Lithium-ion Battery Storage Research Articles

Effects of high surface energy on lithium-ion intercalation properties of Ni-doped Li3VO4

Nickel was doped into Li3VO4 (Ni-LVO) successfully via a facile room temperature reaction, and the resulting Ni-LVO nanocrystallites showed excellent lithium-ion storage properties with a capacity of 650 mAh g−1 at 50 mAh g−1 and excellent capacity stability as an anode in lithium-ion batteries, maintaining nearly 100% of the initial reversible capacity after 800 cycles at 1 A g−1. The superior electrochemical properties arose largely from the nickel doping in the Ni-LVO. The surface energy of the electrode material was analyzed by an inverse gas chromatography method, and the Ni-LVO surface energy, 43.91 mJ m−2, was much higher than the 30.74 mJ m−2 of Li3VO4. X-ray photoelectron spectra results demonstrated that nickel doping promoted the formation of tetravalent vanadium ions, V4+, as well as a more amorphous surface of Li3VO4, thus probably resulting in more nucleation sites for the phase transformation and reduced activation energy of the redox reactions and phase transition during the lithium-ion intercalation/extraction processes. Using nickel-doped nanocrystals boosts the stability and charge storage of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, find scientists in China. Lithium and vanadium containing oxides, such as lithium vanadate (Li3VO4), could replace graphite anodes used in commercial lithium-ion batteries because they possess more stable crystal structure and offer greater energy storage. Guozhong Cao and colleagues at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology have found how to make the switch to Li3VO4 anodes feasible by improving this materials' poor electrical conductivity. The researchers used a simple mixing procedure to introduce nickel atoms into the Li3VO4 framework and found that the resulting nanocrystals significantly enhanced battery performance. Characterization experiments revealed that these improvements arose from nickel's electrochemical and surface-disrupting effects: amorphous surface regions induced by the dopants likely resulted in additional nucleation sites for lithium-ion extraction and intercalation processes. Nickel doped Li3VO4 nanocrystallites with high surface energy showed excellent lithium ion storage property with a capacity of 650 mAh g−1 at 50 mAh g−1 and excellent capacity stability as anode in lithium ion batteries. The nickel doping promoted the formation of V4+ and more amorphous in the surface of Li3VO4, probably resulting in higher surface energy, more nucleation sites for the phase transformation and reducing the activation energy of the redox reactions and phase transition during the Li+ intercalation/extraction processes.

The degradation analysis of lithium-ion storage battery with Li4Ti5O12 anode

The degradation analysis of lithium-ion storage battery with Li4Ti5O12 anode

Theoretical investigation on the adsorption and diffusion of lithium-ion on and between graphene layers with size and defect effects

Adsorption and diffusion of lithium-ion on and between graphene layers are investigated by an analytical model, employing a pairwise potential, which can be approximated by the Lennard–Jones potential to express the interaction between lithium-ion and each carbon atom of graphene. The equilibrium position and binding energy of lithium-ion at three particular adsorption sites (hollow, bridge, and top) are calculated, and the adsorption stability is discussed. The results show that hollow site is the most stable adsorption site, and top site is the most unstable. The adsorption and diffusion of lithium-ion on different sizes of monolayer graphene are investigated and proved to be size and edge dependent. Moreover, lithium-ion would rather diffuse on the surface of graphene than through a hexagonal carbon ring to the other side no matter what the graphene sheet size is. In addition, two kinds of vacancy defects in graphene are considered to study the diffusion of lithium-ion. The vacancy defect can improve energy barrier, and if a vacancy defect is big enough, lithium-ion migrating through the vacancy area from one layer to another is feasible. The possible applications of present study include rechargeable lithium-ion graphene battery and Li storage in carbon material.

Opportunities for near zero volt storage of lithium ion batteries

There are inherent safety risks associated with inactive lithium ion batteries leading to greater restrictions and regulations on shipping and inactive storage. Near zero volt storage under fixed load of all cells in a lithium ion battery is a promising approach to reduce or mitigate these safety risks in a highly controllable manner.

Fast Ion Conduction in Nanodimensional Lithium Silicate Glasses

Nanodimensional glass of composition 35Li2O·65SiO2 was grown within the nanochannels of diameter 5.5 nm of mesoporous silica SBA-15 by suitable heat treatment of the required precursor sols. A dc electrical conductivity of 10–4 S·cm–1 was measured for the nanoglass at room temperature. This also shows a low activation energy of 0.1 eV for the lithium ion migration. This has been explained as arising due to oxygen ion vacancies caused by the presence of Si2+ and Si4+ species in the mesoporous silica at its interface with the nanoglass. This causes a repulsive interaction between the defects and the lithium ions, thereby reducing the attractive electrostatic force between the nonbridging oxygen ions and the lithium ions. These nanocomposites will be suitable for applications in lithium-ion batteries for storage of renewable energy.

Irrigation System Using Photovoltaics and Lithium Ion Batteries for Energy Storage

Typically, energy consuming systems are run off the traditional grid. However, there are remote areas of the United States that don’t have access to the traditional grid and in those places, there is a need for photovoltaic generation to supply those electricity needs [1].The use of photovoltaics along with lithium batteries for storing excess energy has increased due to the need for renewable energy as a viable source of electricity. Such energy storage systems (ESS) are useful for complex irrigation systems that assist in the cultivating of the United States food supply [2]. Without the ESS systems, maintaining a stable economy may be difficult in extreme cases. The object of this research will be to construct a virtual photovoltaic generation system that is capable of powering an irrigation system, and it will also be used in tandem with a lithium-ion battery storage system. The focus of this irrigation system will be to water a tomato farm in the Florida climate. The work will be performed in a virtual environment using a modular approach to a system-level design that simulates the behavior of the photovoltaic system and the degradation of the lithium-ion battery pack. Ultimately, these results suggest the necessary components for a real photovoltaic and battery operated system require the optimally sized photovoltaic panel and inverter connected to a watering pump. The PV panels convert solar energy to electrical energy with DC current and the inverter converts DC current to AC current required to run the pump. In addition, Additional information from hygrometer readings and weather profile also would be needed with a optimizing algorithm to ensure efficient irrigation operation. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the FREEDM ERC program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-08212121. References Louy Qoaider, Dieter Steinbrecht, Photovoltaic systems: A cost competitive option to supply energy to off-grid agricultural communities in arid regions, Applied Energy, Volume 87, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 427-435, ISSN 0306-2619 M. Arifujjaman, A comprehensive power loss, efficiency, reliability and cost calculation of a 1 MW/500 kWh battery based energy storage system for frequency regulation application, Figure 1

Investigation on the thermal hazards of 18650 lithium ion batteries by fire calorimeter

In applications of lithium ion batteries, it is a requisite to precisely appraise their fire and explosion hazards. In the current study, a fire calorimeter is utilized to test the combustion performance of two commercial 18650 lithium ion batteries (LiCoO2 and LiFePO4) at different state of charge (SOC). Characteristics on thermal hazards of lithium ion batteries including surface temperature, time to ejection, mass loss, and heat release rate (HRR) are measured and evaluated. In case of thermal runaway, all the lithium ion batteries will rupture the can and catch fire even explode automatically. The solid electrolyte interface layer decomposition and the polymer separator shrinking are direct causes of the lithium ion battery fire. The experimental results show that the HRR and total heat generally rise as the SOC increases, whereas the time to first ejection and the time gap between first and second ejection decrease. LiCoO2 18650 battery shows higher explosion risk than LiFePO4 18650, as the former has released much more oxygen. The experimental combustion heats calculated and modified in the oxygen consumption method reveal that the internally generated oxygen have significant effect on the estimate of the heat, where the largest modified rate is 29.9 for 100 % SOC LiCoO2 18650 battery. The results can provide scientific basis for fire protection during the storage and distribution of lithium ion batteries.

Partially oxidized polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane as a thermally stable separator for lithium ion batteries

Nanofibrous membranes of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) prepared by electrospinning technique were converted to partially oxidized PAN (oxy-PAN) at 230 °C and at different time periods. The physical properties and electrochemical characteristics of oxy-PAN membranes were investigated for use as separator membrane in lithium ion battery (LIB). The optimized oxy-PAN membrane showed high tensile strength and thermal stability along with high electrolyte uptake and high ionic conductivity at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopic studies of oxy-PAN membranes revealed good stability and compatibility with lithium electrode and liquid electrolyte which are favorable attributes for long-term storage of lithium ion batteries. The Li/oxy-PAN/LiFePO4 cell delivered stable and excellent cycle performance.

Preparation of TiO2 nanoflakes and their influence on lithium ion battery storage performance

TiO2 nanoflakes were prepared by hydrothermal precipitation method using Ti(SO4)2 as titanium source and NaOH solution as alkaline medium. Their surface morphology, grain size measured after high temperature calcination and effect on the electrochemical performance of Li ion battery were discussed. TiO2 nanoflakes were characterizated by means of transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), N2 adsorption- desorption isothermal assay, cyclic voltammetry(CV) and cycle performance test. The result of electrochemical performance test shows that the prepared TiO2 nanoflakes have high discharge specific capacity and good cycle performance. Discharge specific capacity for the first circle at the discharge rate of 0.1 C is 261.5 mA·h·g-1. After 90 cycles, the discharge capacity reduces to 172.2 mA·h·g-1.

Cu/Li4Ti5O12 scaffolds as superior anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Nanostructured active materials with both high-capacity and high-rate capability have attracted considerable attention, but they remain a great challenge to be realized. Herein, we report a new route to fabricate a bicontinuous Cu/Li4Ti5O12 scaffold that consists of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles (LTO NPs) with highly exposed (111) facets and nanoporous Cu scaffolds, which enable simultaneous high-capacity and high-rate lithium storage. It is a ‘one stone, two birds’ strategy. When tested as the anode in lithium-ion batteries LIBs, Cu/LTO showed superior performance, such as a lifespan greater than 2000 cycles and an ultrafast charging time (<45 s). Notably, the ultrahigh capacity slightly larger than the theoretical value was also observed in Cu/LTO at low current density. Density functional theory calculations and detailed characterizations revealed that the highly exposed (111) facets on the edge are the reason for its unique storage mechanism (8a+16c), which is different from the transition between 8a and 16c in bulk LTO. Encapsulating tiny electroactive particles inside nanoporous electrodes can boost the storage and recharge rates of lithium-ion batteries. Researchers have recently identified Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) nanoparticles as promising battery anodes because they have numerous visible and highly reactive crystal planes. Now, Xi Wang from the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan and co-workers have discovered a way to exploit the potential of LTO by enclosing these crystals in a scaffold-like template made from nanoporous copper. This template is more conductive than typical current collectors and traps the nanoparticles inside smooth, curved pores that expose many valuable LTO crystal planes. The improved electron and ion transport kinetics of the team's design produced remarkable results — ultrahigh capacities exceeding theoretical values, battery lifetimes of over 2,000 charge cycles and blazingly fast 45-second charge times. We report a new ‘one stone two birds’ strategy to fabricate a bicontinuous Cu/L4T5O12 electrode consisting of nanoporous Cu scaffold and the encapsulated nanoparticles with highly exposed (111) planes. These architectures provide rapid pathways for ion and electron transport and realize the additional lithium storage capacity on the surfaces of LTO, realizing the high-rate and high-capacity lithium storage.

Control of a lithium-ion battery storage system for microgrid applications

The operation of future microgrids will require the use of energy storage systems employing power electronics converters with advanced power management capacities. This paper presents the control scheme for a medium power lithium-ion battery bidirectional DC/AC power converter intended for microgrid applications. The switching devices of a bidirectional DC converter are commanded by a single sliding mode control law, dynamically shaped by a linear voltage regulator in accordance with the battery management system. The sliding mode controller facilitates the implementation and design of the control law and simplifies the stability analysis over the entire operating range. Control parameters of the linear regulator are designed to minimize the impact of commutation noise in the DC-link voltage regulation. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated by experimental results.

Lithium titanate hybridized with trace amount of graphene used as an anode for a high rate lithium ion battery

A novel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode with a hierarchical carbon-based conducting network has been developed for high rate lithium ion battery. The unique network is constructed by graphene sheets (GS) that are not only dispersed among (inter-) but also inside (intra-) LTO particles, together with a thin carbon layer wrapping around the LTO particles. The intraparticle GS promotes the electron transfer inside LTO particles while the interparticle GS together with carbon coating bridges the particles guaranteeing fast electron transfer among LTO particles, which construct a highway throughout the whole electrode sheet. Quantitatively, only a trace amount of GS (∼ 0.4 wt%) synergistic with carbon coating (∼0.8 wt%) contributes to a more effective conducting network in the produced LTO electrode and as a result much better performance as compared to the LTO case with similar carbon coating but free of GS. Due to the effectiveness of the conducting network, even with a tap density as high as ∼1.0gcm−3, the novel LTO possesses both excellent rate performance and cycling behaviors. The capacity of 123.5mA h g−1 is obtained at a charge/discharge rate as high as 30C and a very high capacity of 144.8 mAh g−1 is maintained even after 100 cycles at 10C. Due to such a low fraction of carbon and a high tape density, the novel LTO electrode has a great practical application value in both the power and energy storage lithium ion batteries.

Lithium Alloying Nanoparticles Deposited 3D Carbon Architectures as Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Due to the increased demand and interest for mobile electronics, renewable energy production and electronic vehicles, more pressure is being placed on battery technology to deliver higher capacity, longer lasting devices. Researchers have focused on creating advanced materials to increase the energy storage and overall performance of lithium ion batteries. While graphitic carbon is still the commercially preferred material for the negative electrode (anode) of Li-ion batteries, it fails to deliver a high enough capacity (372mAh/g) to meet the increasing energy and performance requirements. With a theoretical gravimetric capacity nearly 3 times greater than graphite (991mAh/g), tin has the potential to replace graphite as the next generation of lithium ion anode material [1]. However, pure Sn anodes suffer from poor cycle performance due to electrical detachment/isolation from the current collector due to particle fracturing. Researches have tried alloying tin with transition metals [2], creating Sn-C composite nanoparticles [3], as well as using both pure SnO2 and SnO2deposited on hard carbon spheres [4,5] as anode materials. A common result of research efforts is usually an increase in capacity but retention of the poor cycle performance. This is due to aggregation of the tin particles which then leads to similar electronic detachment and fracturing characteristics of pure tin. It is believed that improving the mechanical stability of the anode material will, in turn, increase the electrochemical characteristics of the material [6]. Our group has created a material that can facilitate this mechanical stability required for a successful tin-based anode for lithium ion batteries. This is done by using a one-step, solid state process to fabricate porous carbon particles in situ decorated with functional metal nanoparticles. By placing a mixture of powdered carbon and salt precursors in a high temperature furnace and heating these materials to 500-700 oC in an inert Ar atmosphere for an hour, unique metal supported carbon hybrid architectures are achieved. This material is essentially a porous carbon “host” with nanosized metallic “guests”. The carbon matrix helps to mechanically stabilize the tin nanoparticles which are chemically bound to the surface of this matrix. The material demonstrates a surface area of >700m2/g. SEM images of the carbon-tin composite (Figure 1a-b) shows that the naosized Sn is uniformly deposited inside and outside of the supported 3D carbon architectures.The previously mentioned materials were mixed with PVDF binder and carbon black in a ratio of 8:1:1 and coated onto copper foil to make electrodes for testing. Electrochemical tests were performed on the materials against lithium metal in a half-cell configuration using 1M LiPF6 electrolyte in a 1:1 EC:DMC solution and a polypropylene separator. Figure 1 (c) shows the second discharge/charge curves for pure tin nanoparticle coated carbon matrices as well those of the pristine carbon matrix. The pure tin nanoparticles coated carbon has a reversible capacity greater than 500 mAh/g, which shows a vast improvement over the uncoated carbon matrix (~220mAh/g). In addition, the materials synthesized demonstrate stable cycling performance after the first discharge/charge is completed. Additional work will be done to decrease this first cycle inefficiency and to continue to increase the capacity of our new composite materials. A detail analysis of the potentiograms for Sn-carbon composite is demonstrated by their derivatization dQ/dV (Figure 1d), indicating reduction processes and corresponding oxidation processes [7] related to different Li-Sn alloying processes. Figure 1.a-b) Scanning electron micrographs of tin nanoparticles deposited on 3D carbon architecture product at various magnifications, c) Voltage profiles for pristine carbon and Sn-carbon composite cells, and d) dQ/dV plot of Sn-carbon composite cell References I.A. Courtney, J.R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 2045 (1997).A. D. Todd, R. E. Mar, J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1998 (2006).G. Derrien, J. Housson, S. Panero, B. Scrosati, Adv. Mater., 19, 2336 (2007).V. G. Pol, J. Wen, D. J. Miller and M. M. Thackeray, J. Elec. Soc., 161, A777 (2014). V. G. Pol, J-M. Calderon Moreno, M. M. Thackeray, J. Sol. State Chem., 196, 21 (2012).L. Chu, G. Mingxia, P. Hongge, Y. Liu, M. Yan, J. Alloys and Compounds, 575, 246 (2013).J. Zhu, Z. Lu, S. T. Aruna, D. Aurbach, A. Gedanken, Chem. Mater , 12, 2557 (2000).

Estimation of Critical Performance Parameters of the Thermocouple in a Bypass Device, Made of SME Alloy, Designed for LIABs on Spacecraft

Critical parameters of the bypass device thermocouple made of SME alloy are optimized on the base of the developed thermal model of Lithium-Ion storage battery (LISB) for space applications. It is shown that the terminal is the most dangerous element within LIAB. To ensure LIAB reliability in case of one cell failure, a temperature limit in the vicinity of the terminal is set to 100°C, and the bypass device action time – to 2–3 s, which corresponds to phase transitions temperature range of the thermocouple spring made of SME alloy.

Multi-storage Hybrid System Approach and Experimental Investigations

The paper presents a new multi-storage hybrid system concept for the improvement of self-consumption rate, conversion efficiency and storage lifetime in photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems. Main idea is the smart combination and control of short- and long-term storage technologies with supplementary operating characteristics. The paper discusses a typical application example of a PV-hybrid system with lithium-ion battery, hydrogen and heat storage path. A dynamic lithium-ion battery model is presented. The power electronic and control structure of the multi-storage experimental test-bed is explained. Investigation results for a typical application example demonstrate the functionality and benefits of the proposed concept.

Bypass device ofa lithium-ion storage battery

The article describes the developed bypass device design that allowed providing multiple check of operability at the stage of manufacturing and testing, ensuring the required level of reliability with improvement of weight-size characteristics. A technology of fabricating a power contact unit is developed that makes it possible to obtain a minimal contact resistance.

Coordinated Control and Energy Management of Distributed Generation Inverters in a Microgrid

This paper presents a microgrid consisting of different distributed generation (DG) units that are connected to the distribution grid. An energy-management algorithm is implemented to coordinate the operations of the different DG units in the microgrid for grid-connected and islanded operations. The proposed microgrid consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array which functions as the primary generation unit of the microgrid and a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to supplement the variability in the power generated by the PV array. A lithium-ion storage battery is incorporated into the microgrid to mitigate peak demands during grid-connected operation and to compensate for any shortage in the generated power during islanded operation. The control design for the DG inverters employs a new model predictive control algorithm which enables faster computational time for large power systems by optimizing the steady-state and the transient control problems separately. The design concept is verified through various test scenarios to demonstrate the operational capability of the proposed microgrid, and the obtained results are discussed.

Structural-Mechanical Control of Bypass Reactivity in LISB for Space Application Using Alloys with Shape Memory Alloys

Keywords: Lithium-ion storage battery (LISB), bypass device, shape memory effect (SME) thermal treatment, reactivity, reliability Abstract. Deformation and strength characteristics of a thermal drive spring made of alloy with shape memory effect (SME) оn the base of TiNi in bypass device (BD) of Lithium-ion storage battery (LISB) for space application were investigated. A technique was developed for this spring thermal preparation for a certain magnitude of shape memory deformation, due to which during reverse martensite transformation a spring generates reactive force, sufficient for BD operation. It allowed to develop small-sized multiple action BDs for LISBs intended for “Glonass-K” spacecrafts. Study of technological and operational factors’ impact proved high level of BD failure-free operation.

纯电动汽车动力电池箱仿真分析

电动汽车电池箱内装有锂离子蓄电池模组，电池箱通过快换锁止机构锁紧于托架上，托架固定于电动汽车上，电池箱既要满足车辆运行的安全性又要满足换电机器人频繁更换的要求。由于电池箱在电动客车行驶过程中受力工况较为复杂，本文基于计算机辅助分析(CAE)技术，对公司生产的电动商用车电池箱箱体进行不同工况下的力学强度分析，并进行优化设计，既达到了减轻重量及成本的要求，又保证了车辆运行过程中的安全性能。通过青岛、天津、南京等多地装有该快换电池箱的纯电动商用车的实际运行表明，CAE方法设计出的快换电池箱能满足车辆运行安全性的要求，为以后电动汽车快换电池箱的设计改进提供理论依据，一定程度上促进了电动汽车行业的发展。 The battery box of electric vehicle equipped with lithium ion storage battery module, the main bearing mechanism, and through the quick lock mechanism is locked on the battery box’s bracket, which is fixed on the electric vehicle, not only satisfying the vehicle operating’s safety, but also satisfying the requirement of electric robot’s full- automatic frequent transposing. Owing to the fact that electricity stress condition is comparatively complex in the process of electric motor coach running, this article is based on the computer auxiliary analytical technique, strength analysis under different conditions company procreative the battery box of electric motor coach, and optimal design, then not only achieve the requirements and reduce the cost, but also guarantee the vehicle operating’s safety performance. According to the practical action of pure electric vehicle which equipped with this quick change of battery box in Qingdao, Tianjin, Nanjing etc., through CAE method designs quick change of battery box satisfy the requirement of vehicle operating’s safety. The method provided theoretical basis for the design and improvement of quick change battery box of electric vehicle design in the future, and promoted the development of electric vehicle business.

Dynamic Optimization Using Efficient Reformulated Models for Maximizing Energy Storage and Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries

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