Liturgical Research Research Articles

The Discipline of Historical Liturgics in Russia: From «Unhappy Step-daughter» to Full-fledged Scholarly Discipline

Abstract The birth of liturgical research in Russia is a phenomenon that deserves careful study. The development of liturgical studies took place mainly in the Theological (Spiritual) Academies of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv and Kazan. The publication of liturgical source materials was the first step towards the establishment of an independent scientific school of liturgical studies in Russia. Thanks to Nikolai Krasnoseltsev, Ivan Mansvetov, Alexei Dmitrievskij, Ivan Karabinov and other prominent liturgists, we have a number of outstanding treatises on the liturgy of the East and West, the Typicon, both of Greek and Russian liturgical traditions, the Sacramental rites and other orders grown out of use. At present, the considerable range of matters addressed in these studies is poorly recognized, although the hypotheses of Russian scholars and their gains in methodology anticipated some of the achievements of the liturgists in the second half of the 20th century.

Modern theological research: The authorship of the Byzantine anaphora of Saint Basil under investigation with the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae database

Saint Basil the Great wrote one of the most important and widely acknowledged Eucharistic texts in the Eastern Orthodox Church, a liturgical anaphora that bears his name. Before the dawn of the second millennium, this was the main Eucharistic text used in Constantinople and in the territories under its authority. In the modern time of digital media, the liturgical research methods have been improved by using the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) database. The emergence of patristic and liturgical texts in this novel format was able to revolutionise the field of Comparative Liturgics, allowing to very quickly find the possible internal clues, which prove the basilian authorship of the anaphora bearing St. Basil’s name. By the quick and accurate computer scanning of a part of the post-Sanctus prayer, a relatively complete picture of the relatedness of vocabulary, the author’s theological and ascetical nomenclature, the recurring thought patterns, parallel passages and hapax legomena, rare terms and their frequency, is obtained.Contribution: The present article aims to demonstrate that Theology has to be connected to modern research methods because the findings of such an academic approach are helpful for the development of ecumenical and interreligious dialogue, that is so well promoted by HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies.

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ИСТОРИКО-ЛИТУРГИЧЕСКОГО НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ В РУССКОЙ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА XX В.: СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПОДХОДОВ Н.В. ПОКРОВСКОГО И И.А КАРАБИНОВА

n the second half of the 19th century – especially in the period following the introduction of the Academic Constitution of 1869, and in the 1880s and continuing until the forced closure of Theological Academies after the Revolutionary coup – the historical and liturgical research area in Russian academic science experienced a period of its formation and flourishing. The subject of the article is a comparison of approaches to the study of the worship service history and analysis of the formation of the research methodology for teaching Liturgics by professors N.V. Pokrovsky and I.A. Karabinov of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, where they taught the history of Christian worship from the 1880’s until its forced closure in 1918. Analysis and juxtapos- ing of academic courses in Liturgics allows defining the boundaries and content of the discipline in the period of its formation as well as considering the evolu- tion in research methodology and, more broadly, the formation of the Russian historical and liturgical scientific school. A comparison of the courses reveals the authors attitudes towards histori- cal sources material and its studies. Their own ideas about the provenance of various rites used in church worship characterize their views on the develop- ment of the liturgical tradition, expressing their approaches to its study and thereby form our picture of the establishment of historical Liturgics as a field of researchable knowledge.

‘Making Public Theology Operational’: Public Theology and the Church

Abstract This article examines how public theologians aim to bring their theology into the practice of the church. In the first part it analyses the references to the church in the work of contemporary public theologians from the United States and Germany and suggests four different categories for the relations explored (explicit function, implicit function, public church, church as public). In the second part, it discusses three systematic aspects of these relations. First, following Kuyper, it defines the term ‘church’ more accurately. Second, it offers insights into liturgical research in order to help to sharpen the places where and means by which the implicit shaping of individual ethical behaviour in the church takes place, as exemplified in the work of Dirk Smit. Third, it discusses the task of pastors as mediators between church and theology.

Mourning in Public

AbstractDisaster rituals: Commemorations following attacks or catastrophes have their own dramaturgy. Varying enormously depending on place, form and message, they are directly and indirectly connected with zeitgeist, religions and worldviews. New forms of remembrance and leave‐taking have now become a topic of liturgical research.

Woda święcona czy pobłogosławiona? Analiza prawno-liturgiczna

Zaprezentowana analiza prawno-liturgiczna dotycząca pojęciowego określania używanej w liturgii Kościoła wody stanowi ogólne spojrzenie na to zagadnienie. Dokonane badania pozwalają stwierdzić, iż wyrażenie „aqua benedicta” obecne w typicznych wydaniach ksiąg liturgicznych ich polskie tłumaczenia oddają najczęściej jako „woda święcona” lub „poświęcona”. Rzadko kiedy funkcjonuje termin „woda pobłogosławiona”. W zasadzie stosują je tylko dwie księgi, mianowicie Ceremoniał liturgicznej posługi biskupów oraz Obrzędy egzorcyzmów. Trudno znaleźć przyczynę, dla której w polskiej rzeczywistości kościelnej tak mocno zakorzeniło się nieprawidłowe określenie; być może dlatego, że tak właśnie było to zapisane w księgach liturgicznych. Aktualnie nie chodzi o to, by jakby na siłę próbować je wyeliminować z praktyki pastoralnej, choć z drugiej strony z pewnością byłoby dobrze używać prawidłowego nazewnictwa i w ten sposób formować wiernych świeckich. Już sama świadomość niepoprawności tych wyrażeń, zwłaszcza u duchownych, byłaby dużym osiągnięciem.

Caught in Transition: Liturgical Studies, Grand Narratives, and Methodologies of the Past and the Future

The short paper offers a critical assessment of the historical method in the recent Liturgical Subjects by D. Krueger, and extends the discussion into wider reflections on methodology of the studies of Christian liturgy and how they reflect larger shifts in early Christian studies. It is argued that thinking in terms of ‘grand narratives’ and unchanging liturgical patterns is ultimately rooted in the academic agendas of the nineteenth century. It is also suggested that the quest for innovative approaches to liturgical research should account for both new methodologies introduced and the historical insights of traditional scholarship.

Burning incense for a focus group discussion: Acquiring a spirituality of liminality for doing liturgical research in an African context from an emic perspective

In this article the author critically reflects on his experiences while conducting qualitative liturgical research in local communities in South Africa. After a brief sketch of the context and introducing his approach, three types of examples are presented and reflected upon critically. In conclusion, an argument is presented for a specific kind of spirituality that is needed in order to undertake ethnographic-style participatory observation for liturgical research on African soil, namely a spirituality of liminality. For a researcher who is not a member of the tradition and culture in which the research is being conducted, this spirituality of liminality is necessary in order to develop an emic perspective without defining the people whose worshipping tradition is being researched as ‘other’. This spirituality of liminality is an important characteristic for a researcher who engages in qualitative ethnographic-style liturgical research in a postcolonial context.

Eine biblische (Fundamental-)Theologie des Gottesdienstes in der Pluralität christlicher Liturgien?

Abstract This contribution is a critical assessment of Gregor Etzelmüller’s habilitation thesis, which was published in 2010 under the title »… zu schauen die schönen Gottesdienste des Herrn«. Eine biblische Theologie der christlichen Liturgiefamilien. A presentation of current research trends in systematic theological reflection of worship in ecumenical discourse shows that Etzelmüller chooses an approach of his own. Etzelmüller is not so much interested in the performative character of worship but its basic textual character. He considers the Bible as a decisive pre-text of Christian liturgies and hence responsible for their commonalities; likewise, as a pluralistic library, it is responsible for their differences. Heinrich Assel and Johannes Modeß underline that the broad approach of Etzelmüller’s book opens up new perspectives for liturgical research. They nevertheless critically reflect on some of his methodological decisions and suggest that worship as an event cannot only be understood via (the interpretation of) liturgical texts.

Liturgical inculturation or liberation? A qualitative exploration of major themes in liturgical reform in South Africa

In this article, the notion of liturgical inculturation is revisited in the light of qualitative liturgical research conducted in local faith communities as well as with church leaders in South Africa regarding liturgical reform over recent decades. Two central themes were identified as representing important changes that occurred and are still occurring in the liturgy in South Africa roughly since Vatican II and the promulgation of Sacrosanctum Concilium. They are referred to here as ‘the language of women’ and ‘the language of justice’. The concept of liturgical inculturation is revisited in the light of the ways in which these two ‘languages’ function and functioned in the liturgies of churches in South Africa. In conclusion, an argument is advanced for a more comprehensive understanding of the notion of liturgical inculturation in order to assist the liturgy to regain its prophetic voice in South Africa today.

Fear of Falling and Balance Ability in Older Men: The Priest Study

Studies examining fear of falling among older adult men remain limited. The objectives of this study were to compare balance confidence in 2 age cohorts of older clergy and identify predictive determinants of balance confidence in a liturgical research initiative. Participants included 131 community-dwelling Roman Catholic priests age 60-97 yr living in religious communities in 10 mid-Atlantic states. Subjects completed the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Younger priests (60-74 yr) demonstrated a significantly higher ABC score than the older cohort (75 and above yr) of priests (89.1 ± 12.6 vs.78.4 ± 13.9, p = .001). Confidence was significantly correlated with BBS (rho = .69, p < .01), TUG (r = -.58, p < .01), and GDS (r = -.39, p < .01) scores. A stepwise-regression model demonstrated that balance ability, mood, assistive-device use, and physical activity predicted 52% of the variance in balance confidence.

Entering the field: Initiating Liturgical Research in an African Independent Church (AIC)

African Independent Churches (AICs) have been studied by scholars from various disciplines, especially Missiology and Anthropology, making use of various methods including participatory observation. In Ritual and Liturgical Studies, AICs and their abundance of rituals is still a rather under-explored field of research with several reasons making it a difficult area to access. In this article, one aspect of participatory observation in researching ritual action in AICs will be explored, namely the initial phase of entering the field. Real examples from a current South African National Research Foundation (NRF)-funded research project as conducted by a team of scholars including some from the field of Ritual and Liturgical Studies will first be described and thereafter discussed. Diachronically, the initial phase stretching from a pre-proposal workshop until the first attendance of a worship service in a local congregation is sketched and commented upon.

The reformations of the christian service made by Martin Luther. Analysis of the sources and critical approach of the positions of the recent liturgical research

The reformations of the christian service made by Martin Luther. Analysis of the sources and critical approach of the positions of the recent liturgical research

Renewal of the Liturgy in the Spirit of Tradition: Perspectives with a View Towards the Liturgical Development of the West

Renewal of the Liturgy in the Spirit of Tradition: Perspectives with a View Towards the Liturgical Development of the West Sven Conrad, F.S.S.P. I. The Spirit of Liturgical Development I.1. Some historical remarks In an article on the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum concilium (4 December 1963) [henceforth: SC], Burkhard Neunheuser worked methodically through the question of how the liturgy of the Church has always been bound up with a continual process of reform; in his view, this process is nothing other than one aspect of the permanent renewal of the Church’s life. According to Neunheuser, reform of the Church’s liturgical life means principally its “correction and realignment .” Even the earliest period of the Church was one formative of the liturgy, where the idea of reform was already recognizable, namely as the “suppression and elimination of abuses.” After a first process of formation, the liturgical research speaks of a phase of creativity in liturgical prayer. Precisely here does the intervention of ecclesiastical authority seem to have been necessary. Presented as a paper delivered at CIEL (Centre International d’Etudes Liturgiques) Twelfth International Colloquium of Historical, Canonical, and Theological Studies on the Roman Catholic Liturgy, held at Rome, 14-17 November 2007. Translated from the original German by Scott G. Hefelfinger . Antiphon gratefully acknowledges the joint permission of the author and CIEL to make this paper available in English. Burkhard Neunheuser, “Liturgie in steter Reform,” in Costituzione liturgica “Sacrosanctum Concilium” Studi a cura della Congregazione per il Culto Divino, ed. Congregation for Divine Worship, Bibliotheca “Ephemerides Liturgicae ” Subsidia [henceforth: BEL] 38 (Rome: C.L.V .-Edizioni Liturgiche, 1986) 103-119. Ibid., 106. Ibid., 105. Antiphon 14.1 (2010): 95-136 96 Sven Conrad, F.S.S.P. Anton Baumstark remarks on this point that not absolutely everything was subject to this creativity. Moreover, the stabilizing of certain “introductory, interim, and concluding changes” followed relatively early. These changes conditioned in turn the way of thinking about prayer. He also emphasizes the relatively early determination of the liturgical words, brought about partially “under the influence of events coming to pass during the time of persecution.” Although Christian cult developed out of the synagogal heritage, it strove at the same time to bind and unify this heritage with the novelty of the specifically Christian. Here it is important to emphasize , following Baumstark, the original multiplicity of liturgical expression, a multiplicity that could only find a greater unity at the historical moment when the civil provinces of the ancient government also became the model for the Church’s administration.10 According to Baumstark, two factors were decisive for the concrete development of the particular form: first, the language, and second, the mentality of a particular people. In addition, he underscores how the character of the Roman Rite could only develop with the turning from the Greek language that coincided with the transition to Latin.11 Along with this point there is a very interesting remark concerning the Traditio Apostolica, about which Baumstark states: “Also in the prayer texts of Hippolytus’ Apostolic Tradition, at least one thing – the prayer of episcopal consecration – is preserved in the Greek original. Neither here nor elsewhere in the available translations of the liturgical portions of Hippolytus’ writings does any fundamental characteristic proper to the Roman liturgy become noticeable within the realm of the otherwise Greek liturgy.”12 “Even in the oldest forms of cult within particular communities, a certain formulaic good was without a doubt removed from the sphere of textual improvisation.” Anton Baumstark, Vom geschichtlichen Werden der Liturgie (Ecclesia Orans 10) (Freiburg: Herder, 1923) 36. Baumstark, Vom geschichtlichen Werden, 36. Baumsark designates such formulas as “signposts” (ibid.) Baumstark, Vom geschichtlichen Werden, 31. Relating to liturgical prayer, Neunheuser refers to “a certain schema, at least in general, in conformity with the custom of the synagogue and the earliest Christian witnesses.” In the original: “vi sia stato un certo schema, almeno a grande linee, in conformità con l’uso della Sinagoga e delle prime testimonianze cristiane.” Burkhard Neunheuser, Storia della liturgia attraverso le epoce culturali, BEL 11 (Rome: C.L.V ., 1999) 42. 10 See Baumstark, Vom geschichtlichen Werden, 37. 11 See Ibid., 80...

TheRegularis Concordiaand its Old English gloss

When writing about the tenth-century ecclesiastical reform in England thirteen years ago, Eric John rightly pointed out that ‘the tenth and early eleventh centuries are the least studied and most taken for granted periods of both English and Continental history’. But today, this contention is no longer true: investigation into different aspects of the monastic revival has resulted in a considerable number of special publications. In particular, the millennial celebrations marking the deaths of the leading reformers, Æthelwold (d. 984), Dunstan (d. 988) and Oswald (d. 992), have been accompanied by a reassessment of their activities and achievements, the fruits of which are assembled in three collections of essays by experts in a variety of fields. The renewed interest in the reform era has naturally drawn scholarly attention to the primary sources which provide first-hand information about the thought, aims and strategies of the reformers. Among such documents, theRegularis Concordia(henceforthRC) plays a major part as an object of historical and liturgical research; besides, it has turned out in recent years that the Latin text and especially the Old English interlinear gloss of the consuetudinary also offer important material for the philologist and the historical linguist.

Judaism and Hebrew Prayer: New Perspectives on Jewish Liturgical History (review)

Hebrew Studies 36 (1995) 227 Reviews dependent on the types of syllable. While more recent studies by Khan and the present reviewer indicate that the Karaite transcriptions reflect numerous different sub-traditions, the aforementioned phenomena are common to them; thus they demand fresh attention by students of Tiberian Hebrew phonology irrespective of the methods they apply. Tapani Harviainen University ofHelsinki P.O.B. 13, FIN-00014 FINLAND JUDAISM AND HEBREW PRAYER: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON JEWISH LITURGICAL HISTORY. By Stefan C. Reif. Pp. xiii + 437. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Cloth, $64.95. The study of Jewish liturgy was one of the focal points in the early Wissenschaft des ludentums movement. Some of the conclusions of this early work helped shape the discipline of modem Jewish studies as we know it. Many of L. Zunz and A. Geiger's investigations included studies in aspects of the development of Jewish worship and the synagogue as part of their attempts to establish the antiquity of Rabbinic Judaism. In the twentieth century these studies continued with I. Elbogen, J. Mann and J. Petuchowski. J. Heinemann's book, Hatefila Bitekufat Hatana-im Vehaamora -im (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1966) and the revised English version, Prayer in the Talmud (R. Sarason, trans. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1977) has been the standard in the field until now. Four different works on Jewish liturgy have most recently been produced. They include studies on: 1. The Geonic period in which the liturgy achieved some measure of standardization; 2. The earliest development of liturgical formulation from biblical bor rowings to the creative efforts in the Tannaitic and Amoraic periods; 3. Medieval innovations based on mystical insights and interpretations; 4. Modern attempts at liturgical creativity. Stefan C. Reif's work, 1udaism and Hebrew Prayer includes all of these areas in one book and investigates and challenges some of the standing assumptions about these areas of liturgical research. Hebrew Studies 36 (1995) 228 Reviews Judaism and Hebrew Prayer notes many of the historical and most recent assumptions and controversies, systematically analyzes the elements which have been overlooked in other studies (mysticism, pietism, nonAshkenazic variation, etc.) and (most) remarkably posits its own critical theory based on the author's analyses. The book is a welcome corrective to other Jewish liturgy texts written in the past decade which have fixated upon certain reigning theories without ever re-examining these theories in light of the large corpus of information which has emerged from archaeological data, as well as the Genizah and Qumran studies. Reirs book is also a welcome change in a field presently dominated by complex linguistic analyses, form critical studies and reviews of other scholars' research without any fresh synthesis. It is readable and extremely easy to find information of interest to a vast array of disciplines and scholars in Judaic studies. It could be used by university students as well as religious adult education courses. Stefan C. Reif, a noted Genizah and liturgy researcher at the University of Cambridge, has in his book written the new standard text for the study of Jewish liturgy. This book contains so many elements which are lacking in other works that they are too numerous to mention. Two elements stand out: 1. His opening chapter provides a critical review of Jewish liturgical research from the nineteenth and twentieth century. Instead of just mentioning major works in passing, Reif presents their major theses and flaws in a succinct and well-written style. 2. His fmal chapters on "The Challenge of the Modem World" and "A Background to Current Developments" analyze more than just the modern attempts at liturgical reform by the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox and Reconstructionist movements, but also address spiritual and social needs and issues which lurk. behind these reforms in the modem period. Biblical scholars, Medievalists, scholars of Jewish mysticism and ethics, Jewish-Christian researchers, students of Ashkenazic and Sephardic liturgy developments, historians, and many others will find significant parts of this book of use in their own research. In short, this book is for all serious students ofJewish studies. Perhaps deservedly so, however, parts of the book seem to be a long response to the new ground breaking theory of E. Fleischer's study entitled...

The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Methods for the Study of Early Liturgy (review)

Reviewed by: The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Methods for the Study of Early Liturgy George E. Saint-Laurent Paul F. Bradshaw . The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Methods for the Study of Early Liturgy. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. XI + 217. Cloth: $35.00. Paper: $13.95. Every once in a while a book is published which asks fresh and searching methodological questions of a discipline. Tacit assumptions are spelled out, presuppositions are investigated, and long-standing hypotheses are proved to be attractive and imaginative but, alas, unsubstantiated by the evidence. Paul F. Bradshaw has produced just such a work. Indeed, this reviewer has been forced painfully to conclude that he must revise the content of his own courses in substantive ways and discard many of those cherished "insights" which he has so confidently presented for years. The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship is an important scholarly work of the first order, as rigorously critical and well organized in its evaluation of the sources as it is fascinating in its conclusions. In relatively few, surprisingly readable pages, the author has achieved that kind of rare contribution with which future scholars will have to be in creative dialogue. His book will be an indispensable reference volume not only for scholars with an academic interest in the cautious, [End Page 356] well-founded construction of the history of Christian Liturgy but also for professional liturgiologists who are working with an ecclesial commission for the modern revision of public worship. Seminary, college, and university librarians will want to procure a copy for their collections. Academics will want to reflect critically upon the validity of those wonderful theories which have heretofore informed their own class presentations. In the course of his study, Professor Bradshaw provides us with a comprehensive status questionis which summarizes all the liturgical research of the past century and longer. He reviews both the extant sources themselves for reconstructing early liturgical history and all the hypotheses and debates which have surrounded their date of composition, authorship, geographical provenance, literary form, redaction-history, extent of ecclesial influence, official approbation, and overall significance in the process of evolving rites. He supplies us with such abundant documentation by way of annotated footnotes on every page that he may be forgiven for not including a bibliography at the end. His "Index of Modern Authors" contains all the famous scholars in the historical of liturgical research such as Louis Bouyer, Bernard Botte, R. H. Connolly, E. C. Ratcliff, Gregory Dix, and E. J. Yarnold, together with scores of others. Dr. Bradshaw devotes his whole first chapter to reflecting upon the witnesses to the Jewish background of Christian worship as found in private and synagogal first-century prayer-patterns, especially the berakah (in Greek eulogētos) and the hodayah (in Greek homologeo, later eucharis-teo). In the second chapter he analyzes all the New Testament references to prayers and hymns, Baptism, Holy Eucharist, and dominical assemblies as well as to stories of the disciples' participating in temple and synagogue worship. In the fourth and fifth chapters he looks at the ancient church orders such as Didache, The Apostolic Tradition, and The Apostolic Constitutions; patristic references in writers such as Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Augustine, the mystagogical catecheses of Cyril of Jerusalem, Ambrose, John Chrysostom, and Theodore of Mopsuestia; eucharistic prayers such as those ascribed to Basil and to John Chrysostom; and The Pilgrimage of Egeria. Our author makes perhaps his most important contribution in his third chapter, where he suggests ten principles of "Interpreting Early Christian Liturgical Evidence." Here he provides a conservative and sophisticated methodology for studying the primary liturgical sources from Christian antiquity. For this reviewer, the most creative principles are three, and these shall serve as examples. In his first principle, Dr. Bradshaw insists that "What is common is not necessarily most ancient, and what is least common is not necessarily least ancient." He argues here against the tendency of scholars to presume that there was a single root, a primitive unitary substratum from which diversities arose in later centuries. In fact, early Christianity was pluriform in polity, doctrine, and...

Eucharistic Sacrifice — An Insoluble Liturgical Problem?

It is a well-known fact that many a modern eucharistic prayer shows signs of handling the relationship between Supper and Calvary with due care, even with some creative ambiguity. For some, indeed, the very concept of offering is fraught with problems which can only be faced in liturgical formulae by having recourse to paradox. The bread and wine are on the table, but they are neither ‘offered’ sacrificially, nor are they ‘held back’ from the good purposes of God. The act of memorial is neither a re-enactment of Calvary nor is it an insignificant feature of the Church's life, as if all the eucharistic community did was to bask in the sunshine of Christ's single offering, and that is that. Yet many modern prayers are the direct result of creative movements such as liturgical research, patristic theology, and the rapprochment between the Churches that has been so much part of twentieth-century history.

Jewish Liturgical Research: Past, Present and Future

Jewish Liturgical Research: Past, Present and Future

Made Not Born: New Perspectives on Christian Initiation and the Catechumenate. Notre Dame/London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1976 by the Murphy Center for Liturgical Research. viii + 183 pages. $9.95.

Made Not Born: New Perspectives on Christian Initiation and the Catechumenate. Notre Dame/London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1976 by the Murphy Center for Liturgical Research. viii + 183 pages. $9.95. - Volume 5 Issue 1