Lithogenic Sediment Research Articles

Late Cretaceous seasonal palaeoclimatology and diatom palaeoecology from laminated sediments

Laminated diatom-rich marine sediments from California and the Arctic Ocean provide a window into the seasonal climate and oceanography of the mid- and high-latitude Late Cretaceous. These remarkable shallow-buried sediments constitute palaeo-sediment traps that record exceptionally well-preserved sequential biogenic and lithogenic flux events. Many of the diatom laminae are composed of a few dominant taxa, and we use a species-based approach for palaeoecological interpretation. Contrary to many earlier interpretations, results indicate that both sites preserve a major flux of taxa adapted to exploit a strongly stratified ocean. The uppermost Maastrichtian Marca Shale of California records a seasonal cycle initiated with a spring bloom flux of diatom resting spores followed by a summer lithogenic sediment input likely driven by monsoonal storms providing river runoff and aeolian input. This is followed by a dominant diatom flux of species that thrived in the summer stratification in deep chlorophyll maxima and were sedimented in the fall when this stratification broke down. Dominant taxa comprising this group include Hemiaulus, Stephanopyxis, Stellarima and Rhizosolenia. The uppermost Campanian CESAR 6 core from the Arctic Alpha Ridge, records a spring bloom flux of resting spores followed by a more dominant summer and fall flux of diatom vegetative cells which were likely concentrated in subsurface summer blooms that generated a “summer export pulse” and by the breakdown of stratification in the fall that gave massive flux of deep chlorophyll maxima species in the fall dump. The dominance and diversity of Hemiaulus in the CESAR 6 core together with widespread evidence of N2-fixation may indicate that some diatom blooms were powered by intracellular N2-fixing cyanobacteria as in the modern oligotrophic ocean. Thin lenses of fine lithogenic sediment that occur mostly in the spring layer represent rafting by winter sea ice and support other evidence that suggests intermittent winter freezing in the Late Cretaceous Arctic.

Constraining the transport time of lithogenic sediments to the Okinawa Trough (East China Sea)

The transport time of siliciclastic sediments from their continental sites of formation to their final location of deposition on the seafloor is an important parameter bearing on land–sea interactions, climate variability and understanding of marine sediment record. 234U/238U activity ratios of the lithogenic fraction from late Quaternary sediment deposited in the Okinawa Trough, East China Sea, were reported in this study. On basis of 234U/238U activity ratios, the comminution ages and transport times were calculated using recoil loss factors (fα) derived from different equations based on grain size distribution. The transport times were longer (approximately 200±100kyr) for the Okinawa Trough sediments deposited between 27 and 14ka, decreased gradually between 14 and 7ka, and stayed relatively short (<100kyr) thereafter. Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic evidences indicate that changes in sediment transport time correspond well with the shift of sediment provenance predominantly from Asia's interior prior to 14ka to Taiwan Island after 7ka. This study offers the first and robust constraint on time scale of sediment transport process in East Asia marginal sea, which is constrained by unique sediment source-to-sink transport pattern. The result illustrates the potential of this approach to decipher climate-related changes in the mode of supply of lithogenic sediment to marginal seas. It also highlights current difficulties in obtaining quantitative estimates of comminution age, mostly because of uncertainties in estimating the recoil loss factor.

The origin of lithogenic sediment in the south-western Ross Sea and implications for iron fertilization

AbstractSummer iron (Fe) fertilization in the Ross Sea has previously been observed in association with diatom productivity, lithogenic particles and excess Fe in the water column. This productivity event occurred during an early breakout of sea ice via katabatic winds, suggesting that aeolian dust could be an important source of lithogenic Fe required for diatom growth in the Ross Sea. Here we investigate the provenance of size-selected dust deposited on sea ice in McMurdo Sound, south-western (SW) Ross Sea. The isotopic signature of McMurdo Sound dust (0.70533&lt;87Sr/86Sr&lt;0.70915 and -1.1&lt;εNd(0)&lt;3.45) confirms that dust is locally sourced from the McMurdo Sound debris bands and comprises a two-component mixture of McMurdo Volcanic Group and southern Victoria Land lithologies. In addition, the provenance of lithogenic sediment trapped in the water column was investigated, and the isotopic signature (εNd(0)=3.9, 87Sr/86Sr=0.70434) is differentiated from long-range transported dust originating from South America and Australia. Elevated lithogenic accumulation rates in deeper sediment traps in the Ross Sea suggest that sinking particles in the water column cannot simply result from dust input at the surface. This discrepancy can be best explained by significant upwelling and remobilization of lithogenic Fe from the sea floor.

Climate change and response in bottom water circulation and sediment provenance in the Central Arctic Ocean since the Last Glacial

In this study, Arctic Ocean patterns of deep water circulation and sediment provenance during the Last Glacial (LG) were compared with the recent situation by investigating the Nd and Sr isotopic composition (143Nd/144Nd, expressed as εNd, 87Sr/86Sr) of the leachable and lithogenic sediment fractions as well as the elemental composition (Mn, Ca, Mg, total inorganic carbon (TIC)) on a spatially extended scale encompassing 11 sediment cores from several Arctic Ocean basins and ridges.The leachable, authigenic signature of the surface sediments implies a North Atlantic deep water source and a late Holocene circulation regime that leads to well-mixed, mostly uniform, εNd values of −10.9 to −10.3. Sediments from the LG have overall more variable authigenic εNd values (−13.9 to −7.4). Lower values specifically occur in the Amerasian and Amundsen Basins, documenting an enhanced flow of deep waters from the Makarov Basin to the Amundsen Basin probably via the Lomonosov Ridge intra-basin.In terms of detrital provenance areas, the lithogenic material deposited at the core locations cannot be unambiguously assigned to distinct source areas based on its radiogenic isotope composition, but represents a diverse mixture. Nevertheless, the Nd and Sr isotope signatures of surface sediments from the Amerasian Basin are dominated by western Arctic sources (εNd=−12.8 to −11.0; 87Sr/86Sr=0.7214 to 0.7251), while Eurasian Basin surface sediments are dominated by Eurasian sources (εNd=−10.9 to −9.7, 87Sr/86Sr=0.7178 to 0.7299), which is in agreement with previous studies. Bulk element patterns (Ca, Mg, TIC) of the studied sediments support these differences in provenance. The LG samples show the same trends with low εNd (−16.1 to −13.7) and high 87Sr/86Sr (0.7294) in the Canada Basin, and higher εNd (−12.6 to −8.8) and lower 87Sr/86Sr (0.7154 to 0.7249) in the Eurasian Basin sediments. However, LG samples have mostly lower and more heterogenous εNd and 87Sr/86Sr values than the surface samples.Our geochemical study shows that the overall circulation pattern of the deep water masses during the LG was locally influenced by brine formation but was generally similar to today. The isotopic composition of the lithogenic material from the LG is different from modern times, presumably due to shorter transport pathways of lithogenic material to the Arctic Ocean because of a lower sea level and exposed shelves during the LG. Nevertheless, the lithogenic fraction still represents a mixture from several sources.

Anthropogenic Pb input into Bohai Bay, China: Evidence from stable Pb isotopic compositions in sediments

To investigate the source of Pb within Bohai Bay, Pb concentrations and Pb isotopic compositions (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb) of surface sediments in this area were determined. The Pb concentration in this bay varied widely from 6.9 to 39.2µg/g (average: 21.8±7.8µg/g), and the Pb isotopic compositions ranged from 0.8338 to 0.8864 (average: 2.0997±0.0180) for 208Pb/206Pb and from 2.0797 to 2.1531 (average: 0.8477±0.0135) for 207Pb/206Pb, presenting in three distinct clusters. The Pb isotopic ratios of sediments from the northeastern (NE zone) and northwestern (NW zone) coastal areas were significantly influenced by anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion and automobile emission. In sediments from the central and southern Bohai Bay (C–S zone); however, Pb mainly originated from the Yellow River catchment, as a result of lithogenic sediment (from rock weathering) accumulation. The Pb isotopic ratios further indicate that, apart from riverine inputs, the neighboring large-scale ports and aerosols significantly contributed to the anthropogenic Pb contained in these sediments. Pb contamination in the Haihe and Luanhe river mouths as well as in the regions near ports is also suggested from anthropogenic enrichment factors. As cities and ports continue to develop around Bohai Bay, a long-term extensive sewage monitoring program is highly recommended.

Rapid neodymium release to marine waters from lithogenic sediments in the Amazon estuary.

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations and neodymium isotopic composition (ɛNd) are tracers for ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. Although models suggest that REE release from lithogenic sediment in river discharge may dominate all other REE inputs to the oceans, the occurrence, mechanisms and magnitude of such a source are still debated. Here we present the first simultaneous observations of dissolved (<0.45 μm), colloidal and particulate REE and ɛNd in the Amazon estuary. A sharp drop in dissolved REE in the low-salinity zone is driven by coagulation of colloidal matter. At mid-salinities, total dissolved REE levels slightly increase, while ɛNd values are shifted from the dissolved Nd river endmember (−8.9) to values typical of river suspended matter (−10.6). Combining a Nd isotope mass balance with apparent radium isotope ages of estuarine waters suggests a rapid (3 weeks) and globally significant Nd release by dissolution of lithogenic suspended sediments.

Tracking lead origin in the Yellow River Estuary and nearby Bohai Sea based on its isotopic composition

The Pb concentration and Pb isotopes (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb) in surface sediments from the Yellow River Estuary and nearby Bohai Sea have been determined to investigate the Pb sources in this area. Results showed that Pb in the Yellow River Estuary and northern Laizhou Bay (YRE-NL) sediments was mainly from the Yellow River catchment as a consequence of lithogenic sediments (from rock weathering) accumulation. However, Pb in the coastal area of southern Laizhou Bay (CSLB) sediments was from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Sewage discharged near the Mihe mouth of the CSLB did not extend further to the middle and outer shelves because of the current in Laizhou Bay. The total Pb concentration varied from 14.5 to 30.4 μg/g with an average concentration of 20.1 ± 4.2 μg/g. Thus, significant Pb pollution was not observed in the Yellow River Estuary and nearby Bohai Sea. However, Pb contamination in some sites was indicated by Pb isotope ratios.

Karakteristik dan kandungan mineral pasir pantai Lhok Mee, Beureunut dan Leungah, Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Abstract. The objective of this research was to determine the characteristics and mineral content of coastal sand from Lhokmee, Beureunut, and Leungah Aceh Besar District. The sand analysis was conducted at Material Laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Syiah Kuala University from March to April, 2014. Samples were collected using purpossive sampling method. The observed physical characteristics of this research were sand color, shape and particle size. The mineral content was analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) program. The result showed that Lhok Mee coastal sand was physically characterized as white, sub-angular rounded shape and 0.21 mm of size, while Beureunut coastal sand was light brown, rounded-well rounded shape and 0.19 mm of size, then Leungah coastal sand was black, angular-well rounded shape and 0.13 mm of size. Based on mineral content showed that Lhok Mee, Beureunut, and Leungah coastal sand were dominated by SiO3, SO3 and Fe3O4, respectively. All identified minerals at all stations were classified as volcanic minerals of lithogenous sediment. Keywords: Beach sands; Color difference; Mineral content; Shape; Particle size.

Sedimentation patterns off the Zambezi River over the last 20,000years

Marine sediments from continental margins provide high-resolution archives of marine and continental climate, in particular near large river mouths. The Zambezi is one of the largest rivers in East Africa, discharging large amounts of fine-grained sediments onto the western margin of the Mozambique Channel. Accurate reconstructions of past variations in river discharge can be retrieved from the depositional history of riverine sediments. In this study, sedimentation patterns along the Mozambique Margin are inferred from a series of sediment cores spanning the last 20 kyr. These cores were retrieved off the Zambezi Mouth from the shelf and from various depths at the continental slope to provide detailed information on the depositional history of this region. High-resolution X-ray fluorescence and magnetic susceptibility core scanning measurements as well as grain-size distributions of the lithogenic sediment fraction, and organic matter and carbonate content analyses resolve centennial–millennial timescale variations in sediment transport and deposition along the Mozambique Margin. Largest changes in lithogenic sediment deposition coincide with the flooding of the Mozambique Shelf. Due to deglacial sea-level rise and changes in oceanic currents, fine-grained, mainly Zambezi sediments were no longer primarily deposited south of the Zambezi Mouth, but increasingly deposited onto the Mozambique Shelf, and transported northwards over the shelf before spilling over to the slope. In addition, flooding of the shelf initiated remobilization and down-slope transport of coarse-grained, winnowed sediments. The Heinrich Event 1 and Younger Dryas are clearly indicated as events of increased fine-grained sediment deposition along the Mozambique Margin, possibly linked to increased riverine runoff from the Zambezi Catchment, which is in harmony with a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and associated African rainfall belts, causing wetter conditions. This study illustrates that interpreting marine and continental climate proxy records in the vicinity of river deltas in terms of climate change requires proper consideration of sea-level and oceanic circulation induced effects on the transport and deposition patterns of fine-grained sediments at continental slopes.

Monsoon-influenced variation in productivity and lithogenic sediment flux since 110 ka in the offshore Mahanadi Basin, northern Bay of Bengal

The Indian monsoon drives seasonal changes in precipitation and weathering across India as well as circulation and productivity in the northern Indian Ocean. Variation in paleo-monsoon intensity and its effect on productivity and lithogenic fluxes is poorly constrained in the Bay of Bengal. In this paper, we present analysis of a sediment record from the offshore Mahanadi Basin recovered during the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 (Site NGHP-01-19B). We reconstruct variation in biogenic and lithogenic components during the last 110 kyr using measurements of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), TOC/TN, CaCO3, biogenic silica (BSi), δ13TOC, δ15TN, bulk mineralogy from X-ray diffraction, bulk and lithogenic grain size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, bulk density, and Ca, Br, and Zr/Rb from x-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mass-accumulation rate (MAR) of CaCO3, a function of marine productivity, drastically increased between 70 and 10 ka and is correlated to previously-documented elevated Asian dust fluxes and increased Bay of Bengal salinity during a weakened southwest monsoon. Decreased freshwater input over this period likely diminished stratification, allowing for increased mixing and nutrient availability, thus enhancing productivity despite weaker southwest monsoon winds. The MAR of lithogenic material is highest during the Holocene suggesting that sediment supply driven by monsoon intensity is a stronger control on margin sedimentation than sea level at the Mahanadi Basin. Over the entire record, magnetic susceptibility and XRF Zr/Rb are strongly correlated with CaCO3, suggesting higher primary mineral input under a weakened southwest monsoon. TOC/TN and δ13TOC also increase under glacial conditions, suggesting higher relative input of terrestrial C4 organic matter. These results highlight the Mahanadi Basin as a supply-dominated margin where terrigenous sedimentation is strongly influenced by monsoon intensity, and that productivity is limited by variation in monsoon-driven stratification on glacial-interglacial timescales rather than a direct response to monsoon winds.

Increased Dust Deposition in the Pacific Southern Ocean During Glacial Periods

Dust deposition in the Southern Ocean constitutes a critical modulator of past global climate variability, but how it has varied temporally and geographically is underdetermined. Here, we present data sets of glacial-interglacial dust-supply cycles from the largest Southern Ocean sector, the polar South Pacific, indicating three times higher dust deposition during glacial periods than during interglacials for the past million years. Although the most likely dust source for the South Pacific is Australia and New Zealand, the glacial-interglacial pattern and timing of lithogenic sediment deposition is similar to dust records from Antarctica and the South Atlantic dominated by Patagonian sources. These similarities imply large-scale common climate forcings, such as latitudinal shifts of the southern westerlies and regionally enhanced glaciogenic dust mobilization in New Zealand and Patagonia.

Influence of the porewater geochemistry on Fe and Mn assimilation in Laternula elliptica at King George Island (Antarctica)

A high input of lithogenic sediment from glaciers was assumed to be responsible for high Fe and Mn contents in the Antarctic soft shell clam Laternula elliptica at King George Island. Indeed, withdrawal experiments indicated a strong influence of environmental Fe concentrations on Fe contents in bivalve hemolymph, but no significant differences in hemolymph and tissue concentrations were found among two sites of high and lower input of lithogenic debris. Comparing Fe and Mn concentrations of porewater, bottom water, and hemolymph from sampling sites, Mn appears to be assimilated as dissolved species, whereas Fe apparently precipitates as ferrihydrite within the oxic sediment or bottom water layer prior to assimilation by the bivalve. Hence, we attribute the high variability of Fe and Mn accumulation in tissues of L. elliptica around Antarctica to differences in the geochemical environment of the sediment and the resulting Fe and Mn flux across the benthic boundary.

Geochemistry of trace and minor elements in sediments and manganese micronodules from the Angola Basin

Indicator role of trace elements in sedimentation and ore formation is considered for sediments from Station 2182 in the Angola Basin. It is shown that pelagic sediments were formed from two main sources: biogenic calcium carbonate and lithogenic sediment component compositionally similar to the miopelagic clay. Increase of the Mn/Al ratio, Ce anomaly in the REE composition, Co/Ni and Mo/W ratios, and anom� alous accumulation of Tl, Pb, Bi and other microelements indicate that sediments from horizons 15-20 and 30-35 cm contain significant amounts of hydrogenic material as Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. Manganese micronodules (MN) were extracted from different horizons (10-15, 15-20, and 30-35 cm) and analyzed to study the hydrogenic component. Their development is related to retardation of biogenic and lithogenic sed� imentation. The studied manganese micronodules are represented by the hydrogenicdiagenetic formations >100 μm in size with Mn/Fe = 2.0-2.8, Co/Ni = 0.2-0.4, Ce an = 4.2-5.7, and Mo/W = 5.2-7.9. The MN content is too low to affect the major and trace element composition of sediments. The main part of Fe and Mn is confined to fraction <10 μm.

The role of eddies on particle flux in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean

Moorings with sequential sediment traps to study downward sediment flux in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean were maintained in 3350m of water year-round between September 1990 and July 1994. Sediment was collected nominally at 600-m depth and instruments measuring current, temperature, salinity and pressure were placed at several levels between 45 and 1515m. Total dry weight particle fluxes were low (4.2, 2.1, and 8.2gm−2a−1) compared to those found in other world ocean basins. Particle flux varied greatly intra-annually. There were peaks during each summer, with differing seasonal timing and particle composition suggesting a correlation with inter-annual differences in summertime ice clearance. In winter, the particle flux was higher if the ice of the preceding summer was light. Enhanced primary production in summers with wider ice-free seas is a possible explanation, but inconsistent with the high lithogenic (LITH) content of most samples: A significant fraction of the particulate organic carbon (POC) content is refractory carbon. Another possibility is that the south-easterly wind pushing ice to the north-west in summers of reduced ice drives the Mackenzie River plume, laden with lithogenic sediment, behind it and out to the mooring site. There is also another factor in play: Peaks in particle flux frequently coincided with eddies, mesoscale circulation features with strongest current well below the surface. The highest measured flux occurred in the winter of 1994, synchronous with a baroclinic eddy which enveloped the mooring for 60 days while rotating cyclonically and moving slowly north-westward. Particles trapped at this time had high LITH and low POC contents, a relatively high molar ratio of biogenic silica to POC and appreciable chlorophyll a and phaeophytin pigments. Subsequent trap intervals coincided with the passage of a deeper anti-cyclonic eddy, also on a north-westward trajectory, which deposited material of different composition. These observations demonstrate that an understanding of the lateral transport of sediment by energetic physical phenomena is critical to the insightful interpretation of the particle flux measured with sediment traps at sites remote from the coast in the southern Canada Basin.

Global calcite cycling constrained by sediment preservation controls

We assess the global balance of calcite export through the water column and burial in sediments as it varies regionally. We first drive a comprehensive 1‐D model for sediment calcite preservation with globally gridded field observations and satellite‐based syntheses. We then reformulate this model into a simpler five‐parameter box model, and combine it with algorithms for surface calcite export and water column dissolution for a single expression for the vertical calcite balance. The resulting metamodel is optimized to fit the observed distributions of calcite burial flux. We quantify the degree to which calcite export, saturation state, organic carbon respiration, and lithogenic sedimentation modulate the burial of calcite. We find that 46% of burial and 88% of dissolution occurs in sediments overlain by undersaturated bottom water with sediment calcite burial strongly modulated by surface export. Relative to organic carbon export, we find surface calcite export skewed geographically toward relatively warm, oligotrophic areas dominated by small, prokaryotic phytoplankton. We assess century‐scale projected impacts of warming and acidification on calcite export, finding high sensitive to inferred saturation state controls. With respect to long‐term glacial cycling, our analysis supports the hypothesis that strong glacial abyssal stratification drives the lysocline toward much closer correspondence with the saturation horizon. Our analysis suggests that, over the transition from interglacial to glacial ocean, a resulting ∼0.029 PgC a−1decrease in deep Atlantic, Indian and Southern Ocean calcite burial leads to slow increase in ocean alkalinity until Pacific mid‐depth calcite burial increases to compensate.

Tracing the sources of stream sediments by Pb isotopes and trace elements

The objective of this research is to trace the sources of stream sediments in a small watershed influenced by anthropogenic and lithogenic origins identified by the spatial distributions and temporal variations of stream sediments using geochemical interpretation of the stable and radiogenic isotopes, major components, and heavy metals data and principal component analysis. To know the effects of both present and past mining, the stream sediments were sampled at the stream tributaries and sediment coring work. The spatial distributions of heavy metals clearly showed the effects of Cu and Pb–Zn mineralization zones at the site. Anthropogenic Pb was elevated at the downstream area by the stream sediments due to an active quarry. The results of principal components analysis also represent the effects of the stream sediments origins, including anthropogenic wastes and the active quarry and lithogenic sediment. Anomalous Cu, indicating the effect of past Guryong mining, was identified at the deep core sediments of 1.80–5.05 m depth. The influence of active quarry was shown in the recently deposited sediments of <1.50 m depth, which was proved by the profiles of radioactive 210Pb and stable Pb and Sr isotopes. This study suggests that the chemical studies using radiogenic and stable isotopes and heavy metals and multivariate statistical method are useful tools to discriminate the sources of stream sediments with different origins.

Holocene and late glacial palaeoceanography and palaeolimnology of the Black Sea: Changing sediment provenance and basin hydrography over the past 20,000 years

The elemental geochemistry of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the Black Sea, recovered in box cores from the basin margins and a 5-m gravity core from the central abyssal region of the basin, identifies two terrigenous sediment sources over the last 20 kyrs. One source region includes Anatolia and the southern Caucasus; the second region is the area drained by rivers entering the Black Sea from Eastern Europe. Alkali metal:Al and heavy:light rare-earth element ratios reveal that the relative contribution of the two sources shifted abruptly every few thousand years during the late glacial and early Holocene lacustrine phase of the basin. The shifts in source were coeval with changes in the lake level as determined from the distribution of quartz and the heavy mineral-hosted trace elements Ti and Zr. The geochemistry of the abyssal sediments further recorded a sequence of changes to the geochemistry of the water column following the lacustrine phase, when high salinity Mediterranean water entered the basin beginning 9.3 kyrs BP. Bottom water that had been oxic throughout the lake phase became anoxic at approximately 8.4 kyrs BP, as recorded by the accumulation from the water column of several redox-sensitive trace metals (Mo, Re, U). The accumulation of organic carbon and several trace nutrients (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) increased sharply ca. 0.4 kyrs later, at 8.0 kyrs BP, reflecting an increase of primary productivity. Its increase was coeval with a shift in the dinoflagellate ecology from stenohaline to euryhaline assemblages. During this profound environmental change from the lacustrine to the marine phase, the accumulation rate of the lithogenous sediment fraction decreased as much as 10-fold in response to the rise of the water level in the basin from a low stand ca. 9.3 ka to its current level.

Recent sediment transport and deposition in the Lisbon–Setúbal and Cascais submarine canyons, Portuguese continental margin

Recent sediment transport and deposition in the Lisbon–Setúbal and Cascais submarine canyons, Portuguese continental margin, were investigated on the basis of water column profiles of suspended particulate matter, records of near-bottom currents and settling fluxes of particulate matter obtained with benthic landers, and analysis of surface sediments. The results show that fine-grained predominantly lithogenic sediment derived from adjacent shelf areas accumulates in the upper reaches of the canyons. Sediment deposited further down in the middle and lower reaches of the canyons is essentially similar to the hemipelagic sediment found on the adjacent continental slope, indicating that down-canyon transport of sediment from the upper to the lower canyon is limited. Tidal currents measured at various depths in the Lisbon–Setúbal Canyon appear sufficiently strong to resuspend and transport sediment, but net up-canyon flow of the bottom water may retain shelf-derived lithogenic sediment in the upper canyon. Sediment gravity flows, which in the nearby Nazaré Canyon are an effective mechanism for down-canyon sediment transport, appear rare in the Lisbon–Setúbal Canyon and probably also in the Cascais Canyon. Turbidity current events recorded in the sedimentary record of the canyons may correspond to seismic events of 1969 and 1755 AD.

Record of a Mid-Pleistocene depositional anomaly in West Antarctic continental margin sediments: an indicator for ice-sheet collapse?

Modern global warming is likely to cause future melting of Earth's polar ice sheets that may result in dramatic sea-level rise. A possible collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) alone, which is considered highly vulnerable as it is mainly based below sea level, may raise global sea level by up to 5–6 m. Despite the importance of the WAIS for changes in global sea level, its response to the glacial–interglacial cycles of the Quaternary is poorly constrained. Moreover, the geological evidence for the disintegration of the WAIS at some time within the last ca. 750 kyr, possibly during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 (424–374 ka), is ambiguous. Here we present physical properties, palaeomagnetic, geochemical and clay mineralogical data from a glaciomarine sedimentary sequence that was recovered from the West Antarctic continental margin in the Amundsen Sea and spans more than the last 1 Myr. Within the sedimentary sequence, proxies for biological productivity (such as biogenic opal and the barium/aluminum ratio) and the supply of lithogenic detritus from the West Antarctic hinterland (such as ice-rafted debris and clay minerals) exhibit cyclic fluctuations in accordance with the glacial–interglacial cycles of the Quaternary. A prominent depositional anomaly spans MIS 15–MIS 13 (621–478 ka). The proxies for biological productivity and lithogenic sediment supply indicate that this interval has the characteristics of a single, prolonged interglacial period. Even though no proxy suggests environmental conditions much different from today, we conclude that, if the WAIS collapsed during the last 800 kyr, then MIS 15–MIS 13 was the most likely time period. Apparently, the duration rather than the strength of interglacial conditions was the crucial factor for the WAIS drawdown. A comparison with various marine and terrestrial climate archives from around the world corroborates that unusual environmental conditions prevailed throughout MIS 15–MIS 13. Some of these anomalies are observed in the pelagic Southern Ocean and the South Atlantic and might originate in major ice-sheet drawdown in Antarctica, but further research is required to test this hypothesis.

From suspended particles to strata: The fate of terrestrial substances in the Gaoping (Kaoping) submarine canyon

The river–sea system consisting of the Gaoping (new spelling according to the latest government's directive, formerly spelled Kaoping) River (KPR), shelf, and Submarine Canyon (KPRSC) located off southern Taiwan is an ideal natural laboratory to study the source, pathway, transport, and fate of terrestrial substances. In 2004 during the flood season of the KPR, a system-wide comprehensive field experiment was conducted to investigate particle dynamics from a source-to-sink perspective in the KPRSC with the emphasis on the effect of particle size on the transport, settling, and sedimentation along the pathway. This paper reports the findings from (1) two sediment trap moorings each configured with a Technicap PPS 3/3 sediment trap, and an acoustic current meter (Aquadopp); (2) concurrent hydrographic profiling and water sampling was conducted over 8 h next to the sediment trap moorings; and (3) box-coring in the head region of the submarine canyon near the mooring sites. Particle samples from sediment traps were analyzed for mass fluxes, grain-size composition, total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), carbonate, biogenic opal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), lithogenic silica and aluminum, and foraminiferal abundance. Samples from box cores were analyzed for grain-size distribution, TOC, particulate organic matter (POM), carbonate, biogenic opal, water content, and 210Pb ex. Water samples were filtered through 500, 250, 63, 10 µm sieves and 0.4 µm filter for the suspended sediment concentration of different size-classes. Results show that the river and shelf do not supply all the suspended particles near the canyon floor. The estimated mass flux near the canyon floor exceeds 800 g/m 2/day, whose values are 2–7 times higher than those at the upper rim of the canyon. Most of the suspended particles in the canyon are fine-grained (finer than medium silt) lithogenic sediments whose percentages are 90.2% at the upper rim and 93.6% in the deeper part of the canyon. As suspended particles settle through the canyon, their size-composition shows a downward fining trend. The average percentage of clay-to-fine-silt particles (0.4–10 µm) in the water samples increases from 22.7% above the upper rim of the canyon to 56.0% near the bottom of the canyon. Conversely, the average percentage of the sand-sized (> 63 µm) suspended particles decreases downward from 32.0% above the canyon to 12.0% in the deeper part of the canyon. Correspondingly, the substrate of the canyon is composed largely of hemipelagic lithogenic mud. Parallel to this downward fining trend is the downward decrease of concentrations of suspended nonlithogenic substances such as TOC and PAH, despite of their affinity to fine-grained particles. On the surface of the canyon, down-core variables (grain size, 210Pb ex activity, TOC, water content) near the head region of the canyon show post-depositional disturbances such as hyperpycnite and turbiditic deposits. These deposits point to the occurrences of erosion and deposition related to high-density flows such as turbidity currents, which might be an important process in submarine canyon sedimentation.