which, while protecting the individual against paralysis, does not prevent him from becoming a carrier.The first steps... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Cincinnati, O. (CS) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1961Volume 54, Issue 5Page: 1057-1057KeywordsParalysisPoliomyelitisPreventive medicineSafetyVaccines ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1961 PDF downloadLoading ...

Community-Wide Use of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

The extensive field trials of 1959 on very large numbers of susceptible persons of various ages that were carried out in many countries outside of the United States not only established the safety and effectiveness of an oral live poliovirus vaccine, but also suggested the possibility that the disease as well as the causative paralytic viruses could, under certain conditions, be completely eliminated.1-8The purpose of the present communication is to report the results of studies carried out in connection with the first community-wide use in a large American city of the attenuated, oral poliovirus vaccine, developed by one of us and previously employed in the extensive field trials mentioned above. The community-wide program in Cincinnati was initiated in April, 1960, by the Board of Health in an attempt to determine whether the voluntary public acceptance of the new oral polio vaccine would be sufficiently great to eliminate poliomyelitis

Status of Vaccination against Poliomyelitis, with Particular Reference to Oral Vaccination

THE purpose of this article is to review briefly the story that lies behind the development of live poliovirus vaccines and to report on the status of these vaccines as of December, 1960. Historical Background Almost immediately after the virus of poliomyelitis had been discovered in 19091 efforts to produce a vaccine began. Both killed and live poliovirus vaccines were tried experimentally in monkeys as early as 1910.2 In that year Dr. Simon Flexner, the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, and at that time the leading United States authority on the viral etiology of poliomyelitis, is quoted in a newspaper . . .

Standardization, licensing, and availability of live poliovirus vaccine.

AT THIS POINT in time, a discussion of the problems encountered with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine, Salk vaccine, is relatively simple. Once the difficulties which were encountered in 1955 had been surmounted, there were no further problems with safety in the field. The revised safety testing procedures introduced in 1955 have been consistently effective in providing a safe product. Problems do occur on occasion in the course of manufacture which emphasize the validity of the revised test procedures. Some relatively minor problems have arisen from time to time, such as the presence of penicillin in the vaccine as originally produced, but it is now possible readily to obtain vaccine prepared with other antibiotics. The introduction of more stringent manufacturing and testing procedures in 1955 was associated with a fall in average potency. Although remaining within the required potency limits, this was nevertheless undesirable in a vaccine which is not 100% effective

A phase contrast microprecipitin test with poliovirus antigens

The occurrence and development of microprecipitin antibodies to poliovirus antigens was investigated with sera derived from triplenegative persons, triple-positive naturally, immune persons, persons immunized by killed or live poliovirus vaccines, persons with clinical poliomyelitis caused by each of the 3 types of poliovirus, and persons infected with various Coxsackie and ECHO viruses.

STUDIES ON THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACCINE (SABIN STRAIN)

Vaccination with monovalent or trivalent Sabin's oral poliovirus vaccine has been progressing in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, since July 1961. By October 1961, approximately 762, 422 children representing 43.3% of the population under the age of ten years had been vaccinated.In relation to the prevention of poliomyelitis it is important to find out whatrange and degree the antibody formation would be stimulated by oral vaccination not only in general but especially in view of the interference of live vaccine to the other enteric viruses which are considered to be highly incident in Japan.The present studies were performed by the use of the serological method in order to clarify the antibody response of the vaccinated and unvaccinated children to the live poliovirus vaccine and, in addition, to infer the nature of the infection by the other enteric viruses, ECHO and Coxsackie virus strains.

The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40.

SummaryThe newly discovered vacuolating virus, S.V.40, appears to be a common and essentially ubiquitous contaminant of rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures and a likely common contaminant of cynomolgus kidney cultures in which it develops to high titer without evident cytopathic change. The virus grows readily in grivet, vervet and patas kidney and in rhesus testicle cultures causing a unique cytopathology characterized by ballooning and intense vacuolation. Some biological and biophysical properties of the virus are described. Principal interest in and importance of the vacuolating virus arise from its demonstrated presence in all 3 types of Sabin's live poliovirus vaccines and in numerous respiratory virus seed lines employed in human volunteer inoculation experiments. Demonstration of the virus has raised the question of safety following administration to human subjects, especially infants, and of possible lack of validity of conclusions reached from experiments to measure neurovirulence or “genetic” ma...

Tin Anniversary of the Development of Live Virus Vaccine

TEN YEARS ago we found that the oral administration of live attenuated poliovirus to a small group of nonimmune children gave rise to an asymptomatic intestinal infection, followed by the appearance of antibodies in the blood. 1 At the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines, held in Washington, D. C., June, 1960, reports were presented showing that over 60,000,000 people in many parts of the world have been given live attenuated poliovirus for immunization purposes. These two events frame a decade of progress in research, extending from a small and hopeful beginning to undertakings of present magnitude. The purpose of this paper is to examine the canvas within this frame—the background sketched in 1950 and the figures now occupying the foreground painted in during the rest of the decade. shall be guided in this task by Salvador Dali's exemplary saying: I do not paint a portrait to look

Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses.

The phenomenon of viral interference must be taken into account in planning the use of live poliovirus vaccine in areas where conditions favor the extensive dissemination of naturally occurring polioviruses. Experience with feeding a trivalent vaccine to 26,033 children in a tropical city of 100, 000 population led to the conclusion that interference was overcome by mass feeding of vaccine to 86% of all children under 11 years within a period of about four days, and that, because dissemination of the poliovirus was self-limited, a second feeding of trivalent vaccine was necessary to achieve immunization of almost all children. Recommendations are here formulated for the eradication of poliomyelitis, but they apply only to subtropical and tropical regions with extensive dissemination of various enteric viruses and not to temperate zones with good sanitation and hygiene during certain periods of the year and under conditions of low or absent dissemination of enteric viruses.

Problems associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine.

Problems associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine.

Live Poliovirus Vaccines

A five-day conference dealing with the status of live poliovirus vaccines was held under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in June, 1959. Although the conference was organized because of pressures on the sponsoring agencies to provide advice on the use of live polio vaccines, the objective of the meeting was not to make recommendations but to marshal pertinent data and to elicit differences of opinion in order to define areas requiring further investigation. The participation of the proponents of the three different sets of live virus strains, of individuals responsible for field trials that already have involved administration of oral vaccine to some millions of people, and of a distinguished group of virologists, epidemiologists, and public health administrators provides an interesting 692-page conference record that summarizes the knowledge of live poliovirus vaccines as of mid-year 1959.

Mass Immunization with Live Poliovirus Vaccine in the Soviet Union

Mass Immunization with Live Poliovirus Vaccine in the Soviet Union

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine: Statement

During recent months, a number of conferences have been held at which progress in the field of immunization with live poliovirus vaccines was reported. These conferences include the meeting held in Moscow in May, the joint Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organizat,ion Conference held in Washington in June, and the 5th International Congress on Poliomyelitis held in Copenhagen in late July. The s,taff of the Public Health Service and its Advisory Committee on Live Poliovirus Vaccine has given careful consideration to the information available from these meetings-indeed, some members have actively participated in these meetings. It may be recalled tha,t about a year ago recommendations relating to the manufacture and testing of live poliovirus vaccines were issued to fa,cilitate the entry of interested manufacturers into this complex field. Last week, the committee met with the manufacturers and other interested persons in order to review these recommendations. Revisions to these earlier recommendations, which will serve as the basis for adoption of regulations for manufacture and testing of the vaccine, have been agreed to by the committee. These include the virus strains to be used, the general processes of manufacture to be followed, tests to be applied during manufacture, and factors relating to the continued safety, purity, and potency of the vaccine. The Service's Division of Biologics Standards is moving with all speed to complete technical details of the final regulations while the manufacturers proceed with preliminary steps toward meeting these requirements. These details will be available in the near future. In addition, I have received a general short report from the committee. On the basis of' these recommendations, it is considered that live poliovirus vaccine is suitable for use in the United States. It is now possible to visualize the licensing of the establishments for manufacture and sale of these products when manufacturers have individually demonstrated the necessary experience and ability to produce material which conforms with the requirements. It is not anticipated that the vaccine will be ava,ilable in any quantity for a number of months, and it is doubtful whether substantial supplies will be available before mid-1961. In any case, I consider it important to note the committee's recommenda,tion for the integrated use of the live poliovirus va,ccine with the presently available vaccine and for the rather special requirements concerning use of live poliovirus vaccine in the American population. I shall take up certain of the problems raised by the committee regarding the optimal use of live poliovirus vaccine in the United States with appropriate advisory groups, such as the State and Territorial health officers and representatives of the medical and health professions and of the voluntary health agencies.

Current status of live poliovirus vaccine.

A considerable fund of information has been accumulating on the properties of live-virus poliomyelitis vaccines and on the use of these vaccines in human beings. The recent publication of the proceedings of the conference on live poliovirus vaccines, held in Washington, D. C., June 22-26, 1959, under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization, provides a good opportunity to review the current state of knowledge. The proceedings contain progress reports on field studies of these vaccines now under way in countries in Europe, Asia, and South America. Great numbers of people have been vaccinated in the U. S. S. R. and elsewhere. In general, the reports indicate a good record of safety for the vaccines under trial, although the extent of surveillance and follow-up study is somewhat unclear. The attenuated live viruses used in these vaccines have lost the power to produce disease through