Transportation Of Live Fish Research Articles

Comparison of the Zeolite Sodium Chabazite and Activated Charcoal for Ammonia Control in Sealed Containers

Zeolites are often used for water quality control in live fish transport. Activated charcoal has also been proposed for this purpose. In this experiment, the effects of the zeolite sodium chabazite and granular activated charcoal on water quality were studied in nine sealed 500 ml flasks held at 22 o C. Three treatments were commercial grey zeolite (90% pure herschelite-sodium chabazite), commercial granular activated charcoal and control, each in triplicate. To each treatment was added 10 mg·l total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) and for simulated stress control 9 g·l un-iodized salt (NaCl). Zeolite and activated charcoal were added at the rate of 20 g·l. In 96 h, total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) means in the zeolite treatment and in the activated charcoal treatment both decreased significantly from 9.59 to 4.02 mg·l, and 9.40 to 7.91 mg·l, respectively. However, the mean pH of the zeolite treatment increased from 7.85 to 7.95, while the mean pH in the activated charcoal treatment increased from 8.12 to 9.13. Calculated un-ionized ammonia (UIA) levels of the zeolite treatment decreased from 0.35 to 0.16 mg·l, after 96 h, although not significantly. In the activated charcoal treatment, UIA increased significantly from 0.50 to 3.02 mg·l. Significant differences were observed in TAN, UIA and pH between the activated charcoal treatment and the zeolite treatment. Zeolite significantly controlled TAN and UIA, with stable pH. Activated charcoal slightly decreased TAN, but greatly increased pH and UIA. Therefore, this kind of activated charcoal reduced water quality and is judged to be not useful in fish transport. Commercial grey zeolite, even with salt addition, was effective in removing toxic ammonia for live fish transport.

An evaluation of the relative risks of infectious salmon anaemia transmission associated with different salmon harvesting methods in Scotland

In aquaculture, harvesting presents an unavoidable risk of disease transmission. The spread of the disease infectious salmon anaemia appears to have been associated with harvesting in both Scotland and Norway. An assessment is made of the relative risks of disease transmission associated with various different means of harvesting farmed salmon based on the assumption that best practice is followed for each harvest method. The assessment is qualitative, quantitative data being absent for most of the processes involved. Slaughter on the farm risks the spread of infection to adjacent farms, whereas, infection at a processing plant may be rebroadcast by well-boats. The risks associated with transporting live fish in cages and of storing live fish near centralised processing plants are discussed. Provided the vessel does not release contaminated water in the vicinity of salmon farms, transport of live fish directly to the processing plant for immediate slaughter by sea may be the safest means of collecting harvest.

The Effect of Handling and Transport of the Concentration of Glucose and Cortisol in Blood Plasma of Common Carp

Svobodova Z., P. Kalab, L. Du‰ek, B. Vykusova, J. Kolafiova, D. Janou‰kova: The Effect of Handling and Transport on the Concentration of Glucose and Cortisol in Blood Plasma of Common Carp. Acta Vet. Brno 1999, 68: 265-274. The aim of this contribution was to assess the degree of stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) exposed to handling and transport. Cortisol and glucose concentrations in blood plasma were used as stress indicators. In some cases, concentration of ammonia in blood plasma and relative weight of spleen (SSI) were used as well. Within handling, an effect of time pause (0; 2 and 5 min) between catching the fish from water and blood sampling for stress indicators was checked. Another goal was to assess the effect of Menocain anaesthetics on the stress indicators. An open system of a 10-hour transport in a special long-distance live fish transport truck (Transport I a II), and a 2-hour transport in classic transporting tanks (Transport III) were compared. Temperature and oxygen concentration in water was measured during transport. After handling the fish prior to blood sampling (2 and 5 min pause), the cortisol concentration dropped significantly (p < 0.001) and the glucose concentration significantly (p < 0.001) increased compared to values in fish sampled immediately after catching. No effect of anaesthetics on cortisol concentration was proved. On the contrary, the glucose concentration fell (p = 0.012) in the anaesthetized fish. After a 10-hour transport in a special truck (Transport I), a significant (p < 0.001) decrease of the cortisol concentration was found, as well as a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the glucose concentration in blood plasma. In the course of 10hour transport in a special truck (Transport II), the majority of carp was found dead. Suffocation and ammonia autointoxication due to loading the fish with full digestive tract were the most probable causes of the fish mortality. After a 2-hour transport in transporting tanks (Transport III) both the cortisol concentration and relative weight of spleen (SSI) dropped non-significantly while glucose concentration in blood plasma significantly (p < 0.001) increased. Results showed that both handling and transport are important stressors in the common carp. Preventive measures were proposed aimed at alleviating the negative effects of these stressors.

Effect of Precooling on Cold Air-Tolerance of the Carp Cyprinus carpio.

Strengthening the tolerance to cold air exposure, an important subject in the waterless transportation of live fish, was attempted by precooling treatments with the young carp Cyprinus carpio. Electron microscopic observation of the gill and blood gas analysis were conducted. Gradual precooling or direct precooling was performed before 7°C air-exposure to reveal its prolongation effect on the survival time. In cases of gradual precooling by slowly decreasing the water temperature from 25-27°C to 7°C for the setting time, the cent percent survival curves showed convex patterns. The real maximum of the strengthening effect on the tolerance was 2h by 4h precooling. In the case of direct precooling by 7°C immersion for the setting time, the strengthening effect was not recognized. The precooling rather depressed the survival time. The cold air exposed carp received damage to gill structure, and acidosis as well as abnormally high pCO2, indicating deficiency of the repsiratory function.

International veterinary guidelines for the transport of live fish or fish eggs

There are two existing codes of practice and one draft proposal with guidelines for the transport of live fish and fish eggs. They provide information for national policies and a level of international standardization. Their efficacy depends, first on implementation by the national official services which tends to restrict fish movements, and second, on acceptance of these guidelines by those involved in the production and utilization of fish. Thus, a critical balance between theory and reality must be achieved if the goals of such international codes are to be realized.

2. Application of Cold-CO_2-Anesthesia for the Transportation of Live Fish(Lectures presented at the Seminar of Japanese Society for Research of Freezing and Drying: &quot;Application of Refrigeration to Foods&quot;)

2. Application of Cold-CO_2-Anesthesia for the Transportation of Live Fish(Lectures presented at the Seminar of Japanese Society for Research of Freezing and Drying: &quot;Application of Refrigeration to Foods&quot;)

Short- and long-term cold-anesthesia in carp.

The efficacy of cold anesthesia in the transportation of live fish was evaluated using carp acclimated at 23°C. The carp could be safely maintained in an anesthetic state for 5h in water kept at 4°C and in the anesthetized or sedate state for 24h at 8-14°C. Some anesthetized carp showed signs of convulsion when they received external stimuli, and bled mainly from gills. Hemorrhage became distinct with the decrease in temperature and the duration of the cold treatment. The sedate carp showed no such excitement and bleeding. The sedate state is considered to be adequate for transportation, regardless of the anesthetic time; 14°C seems to be the optimal temnerature when the carp are acclimated to 23°C.

Anesthetic effect of CO2 on fish - III. Application of CO2-anesthesia combined with low temperature for long-term anesthesia in carp.

The efficacy of CO2 anesthesia combined with low temperature (cold-CO2-anesthesia) in long-term anesthesia supposing the transportation of live fish was evaluated using adult carp Cyprinus carpio acclimated at 23°C. In experiment I, which was done in an open system, all the carp be-came anesthetized in about 10 min with a 30-min cold treatment at 4°C and were safely maintained in an anesthetic state for the following 9.5h with the cold-CO2, treatment (14°C, Pco2 ?? 60-90mmHg). Judging from the changes in the depth of anesthesia, the optimum anesthetic condition for adult carp was Pco2 ?? 80mmHg at 14°C. In experiment II, using this condition, the carp could be safely maintained in a favorable anesthetic state for a total of 10h in a closed system.

Relationship between body weight and loading densities in fish transport using the plastic bag method

. The transportation of live fish in sealed plastic bags was examined. Water parameters and loading densities were analysed. Based on several assumptions an estimation of oxygen consumption during transport was performed indicating that metabolism during transport was about three times higher than routine metabolism. There was some evidence that small fish were more affected by transportation stress, and that large fish need a longer starvation time before transport to reduce ammonia excretion sufficiently.

The use of hydrogen peroxide as a source of oxygen for the transportation of live fish

The release of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, with and without catalysts, was assessed using the Winkler technique and an oxygen electrode. It was shown that the Winkler technique over-estimates dissolved oxygen when used with hydrogen peroxide. Both fish liver and blood were shown to be very active field catalysts of hydrogen peroxide. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide to fry of Oreochromis niloticus was measured and a dose level of 0.15 ml/l of 12% w/v H 2O 2 was found to produce no clinical toxicity. A simple and cost-effective system for transporting fry using oxygen derived from hydrogen peroxide is described in which the oxygen is generated separately from the fish container.

A production-scale towable netpen for efficient high-volume transport of pacific herring: Design and comparative performance

A towable netpen unit based on commercial marina float components was developed to serve dual purposes of transport and holding of live Pacific herring in inshore waters of British Columbia. The rectangular netpen unit measures approximately 28×9×7 m deep and holds 25–30 tonnes of herring at densities of 8–16 kg m −3. The design was evaluated under field conditions including a comparison with two industry methods of live fish transport. Results over 4 years indicate the design to be seaworthy and flexible in application. As a mode of fish transport, it offers high survival (97% to 8 weeks) and improved cost-efficiency over other methods tested. The towable netpen is considered useful for culture and transport of other fish species such as salmonids and gadids.

Causes and Controls of Freshwater Drum Mortality during Transportation

Abstract The freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens is an abundant and underutilized species in Lake Eric. Transportation of live fish from commercial shore seines to pay-fishing lakes causes high immediate and delayed mortality during warm summer months. Freshwater drums transported 6 hours had 4% immediate mortality and 94% delayed mortality (over 1–2 weeks). Salt (5 g/liter NaCl), low hauled-fish densities (60 g fish/liter water), and late-summer transport significantly (P < 0.05) reduced delayed mortality. Fish tagged after transportation had a significantly higher delayed mortality than those not tagged. Capture stress in seines was a more important cause of delayed mortality than transportation or stocking in ponds.

Levels of CO2 in arterial blood of carp under carbon dioxide anesthesia.

The application of carbon dioxide anesthesia to fish has been studied in order to find a method of transport of live fish. In the continuation of this study, the levels of arterial PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were examined in carp anesthetized with carbon dioxide. In the initial stage of the anesthesia, both PaO2 and PaCO2 increased. In the following stage, PaCO2 gradually decreased. An increase or decrease in PaO2 seems to depend on the levels of PaCO2 during anesthesia. On the other hand, ECG (electrocardiogram) profiles of anesthetized carp indicate that a gradual increase in R-R interval is coupled with a gradual decline of the opercular rate.

Critical Factors in the Transport of Live Freshwater Fish: III The Use of Anaesthetics as Tranquillizers

The efficacy of several fish tranquillizers is discussed, and details of their use described. Tertiary amyl alcohol and benzocaine are recommended as having the advantages of most of the other chemicals and are they the cheapest to use.

Critical Factors in the Transport of Live Freshwater Fish — II. State of Feeding and Ammonia Excretion

SUMMARY The influence of recent feeding on fish under transport conditions is discussed, and a period of starvation before moving recommended. Problems of ammonia toxicity are described, and recommendations made for minimizing the risk.

Anaesthetics in the transport of mullet seed

This paper reports the results of an investigation on the use of anaesthetics in the transportation of live mullet seed. Experiments were carried out on thirteen anaesthetics to ascertain the dosages suitable for transportation of live-fish. These doses were further tested for the tolerance of mullet fry and fingerlings for a maximum period of 24 h. Metabolism experiments were performed to find out the degree of decrease in the metabolism in terms of active oxygen consumption. Finally, results are given of the trial consignment despatched by rail for a transport period of 20 h. The results indicate that out of the thirteen anaesthetics tried, seven were suitable for transportation of live fish. The relative merits and demerits of these anaesthetics are further discussed.

The Transport of Live Fish in Northern Rhodesia

The Transport of Live Fish in Northern Rhodesia

Experiments in the Transportation of Live Fish in Polyethylene Bags

Experiments in the Transportation of Live Fish in Polyethylene Bags

Experiments with Methods for Air Transport of Live Fish

(1957). Experiments with Methods for Air Transport of Live Fish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 147-157.

Oxygen consumption and viability ofChanos chanos (Forskål) in relation to size

Equations have been derived interrelating length, weight and oxygen consumption inChanos chanos. The uses which these equations can be put to in the study of the transport of live fish have been discussed in detail.