Lithium Polymer Research Articles

Realization of High Loading Density Lithium Polymer Batteries by Optimizing Lithium-Ion Transport and Electronic Conductivity.

Lithium polymer batteries (LPBs) with a high energy density and safety are being actively studied for their use as an energy storage system. However, bottlenecks to their development include charge-transport resistance and poor interfacial contact. In this paper, we introduce carbon nanofiber (CNF) as a conductive additive and the optimization of porosity in the electrode by calendering to realize a high loading density LPB. A simple dispersion strategy is applied to homogeneously disperse nanofiber additives in the electrode to achieve high electronic conductivity. Calendering with optimized pressing degree was performed on the CNF-based electrode to enhance lithium-ion transport and electron conduction in the LPB. The optimal pressing conditions were confirmed by measuring the electronic conductivity, internal resistance, lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, and charge transport characteristics of the cells. When the electrode was pressed by 35%, optimum electrode wettability by solid polymer electrolyte and contact between particles and current collector were achieved, resulting in the high performance of the LPB. Finally, at the optimized pressing degree, we successfully demonstrate 90% cycle retention during 100 cycles and an improvement of the volumetric energy density by over seven-fold.

A Multiphysics Model Simulating the Electrochemical, Thermal, and Thermal Runaway Behaviors of Lithium Polymer Battery

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have circumvented the energy storage landscape for decades. However, safety concerns about liquid–electrolyte-based LIBs have challenged their mobilization. Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries have gained rising interest due to their high thermal stability. Despite an array of commercially available LiPo batteries, limited studies have ventured into modeling. Numerical simulations allow low-cost optimization of existing battery designs through parameter analysis and material configuration, leading to safer and more energy-efficient batteries. This work examined the electrochemical, thermal, and thermal runaway behavior of a lithium cobalt oxide cathode, graphite anode, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) electrolyte pouch-type LiPo battery using COMSOL Multiphysics®, and validated results with experimental data. The simulated potential curve exhibited strong agreement with experiment data, while the temperature profile during discharge displayed qualitative discrepancies rationalized by the reversible heat generation. Thermal runaway simulations via oven tests revealed that the highest heat generation is from the cathode–electrolyte reaction, while the solid electrolyte interface decomposition initiates the heat generation process. These results suggest a thorough selection of cathode and electrolyte material to heighten battery safety. Overall, the developed models can be utilized as design tools to investigate various chemistries and designs to estimate the behavior and performance of batteries.

Li‐Ion Transfer Mechanism of Ambient‐Temperature Solid Polymer Electrolyte toward Lithium Metal Battery

AbstractThe low ionic conductivity and short service life of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) limit the application of ambient‐temperature polymer lithium metal batteries, which is perhaps a result of the inherent restricted segment movement of the polymer at room temperature. Herein, an ambient‐temperature dual‐layer solid polymer electrolyte is developed and the related working mechanisms are innovatively investigated. In the strategy, poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/succinonitrile (SN) contacts with the cathode while polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Li7La3Zr2O12 is adopted near the anode. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the formation of solvated sheath‐like structure [SN···Li+], which demonstrates strong interaction with polymers (PPC···[SN···Li+]/PEO···[SN···Li+]). Further density functional theory calculations show that these structures, allow rapid transport of Li ions through polymer segments. These results are confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, the Li‐ion transport mechanism for ambient‐temperature SPEs can be reasonably revealed. Remarkably, the binding energy between PPC and SN is stronger than that of PEO, which helps avoid the parasitic reaction between SN and Li. A low overpotential of 55 mV is exhibited for Li/Li symmetrical cells after 1000 h. Notably, a capacity retention of 86.3% is maintained for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li cell at 25 °C, implying good application potential in ambient‐temperature high voltage lithium metal batteries.

Internal heating of energy storage composites containing lithium-ion polymer batteries

Internal heating of energy storage composites containing lithium-ion polymer batteries

A Study Regarding Power Consumption of An IoT Node For Image Retrieval and its Optimization

Abstract This paper analyses the power consumption of an IoT node that captures images and transmits them to a cloud storage. Various implementation versions of the IoT node are proposed, focusing on the utilization of common components to achieve cost-effectiveness and minimize the maintenance requirements. The realised node variants were initially tested in laboratory conditions and then commissioned and deployed outdoors, being located in an orchard where they remained operational during 7 months under different meteorological conditions. The proposed solution utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller and a camera with a resolution of 1.3 Megapixels as a data acquisition node whose energy is assured by a Li-Po battery, charged through a solar panel. Wi-Fi communication was employed to transmit the images to the server. The power consumption of the node was evaluated for different variants of software optimization using the HTTP or the MQTT transmission modes. The instantaneous current consumption of the nodes was measured in laboratory to identify the power consumption for each phase of the program execution. The experiments revealed that the MQTT transmission mode consumed considerably less power than the HTTP mode. Additional experiments have been performed in which the variation of the battery voltage, the solar panel voltage and the number of daily emissions in the examined period, as well as correlations between these quantities have been analyzed.

In situ formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase with high ionic conductivity for long lifespan all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Parasitic reactions inevitably occur at the interface of lithium (Li) metal and polymer electrolytes due to ultrahigh Li reducibility coupled with poor interfacial stability or ionic conductivity. This leads to significant capacity loss and inferior lifespan of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, we engineered a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer at the interface of Li metal and polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrolyte via incorporation of phosphazene molecules. The phosphazene-solid polymer electrolyte (P-SPE) shows a significantly higher long-term stability against Li metal anode when compared with non-modified SPE. Using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), Li3N, LiF, Li3P and Li3PO4 nanocrystals were identified in the SEI layer. The Li|Li cell with P-SPE cycle for 1800 cycles at 0.2 mA cm‒2. The Li||LFP cells with P-SPE deliver a specific capacity of ∼150 mAh g−1 and ∼120 mAh g−1 at 1C and 2C charge/discharge rates, respectively, with up to 80% capacity retention after 500 and 1000 cycles, respectively. Critical role of phosphazene-modified SEI in improving electrochemical performance is further investigated by density function theory (DFT) and ab-initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) calculations. This study offers a promising approach for engineering a stable and ion-conductive Li|polymer electrolyte interface for long lifespan LMBs.

The development of quadcopter using Arducopter APM 2.8 with autopilot for tracking point of drop-off goods

This research reported the development of a drone withinside the shape of a quadrotor to track positions over a certain geographic area on autopilot. The system includes an Ardupilot Mega (APM) 2.8 flight controller, Ublox NEO M8N GPS module with compass, Racerstar 920kV 2-4S Brushless Motor, Flysky Receiver FS-iA6B with FS-i6 Remote Control Transmitter, DJI F450 quadcopter frame kits with touchdown tools skid, and a LiPo Battery 3300 mAh 35C. The ground control system is set up and run through an open-source software so-known as Mission Planner. The tracking system is evolved as a payload together with BME280 sensors controlled through Arduino Uno R3 SMD. Google Maps from Mission Planner are set via waypoints. The readings from the BME280 barometer sensor are used to examine the right coordinates on the waypoint. This correction may be very crucial while a drone is implemented to a delivery system. The results show that the average error at every waypoint is 5%, which shows that one waypoint can be used as a drop-off point factor for goods to customers.

An IoT-Based System for Efficient Detection of Cotton Pest

Considering the importance of cotton products, timely identification of pests (flying moths—being a significant threat to cotton crops) helps to protect cotton crops and improve their production and quality. This study proposes real-time detection of Cotton Flying Moths (CFMs) with the assistance of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system in the agricultural field. The proposed prototype contains a group of sharp infrared sensors, a Zigbee-based communication module, an Arduino 2560 Mega board, a lithium polymer battery (to power the mote), a gateway device, and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to respond as a pesticide-sprayer against the detected pest. The proposed pest detection algorithm detects the flying insects’ presence by monitoring variations in the reflected light. Based on this, it sends a detection alert to the gateway device. The gateway device sends detection coordinates to the drone/UAV to respond by spraying pesticide in the detection region. A real testbed and simulation scenarios were implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed detection system. The results of the testbed implementation suggest the effectiveness of the sensor design and CFM detection. Initial results from the simulation study indicate the suitability of the proposed prototype deployment in the agricultural field. The proposed prototype would not only help minimize the use of pesticides but also maintain the quality and quantity of cotton products. The originality of this study is the custom-made and cost-effective IoT prototype for CFM detection in the agricultural field.

Building integrated photovoltaic powered wireless drone charging system

The future of urban drone-based transportation and delivery depends upon the efficient operation of its charging infrastructure. Working against gravity draws substantial energy from the drone’s battery, requiring frequent recharging. Currently, battery swapping is the most preferred method for drone charging. Charging multiple drones using the wired charging method has complications such as untangling, tripping over problems, wear and tear, and requires human intervention. This limits the drones from becoming fully autonomous and self-sufficient. To address these problems, an innovative Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) structure with wireless drone charging capabilities is designed to optimize the usage of rooftop space for multi-drone landings and utilize the wall space for efficient Photovoltaic (PV) based charging. This study compares the charging output from five PV panel mountings: a rooftop panel, a vertical PV panel, a 30° inclined PV panel, an inclined PV panel with a black reflective surface, and an inclined PV panel with a white reflective surface. The 30° inclined PV panel charges the 12.6 V/5.2 Ah drone’s LiPo battery in 31.29 min compared to vertically placed panels, which take 36.9 min. PV panel with a black reflective surface yields 10.09 % more energy compared to a white reflective surface PV panel. The output of the 30° inclined PV panel is connected to the wireless charging system, which transfers 120 W across a vertical displacement of 0–10 mm with an efficiency of 95.70 %.

Highly sensitive vernier sensor based on Chirp Grating Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CG-FPI) for the strain detection in lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries

Highly sensitive vernier sensor based on Chirp Grating Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CG-FPI) for the strain detection in lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries

Development of Thermal and Electrical Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/ Poly(ethylene glycol) Based on solid Electrolyte and Nanocomposite

Polymer Nano composites and lithium polymer electrolytes are always scientifically speaking. It is formed by dissolving Multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNT) and lithium salt in poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) blends with the aim of developing new types of polymer composite characterized by enhanced thermal stability, as well as by improved electrical properties. The interaction of the MWNT and LiNO3 with the polymer blend were confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study. The thermal properties of the polymer blend with the MWNT were carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is evident from DSC that the polymer/MWNT had a decreased of Tm and heat crystalline fusion(∆Hc) with of increased MWNT. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the dispersion of the MWNT and LiNO3 in the polymer blend. Electrical conductivity was observed for PVA/PEG/MWNT containing 0.40 wt % MWNT was 7.98 X10-7S/cm where the PVA/PEG was 8.31 X10-8S/cm also electrical conductivity of PVA/PEG/LiNO3 containing 40wt % was 1.02 X10-7S/cm. Relative changes in the conductivity of blends with different concentrations and temperatures are analyzed.

Incorporating Ethylene Oxide Functionalized Inorganic Particles to Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Enhanced Mechanical Stability and Electrochemical Performance

Solid‐state batteries based on polymer electrolytes attract increasing interest owing to their high feasibility of roll‐to‐roll mass production. However, the mechanical strength of polymer electrolytes is not sufficient to suppress the formation of lithium dendrites, leading to early capacity fading. Many researchers have attempted to reinforce polymer electrolytes by adding inorganic particles, but insufficient compatibility between the particles and electrolytes can cause particles to agglomerate, deteriorating the mechanical stability of the resulting hybrid electrolytes. Herein, surface‐functionalized inorganic particles are used to prepare hybrid polymer electrolytes (HPEs). The surface of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles is chemically modified by an organic material containing an ethylene oxide (EO) group. The EO group on the functionalized Al2O3 (F‐Al2O3) enables uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the EO polymer electrolytes and improves the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. The nanoindentation measurements show that the hybrid polymer electrolytes with F‐Al2O3 (HPE‐F‐Al2O3) have enhanced stiffness. The electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes also benefit from incorporating F‐Al2O3. As a result, a lithium polymer battery with Li anode, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode, and HPE‐F‐Al2O3 electrolyte demonstrates stable long‐term cycling with a capacity retention of up to 87% over 100 cycles.

Wind Microturbine with Adjustable Blade Pitch Angle

The article presents the results of research on the operation of a wind microturbine model with an adjustable blade pitch angle. The physical basics of wind turbine operation and the methods of its optimal control are discussed. The results of the measurements carried out for the selected blade geometry with the possibility of adjusting the pitch angle are presented. The tests were carried out for a resistive load with a linear characteristic and for a load with a non-linear characteristic of a Li-Po battery. The results of the operation of a simple MPPT control algorithm are presented. The practical methods of controlling larger wind turbines are not optimal for small and very small turbines. The conducted research focused on determining the possibility of using blades with an adjustable angle setting, depending on the rotational speed in wind microturbines. The use of a simple mechanism for changing the pitch angle of the blades depending on the rotational speed of the turbine can increase the efficiency of the microturbine in a wider range of wind speeds.

Compact Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Carbon Fibre Frame and Propellor for Underground Application : An Approach

A drone is a device useful for surveillance, security and improve safety aspects. Drone has many applications contributing in societal developments which is the motivation for the present project work. Drone is being emerged by various military organization, commercial capacity and its applications is increasing day-by-day. Unmanned aerial vehicles are designed as a self-operating device based on receiving feedback from signals and sensors. Brushless DC motor, frames, transmitter, receiver, propellor, flight control board, LiPo battery, electronic speed controllers were used to perform the experimental set-up. An attempt has been made to design light weight drone compared to the conventional drones available. The drone is fabricated in such a manner that initially it performs downward motion into the well followed by the upward motion. All the components of a proposed drone have been fixed and checked for its working. The drone operates in a stable manner with four propellors and contributed its excellence for the underground application.

Icarus: An Android-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Search and Rescue Eye in the Sky

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to develop an unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV) using a quadcopter with the capability of videosurveillance,mapcoordinates,a deployableparachute with a medicinekit or a food pack as a payload, a collision warning system, remotely controlled, integrated with an android application to assist in search andrescue operations. 2273Method–Applied research for the development of the functional prototype, quantitative and descriptive statistics to summarize data by describing the relationship between variables in a sample or population (Kaur et al., 2018). The quadcopter underwent anevaluation using a survey instrument to test its acceptability using predefined variables to selectrespondents within Caloocan City and Quezon City, Philippines. Results–Demographic profiles and known issues and concerns were answered by 30 respondents. The results were summarized and distributed in Tables 1 and 2.Discussion-In terms of demographic profiles, the number of SAR operators within the specified areas is distributed equally, most are male, single, and within the age bracket of 31 andabove. In issues and concerns, the most common type of search and rescue was groundsearch and rescue. Human error isthe primary cause of most injuries inoperating units. The prototype was useful and everyone agreed, in terms of acceptability, drone technology will improve search and rescue operations. Conclusion–Theinnovative way of utilizing Android anddronetechnologyisanewsteptowardstheimprovementofSARoperations in the Philippines.Recommendations–The LiPo battery must be replaced with a higher capacityand the drone operator should undergo a training course and secure a permit from the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP).Social Implication -Some people are scared of dronesdue to privacy issuesand fears that theycould be used to spy againstthem.

State of Charge based Charging Controller with Temperature monitoring system for Lithium ion Battery in Electric Vehicle

The battery management system plays a vital role in electric vehicles. Improper charging and discharging of the battery alters the chemical properties of the battery and thereby reduces its lifetime. Battery State of charge (SOC) is an essential parameter to be measured for designing a battery management system. Operating the electric vehicle battery above its nominal temperature leads to a blast of the battery, which may cause human loss. Hence the temperature of the battery has to be monitored properly. In order to reduce the depth of discharge of the battery, an SOC-based charging controller is designed with the help of Arduino and the developed control algorithm. This developed algorithm stops the operation of the electric vehicle when SOC of the battery goes below the threshold value and alerts the user when the temperature of the battery goes beyond the nominal range. This ensures the safe and proper handling of lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries in Electric Vehicle.

Long-range UAV hybrid petrol-electric powertrain

Along with increasing UAV both weight load and endurance requirements, there is a need to use alternative propulsion solutions, to satisfy the market as well as various customer applications. Although lithium polymer cells are yet well developed, they are still too heavy for long-endurance UAV missions. Hybrid petrol-electric powertrains are outstanding imitations of hybrid hydrogen-electric propulsion systems, which are currently under intensive development. Not only for their onboard power production and improved overall efficiency but also for simulating a weight load of a future hydrogen-electric system. Therefore, such a system is being tested and aimed to be used in fixed-wing UAVs for long-endurance missions. This paper describes the design and operation of a hybrid petrol-electric propulsion system and further operational optimization based on comprehensive ground testing.

Automated Disassembly of Lithium Batteries; Methods, Challenges, and a Roadmap

Many factors contribute to complexity of e-waste management, notably hazard of volatile batteries. Batteries including Lithium-Ion (LIBs) and Lithium Polymers (LiPo) store large amounts of energy contributing to high number of battery fires. Batteries with volatile chemistries, damaged, or swollen can spontaneously combust due to electrolytic leakages while proximity to other batteries can initiate a chain reaction. Since upstream lifecycle of batteries is resource intensive, recycling offers potential for reducing their environmental impacts. To reduce waste fires risks, used batteries must be separated. Battery fires are frequent due to disturbance in transport to Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs), commonly igniting adjacent waste post arrival at MRFs. This paper explores methods that can be used to design a framework for identification/separation of batteries by their properties upon their arrival to MRFs, with minimal human interaction to decrease the risk of damage to infrastructure and human injury.

드론용 리튬폴리머배터리의 화재·폭발 위험성 및 직류회로 단락에 관한 실험적 연구

Lithium Polymer(LiPo) batteries are a promising technology for energy storage systems(ESS), electrical vehicles(EV), mobile electrics and drone applications. LiPo batteries have attracted interest from academia and industry due to their high power and energy densities compared to other battery technologies. Despite the extensive usage of LiPo batteries, there is a substantial to fire and explosion risk with intense heat and considerable amounts of flammable gas. The abuse conditions which trigger the thermal runaway of the LiPo batteries can be categorized into mechanical, electrochemical and thermal impacts. In this study, the thermal runaway was induced by three abused impact of penetration, overheating and overcharging in a LiPo single cell. The flammable gas which generated thorough thermal runaway was analyzed with Py-GCMS. The DC short circuit phenomenon was characterized with osilloscope and metallogical structures.

Lithium polymer electrolytes for novel batteries application: the review perspective

Beyond liquid electrolytes, the development of other electrolyte systems is needed to cover all needs for novel batteries suited for detailed usage. Lithium polymer electrolytes for next-generation batteries cover a broad range of emerging energy applications, including their further investigation of solid polymer ionic conductors. Possibility of transferring Li+ cations through the unique polymer structure forces modifications of a solid polymer electrolyte. The host matrix is immobile, while long-range cation transport must involve dissociative steps where solvated cations are transferred between neighboring coordination sites, in combination with migration and diffusion of ion aggregates weakly coordinated to the polymer solvent. Most of the current models can be successfully applied to amorphous monophase systems. There are many concepts leading to the increase in flexibility, conductivity performance, and extended storage time for several months, which might be useful for even very demanding battery applications. This review provides readers with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge and opportunities for lithium polymer electrolytes.