Lithium Precipitation Research Articles

Selective lithium recovery from lithium precipitation mother liquor by using a diketone-based solvent

Lithium recovery from lithium precipitation mother liquor is an important point for improving lithium resource utilization efficiency. In this study, a modified β-diketone based organic solvent was developed. DBM was selected as extractant, which has the advantage of low cost compared to fluor-diketones. Organic phosphate TBP was used instead of traditional alkylphosphine oxide as co-extractant. The results show that TBP has the ability to inhabit the extraction of sodium so that it is positive for separation factor of lithium to sodium. Simultaneously, TBP plays the role of diluent, thus improving two-phase separation performance significantly. The phase separation time is only tens of seconds, which is much less than that of alkylphosphine oxide co-extraction system. Besides, low cost and low viscosity properties of TBP avoid the limitation of additive amount, which means that it has the industrial feasibility to improve the extraction performance by increasing TBP concentration. The developed extraction solvent has the combination sequence of H+ > > Li+ > > Na+. By using optimized solvent of 0.4 mol/L DBM and 1.2 mol/L TBP dissolved in sulfonated kerosene, single-stage lithium extraction rate is 99.96 % and separation factor of lithium to sodium reaches >160,000 at the O/A phase ratio of 1:1.

High-efficiency, environment-friendly extraction of lithium from waste LAS glass-ceramics by roasting with KOH at low temperature

Recovering lithium from waste lithium aluminum silicate-based glass ceramics (LASGC) is one of the effective strategies to alleviate the shortage of lithium resources. Lithium extraction currently faces the problems of high energy consumption (>1000 °C) and secondary pollution. It is urgent to develop a high-efficiency, environment-friendly and low-temperature lithium extraction technology. In this work, KOH roasting combined with a water immersion strategy including lithium extraction, desilication, lithium precipitation, and the synthesis of silica hydroxyl intermediates was adopted to study the feasibility and advantages of lithium extraction from waste LASGC. When the roasting temperature is as low as 300 °C, the recovery rate of lithium can reach above 90 %, and the high-value conversion of solid waste in the whole process can be realized. In addition, the mechanism of lithium extraction was clarified through a series of characterizations. This work may provide a valuable reference for the efficient recovery and utilization of secondary lithium sources.

Add an Extra Layer to Bring Lithium‐Ions Out of Disorder for Longevity of the Solid Full Batteries

AbstractIn the current era of rapid development in the new energy vehicle industry, graphite (Gr) has gained significant attention as the primary anode material for commercial lithium‐ion batteries due to its exceptional reversibility in lithium‐ion insertion/extraction and abundant availability. In this study, a multifunctional ferroelectric Bi12TiO20@C (BIT@C) modified interlayer between Gr and polymer electrolyte (PE) is fabricated. This approach established a channel and homogeneous ion‐conducting network that facilitated lithium‐ion intercalation into Gr at the interface while suppressing erratic lithium precipitation, thereby stabilizing the structure of Gr. The uniform electric field generated by BIT intercalation enabled homogeneous intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, effectively preventing the structural collapse of the Gr anode. Assembled LIBs exhibited reduced polarization and enhanced electrochemical properties attributed to facile charge transfer at the interface. The results revealed that Gr│carbon‐BIT@C‐lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonimide (LiTFSI)/silicon dioxide (SiO2)/poly allyl acetoacetate (PAAA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP))/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)│LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries achieved an initial discharge specific capacity of 120.4 mAh g−1 with stable performance over 1200 cycles at 2 C and room temperature (RT), maintaining a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% after 1200 cycles. The ferroelectric‐modified interface addressed challenges associated with ion transport at the electrode‐electrolyte interface.

Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria of a Quaternary Sulfate-Type System Containing Lithium, Rubidium, and Magnesium at 298.2 K.

The aim of this study was to obtain the relationship between ion interactions and the crystallization patterns of salt species in the lithium-rubidium-magnesium sulfate system at 298.2 K. The phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Li+, Rb+, Mg2+//SO42--H2O were studied by the isothermal dissolution method at T = 298.2 K and p = 94.77 kPa. The density, refractive index, and composition of equilibrium solution were determined, on the basis of which solid-liquid phase diagrams and density/refractive index vs composition diagrams were drawn. The phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points and six crystallization regions, corresponding to the crystallization areas of single salts Rb2SO4, Li2SO4·H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O, as well as double salts 3Li2SO4·Rb2SO4·2H2O, Li2SO4·Rb2SO4, and Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O. Notably, rubidium-containing double salts occupy more than 50% of the entire phase diagram area. The results indicate that the interactions between Li+ and Rb+ with coexisting Mg2+ and SO42- are complex, leading to the formation and precipitation of various lithium- and rubidium-bearing double salts, which hinder the effective concentrations of lithium and rubidium during the solar evaporation process in salt pans. Additionally, a multitemperature comparison of the solid-liquid phase diagrams at 273.2, 298.2, and 308.2 K reveals that temperature is also a significant factor influencing the solid-phase types and crystallization areas. For instance, the crystallization form of the double salt 3Li2SO4·Rb2SO4·2H2O changes to 3Li2SO4·Rb2SO4 at 308.2 K and the crystallization area of Li2SO4·Rb2SO4 gradually decreases, while the crystallization area of Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O generally exhibits an increasing trend.

Selective separation of lithium from the hydrochloric acid leachate of lithium ores via the extraction system containing TBP-FeCl3

The elevation of comprehensive lithium recovery remains a formidable challenge in lithium extraction from lithium bearing ores due to the equilibrium solubility constraints affecting the lithium precipitation reaction. Hence, this work drew inspirations from lithium extraction techniques in salt lakes by characterizing the hydrochloric acid leachate of lithium ores as a distinct brine. The leachate composition was regulated and solvent extraction technology for selective lithium extraction was developed. By employing the loaded organic phase with Fe3+ (2TBP-NaFeCl4) to extract the leachate, and utilizing a four-stage countercurrent extraction process, the extraction efficiency of lithium could be achieved at 99 % at least. Following three-stage scrubbing and two-stage countercurrent stripping experiments, the stabilized stripping efficiency of lithium was 99.24 %. The concentration of Li+ in the stripping solution was enriched up to 16.404 g/L, while the total concentration of impurity ions was only 0.424 g/L. The resulting lithium-enriched solution could be utilized to prepare high-purity lithium chloride. This process has achieved a highly selective and efficient extraction of lithium, thereby enhancing the overall lithium extraction efficiency. The Density Functional Theory results indicate that the loaded organic phase selectively extracted lithium through ion exchange.

Pentafluorophenyl diethoxy phosphate: An electrolyte additive for high-voltage cathodes of lithium-ion batteries

Increasing the upper limit of the charging voltage in commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can enable them to have a higher energy density, but during high-voltage charging and discharging, the electrolyte will accelerate the decomposition, and the interfacial adverse reaction among the cathode and electrolyte is serious, which corrodes the cathode active material and consumes excessive electrolyte, and ultimately lead to a shorter service life of lithium-ion batteries. To address this issue, an electrolyte additive with properties suitable for high voltage cathodes, named pentafluorophenyl diethoxy phosphate (FPOP), was synthesized in this work and successfully applied to LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (NCM-811). Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations reveal that the FPOP additive undergoes preferential oxidation and self-polymerizes on the NCM-811 cathode surface to establishing a safeguarding film at the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI). This film effectively inhibits detrimental side reactions. The electrochemical performance test data indicated that the retention rate of discharge-specific capacity in batteries was markedly enhanced with 0.1 wt% of FPOP when added to the standard electrolyte. Specifically, after subjecting the batteries to 200 cycles at a current of 0.2C and under voltages ranging from 4.2 V to 4.5 V, the retention of discharge ratio capacity increased by 37.6 %, 39.2 %, 26.9 %, and 37.1 % correspondingly. Morphology characterization and spectroscopic characterization showed that FPOP could not only construct a stable CEI film by oxidation during the first stages of lithium precipitation but also remove HF by strongly binding to the HF in the electrolyte or dissociating H+ and F− from HF, which ultimately enhanced the batteries' capacity to operate effectively at elevated voltage levels. Therefore, incorporating FPOP as an additive in electrolyte presents a cost-efficient approach to achieving elevated energy density.

A novel Co-doped H2TiO3 spinning composite for efficient lithium recovery from alkaline lithium precipitation mother liquor

The efficient recovery of lithium from the alkaline mother liquor with high Na/Li ratios after Li2CO3 precipitation by adsorption has received extensive attention. However, synthesizing composite adsorbents with excellent adsorption capacity and rate still faces huge challenges. In this work, we synthesized a novel Co-doped Li2TiO3 lithium ion sieve (LTO-1/32Co) using the calcination method. After converting to Co-doped H2TiO3 (HTO-1/32Co) by pickling, the adsorption capacity of the material was 1.4 times higher than that of conventional H2TiO3. To realize the industrial application of the powdered HTO-1/32Co, it was coated with polysulfone (PSF) by the wet spinning method. The saturated adsorption capacity of the material could reach 60.79 mg·g−1, which was at the forefront of reported composite adsorbents. When the adsorbent was applied for lithium recovery from lithium precipitation mother liquor, the adsorption capacity could reach 40.12 mg·g−1, and the equilibrium time was only 50 min. The elution rate of Li+ could be maintained at 90.56 % with the dissolution loss of Ti no more than 0.43 % after six cycles. The developed fibrous composite adsorbent exhibits excellent adsorption/desorption performance and cyclic stability, making it a competitive candidate for efficient lithium recovery from lithium precipitation mother liquor and other lithium-rich alkaline brine resources.

Stable cycling and low-temperature operation utilizing amorphous carbon-coated graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

With the continuous expansion of the lithium-ion battery market, addressing the critical issues of stable cycling and low-temperature operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an urgent necessity. The high anisotropy and poor kinetics of pristine graphite in LIBs contribute to the formation of precipitated lithium dendrites, especially during rapid charging or low-temperature operation. In this study, we design a graphite coated with amorphous carbon (GC) through the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. The coated carbon layer at the graphite interface exhibits enhanced reaction kinetics and expanded lithium-ion diffusion pathways, thereby reduction in polarization effectively alleviates the risk of lithium precipitation during rapid charging and low-temperature operation. The pouch cell incorporating GC‖LiCoO2 exhibits exceptional durability, retaining 87% of its capacity even after 1200 cycles at a high charge/discharge rate of 5C/5C. Remarkably, at -20 °C, the GC-2 maintains a specific capacity of 163 mA h g-1 at 0.5C, higher than that of pristine graphite (65 mA h g-1). Even at -40 °C, the GC-2‖LiCoO2 pouch cell still shows excellent capacity retention. This design realizes the practical application of graphite anode in extreme environments, and have a promising prospect of application.

A sustainable method for lithium recovery from waste liquids: Thermodynamic analysis and application

In this study, lithium was efficiently enriched and recovered from low concentration waste liquids by sodium phosphate precipitation and wet conversion. Firstly, the efficient extraction of lithium at low concentration was realized based on the lower solubility of lithium phosphate. The factors involved in the lithium phosphate precipitation process by sodium phosphate were systematically investigated, and it was discovered that the high temperature process promoted the formation of lithium phosphate, with the lithium precipitation rate reached 94.32% under optimal conditions. The feasibility of the conversion of lithium phosphate into lithium chloride solution and iron phosphate by ferric chloride solution was analyzed by thermodynamic study. The experimental results also further confirmed that the lithium conversion rate was as high as 96.06% when the reaction temperature was 25 °C and the pH of the system was 2. The conversion process achieved the enrichment of lithium from low to high concentrations, avoiding the high energy consumption caused by conventional evaporation and concentration. More importantly, the alkaline leaching of the converted residue realized the separation of phosphorus and iron sources, and then the re-synthesis of ferric chloride solution and sodium phosphate reagent was accomplished by acid leaching and crystallization, respectively, allowing for reagent recycling in the lithium extraction process. The proposed process is expected to provide a green and sustainable route for the recovery of low concentration lithium from waste liquids.

Online Fast Charging Model without Lithium Plating for Long-Dimensional Cells in Automotive Applications

The internal negative electrode potential in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is intricately linked to the lithium-ion intercalation and plating reactions occurring within the cell. With the expansion of cell sizes, the internal negative electrode potential distribution gradually becomes inconsistent. However, the existing negative electrode potential estimation models and fast charging strategies have not yet considered the impact of consistency, and the model estimation accuracy will be greatly influenced by different temperatures and charging rates. This study proposes an online lithium-free fast charging equivalent circuit model (OLFEM) for estimating the negative electrode potential terminal voltage and developing fast charging strategies of long-dimensional LIBs in real vehicles. This study employs distributed reference electrodes integrated into long-dimensional LIBs and compares the negative electrode potential measured in the vicinity of both the negative and positive tabs. Subsequently, based on the lowest negative electrode potential point, model parameters were obtained at different temperatures and charging rates. This model is further verified under different operating conditions. Finally, a fast-charging strategy without lithium plating is developed in real-time based on the negative electrode potential estimated by the model. The results demonstrate that long-dimensional cells exhibit a lower negative electrode potential on the positive tab side. Across various temperatures and charging rates, the calibrated model achieves a negative electrode potential estimated error within 25 mV, and the estimation error for terminal voltage is within 5 mV. The proposed fast-charging method prevents lithium plating and charges the cell up to 96.8% within an hour. After 100 cycles, the cell experiences a capacity degradation of less than 2%, and the disassembly results indicate that no lithium precipitation has occurred. The methods outlined in this study provide valuable insights for online fast charging of large-dimensional batteries without lithium plating.

Closed-loop fast charging strategy of lithium-ion batteries based on temperature limitation and lithium precipitation

The safe fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries is one of the key technological challenges constraining the rapid development of electric vehicles. The development of larger-capacity, larger-sized batteries has presented new challenges to the advancement of safe fast-charging technology. The primary risks of fast charging are lithium plating and thermal runaway. The essence of safe fast charging lies in the control of temperature and lithium-ion intercalation rates into the lattice. In this paper, a new charging method that balances lithium plating prevention and maximum temperature control is proposed through experimental testing and Simulink-Fluent co-simulation. The results show that compared to traditional charging methods, this charging strategy can save 48.2 precents of the charging time. And it can control the maximum battery temperature to stay within 50 °C. This charging strategy can guarantee high-speed charging rates while taking into account battery safety. This method provides new perspectives for further advancing fast-charging technologies in the electric vehicle industry.

Development and Verification of a Diagnostic Technology for Waste Battery Deterioration Factors.

We defined four major deterioration factors (electrolyte loss (EL), lithium loss (LL), lithium precipitation (LP), and compound deterioration (CD)). Then, we derived eleven key performance indicators (KPIs) for comparative analysis. After that, we fabricated three deteriorated cells for each of three deterioration factors (EL, LL, and LP) and one cell with CD (for verification) with four individual (dis)charging experiment manuals. The two major contributions of this study are the performance of 1)trend analysis to determine a suitable diagnostic metric by inspecting the eleven KPIs and 2) comparison analysis of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]to verify the effectiveness of utilizing [[EQUATION]]as a real-time deterioration diagnostic factor using a concept of model-in-the-loop simulation. The results show that 1) [[EQUATION]]has the most conspicuous trendline tendency among the eleven comparison targets for all four major deterioration factors, and 2) the angle difference between the two trends of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]lies within a minimum of 9° and a maximum of 43° (with a 104scale on the x-axis and a 10-7scale on the y-axis for a clear trend line analysis). From this, we can conclude that the trendline-based real-time deterioration analysis employing [[EQUATION]]may be practically applicable to a limited extent.

An investigation on thermal runaway behaviours of lithium-ion battery with Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 cathode induced by overcharge under different heat dissipation conditions

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, but there are few studies on their behaviour under different heat dissipation conditions. This paper comparatively investigates the electro-thermal behaviour of LIBs in air, quasi-adiabatic, and adiabatic environments during thermal runaway caused by overcharging. Our study reveals the internal mechanism of overcharging that leads to battery degradation. We find that the battery is more prone to thermal runaway under deteriorating heat dissipation conditions or with an increase in charging rate, but the state of charge (SOC) at the time of thermal runaway is not necessarily correlated with it. Regardless of the conditions, the battery develops a voltage plateau, and the temperature rises during this phase due to the decomposition reaction of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film or the electrolyte's reaction with the intercalated lithium. Inconsistent airflow and temperature can affect the battery's temperature and voltage during overcharging. Increased impedance, cathode destruction-including an increase in particle distance, dissolution and deposition of transition metals on the anode, and lithium precipitation on the anode's surface are significant reasons for the battery's degradation due to overcharge. These observations play a crucial role in the storage, transportation and use of LIBs in different environments.

Extraction of lithium as lithium phosphate from bauxite mine tailings via mixed acid leaching and chemical precipitation

Phosphate can be used to facilitate the concentration and precipitation of lithium from low-concentration solutions. In this study, a novel process has been developed to extract lithium as lithium phosphate from bauxite mine tailings, which includes: 1) leaching with mixed acid (H3PO4 + H2SO4), 2) leachate neutralization, and 3) Li3PO4 preparation. Mixed acid was used to effectively leach lithium (Li) without roasting pretreatment, the Li leaching rate can be up to 96.67%. Subsequently, NH3·H2O and H2O2 were used to separate Al and Fe from the leachate by chemical precipitation. After investigating the effects of the temperature, NH3·H2O concentration, and the dilution ratios of leachate and gel solution on the Li loss rate, we propose that the optimal conditions are: zero leachate dilution ratio, 45℃ temperature, 6 mol·L-1 NH3·H2O concentration, and a gel solution dilution ratio of one, which gives a 28.22% Li loss rate. In our experiment, lithium in the mother liquor was precipitated as Li3PO4 with Na2CO3. Our results provide a simple and effective route to extract lithium from low-Li resources.

Performance of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with Silicon Composite Anodes under External Mechanical Pressure

The external forces have significant effects on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion pouch cells with silicon composite electrodes, but the behaviors under the constant pressure condition have been lacking for a long time. In this study, on the basis of the in situ testing equipment that can provide good precision and good stability under constant pressure conditions, the mechanical and electrochemical performance of silicon-composite-based batteries is studied in detail. First, the optimal constant pressure for the battery is proposed with the value of 0.02 MPa. Then, the cycle life is started on the basis of this pressure, but it is found that the improvement in the capacity retention rate is limited. Through non-destructive computed tomography detection and morphology characterization, the silicon composite electrode under a constant pressure leads to a change in the battery spacing, which, in turn, increases the polarization and results in lithium precipitation on the surface, and lithium precipitation consumes the electrolyte and causes the gas formation and eventually battery failure. Finally, an improved strategy that can effectively prolong the battery cycle period is proposed. In the experiment, it is observed that, when the battery operates under a constant pressure, its capacity undergoes a slow decline followed by a rapid drop at a specific capacity point known as the “inflection point”. When the inflection point occurs, increasing the external pressure applied to the battery can delay the aging behavior of the battery. This work has certain guidance for improving the cycle life of silicon-based lithium-ion batteries and pushes their engineering applications in battery pack systems.

Polyethylene ceramic separators with semi-interpenetrating polymer network boosting fast-charging cycle capacity retention and safety for lithium-ion batteries

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have recently received significant attention. In current commercial LIBs, lithium precipitation frequently occurs under long-term cycling and fast-charging conditions, adversely affecting their cycle capacity retention and safety. The primary cause of lithium precipitation is electrolyte loss during long-term cycling. In this study, a thermoplastic polyurethane/polyurethane acrylate semi-interpenetrating polymer network ceramic separator with high electrolyte retention (200%) and interfacial adhesion (6.6 N) is prepared and without a decrease in the energy density. The LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2/graphite batteries fabricated with this separator show excellent electrochemistry properties (300 cycles, 1.5 C, discharge capacity of 3677 mAh, capacity retention of 93%). Furthermore, this study presents a novel strategy to mitigate the issue of lithium precipitation in fast-charging LIBs. Therefore, this functional separator is a promising alternative for the conventional commercial polyvinylidene difluoride separators and provides a new avenue for developing the next generation of fast-charging devices.

Lithium in a Sustainable Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Review

Lithium is a vital raw material used for a wide range of applications, such as the fabrication of glass, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and batteries for electric cars. The accelerating electrification transition and the global commitment to decarbonization have caused an increasing demand for lithium. The current supply derived from brines and hard rock ores is not enough to meet the global demand unless alternate resources and efficient techniques to recover this valuable metal are implemented. In the past few decades, several approaches have been studied to extract lithium from aqueous resources. Among those studied, chemical precipitation is considered the most efficient technology for the extraction of metals from wastewater. This paper outlines the current technology, its challenges, and its environmental impacts. Moreover, it reviews alternative approaches to recover lithium via chemical precipitation, and systematically studies the effects of different operating conditions on the lithium precipitation rate. In addition, the biggest challenges of the most recent studies are discussed, along with implications for future innovation.

Enhancing Performance of LiFePO4 Battery by Using a Novel Gel Composite Polymer Electrolyte

Composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is expected to have great prospects in solid-state batteries. However, their application is impeded due to the poor interfacial compatibility between CPE and electrodes that result in sluggish ionic transformation, especially at low temperatures. Here, on the basis of Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer electrolyte, gel composite polymer electrolyte (GCPE) with fast Li+ transport channel is prepared by in-situ polymerization with poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) monomer and FEC as additive. Compared with CPE, GCPE increases the ionic conductivity by 10 times. It also achieves more uniform lithium precipitation and significantly inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites. The LFP/GCPE/Li battery has a capacity retention of over 99% at both room temperature and 0 °C after 100 cycles. In addition, the coulombic efficiency is above 99% during cycling. Our work provides a new technology to prepare GCPE with high ionic conductivity at both room temperature and low temperatures that has great potential in the application of solid-state lithium batteries.

A Novel Method for Heat Exchange Evaluation in EV

With the growing global energy and environmental problems, electric vehicles that are both environmentally friendly and cost effective have seen rapid growth. An electrified vehicle’s effective thermal management must include all of the vehicle’s systems. However, optimizing the thermal behavior of each component is insufficient. A lithium-ion battery’s operating temperature has a significant impact on its performance. When working at low temperatures, the internal resistance of lithium-ion batteries increases, the available energy and power of the system decreases, and lithium precipitation caused by low-temperature charging may cause safety issues; high-temperature operation and temperature inconsistency between battery cells will cause accelerated ageing of the battery, which may result in safety issues such as thermal runaway. As a result, to keep the temperature of the battery module under control, electric cars require a strong thermal management system. Thermal management must be handled at the system level to maximize the vehicle’s overall performance. The integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles has the potential to significantly increase vehicle energy efficiency. However, it’s construction is complicated due to the thermal requirements of the battery and cabin. In this research, a multi-channel liquid cooling system with a serpentine wavy structure was used to conduct an experimental thermal investigation of a lithium-ion battery pack. The suggested cooling system’s capabilities was examined under various charge/discharge scenarios using varied coolant flow rates and pumping power. The findings revealed that the suggested cooling system was successful across a variety of charging and discharging settings, with most of the tested scenarios achieving a maximum temperature difference.

(Invited) Understanding and Mitigating Chemo-Mechanical Degradation in Solid Oxide Cells

Solid-state electrochemical cells may undergo significant chemical potential changes in the electrolyte region near the electrodes, depending on operating conditions. Lithium dendrite growth, which may eventually induce mechanical stresses and short circuit in all-solid-state batteries (SSBs) in the charging process, is one of the well-known examples representing chemo-mechanical failure in solid-state electrochemical cells [1, 2]. A similar phenomenon has been observed in solid oxide cells (SOCs) operated in electrolysis mode and also in fuel cell mode with a negative voltage [3, 4]. Contrary to lithium precipitation in SSBs, high partial pressure of oxygen is developed in SOCs, resulting in electrode/electrolyte delamination. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of delamination growth in SOCs with respect to operating conditions, based on which we determined a critical factor correlated to mechanical failure. This study provides basic understanding and critical insights into the chemo-mechanical failure mechanism of SOCs with respect to operating conditions.