Negative Electrode For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Applications of Chinese Camellia oleifera and its By-Products: A Review.

Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree species unique to China that has been cultivated and used in China for more than 2,300 years. Most biological research on C. oleifera in recent years has focused on the development of new varieties and breeding. Novel genomic information has been generated for C. oleifera, including a high-quality reference genome at the chromosome level. Camellia seeds are used to process high-quality edible oil; they are also often used in medicine, health foods, and daily chemical products and have shown promise for the treatment and prevention of diseases. C. oleifera by-products, such as camellia seed cake, saponin, and fruit shell are widely used in the daily chemical, dyeing, papermaking, chemical fibre, textile, and pesticide industries. C. oleifera shell can also be used to prepare activated carbon electrodes, which have high electrochemical performance when used as the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. C. oleifera is an economically valuable plant with diverse uses, and accelerating the utilization of its by-products will greatly enhance its industrial value.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sn/SnO2/C Nano-Composite Structure: High-Performance Negative Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Tin oxide (SnO2) and tin-based composites along with carbon have attracted significant interest as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, tin-based composite electrodes have some critical drawbacks, such as high volume expansion, low capacity at high current density due to low ionic conductivity, and poor cycle stability. Moreover, complex preparation methods and high-cost carbon coating procedures are considered main challenges in the commercialization of tin-based electrodes for LIBs. In this study, we prepared a Sn/SnO2/C nano-composite structure by employing a low-cost hydrothermal method, where Sn nanoparticles were oxidized in glucose and carboxymethyl cellulose CMC was introduced into the solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope revealed the irregular structure of Sn nanoparticles and SnO2 phases in the conductive carbon matrix. The as-prepared Sn/SnO2/C nano-composite showed high first-cycle reversible discharge capacity (2248 mAhg−1) at 100 mAg−1 with a first coulombic efficiency of 70%, and also displayed 474.64 mAhg−1 at the relatively high current density of about 500 mAg−1 after 100 cycles. A low-cost Sn/SnO2/C nano-composite with significant electrochemical performance could be the next generation of high-performance negative electrodes for LIBs.

Converting spent carbon cathode (SCC) into SCC-2600@rGO for superior Li+ storage performance

Exploiting the characteristics of carbonaceous solid waste for added-value applications is a potential strategy for realizing resource recycling and reducing pollution. Graphitized spent carbon cathode (SCC) used as negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries exhibits unacceptable high-rate cycle performance. In this study, the effect of the heating rate on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of SCC-2600@rGO fabricated by the self-cycling combined with interfacial assembly was investigated. SCC-2600@rGO-8 has the abundant defects, appropriate content of oxygen functional groups, hierarchical pore structure, and complex graphene conductive network. And the unique microstructures can provide numerous active sites for lithium storage, accelerate the charge transfer rate, and maintain structural stability. As a consequence of these features, SCC-2600@rGO-8 anodes have the attractive electrochemical properties, including a high charge capacity (753.1 mAh/g at 0.1 C after 50 cycles) and a notable rate capability (614.9 mAh/g at 1 C after 500 cycles and 278.0 mAh/g at 5 C after 2500 cycles).

Utilization of pelagic clay to prepare porous silicon as negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries

In order to rationally develop abundant marine clay resources, in view of its large specific surface area, looseness, high porosity, poor crystallinity, and high activity, the magnesium thermal reduction method was used to reduce Si4+ in the pelagic clay minerals to obtain porous silicon. Through targeted process design and reaction condition control, the obtained silicon material not only has higher crystallinity, but also has layered accumulation pores with relatively uniform pore size distribution. It had a BET specific surface area of 81.473 m2·g−1, a pore volume of 0.290 cm3·g−1, and an average pore size of 10.193 nm. In addition, using sucrose as the carbon source, the prepared silicon was modified to obtain a carbon-coated porous silicon material, whose performance as lithium-ion battery negative electrode was preliminarily characterized. The specific capacity, cycling performance and multiplicity performance test results showed that the porous silicon derived from pelagic clay exhibits good cycling and rate performance under the carbon coating conditions, which means that it had a certain potential in the field of lithium-ion batteries. This work opened up a new way for high value-added utilization of pelagic clay.

N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Abstract The transition metal selenide can be used as a potential material for the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high density and conductivity. Unfortunately, a large volume change occurs in the transition metal selenide during the charging and discharging process, which eventually results in the poor rate performance and rapid capacity decay. In response to this, the N/S co-doped CoSe nanocubes (CoSe/C–NS) can be fabricated where the S-doped cobalt 2-methylimidazole (ZIF-67) as both sacrifice template and cobalt source to directly mix with selenium powder and followed by the annealing process. In the process, the carbon frameworks derived from ZIF-67 can establish a coating layer to protect the structure of materials, and simultaneously the N/S co-doping can enhance the conductivity and broaden the interlayer of frameworks. These can further accelerate the storage capacity and the Li+ insertion and deintercalation process. As a negative electrode material of LIBs, the CoSe/C–NS delivers the high capacity, high rate performance, and long-term cycle stability. This protocol opens up an approvable approach to fabricate efficient anode materials with persistent electrochemical stability in LIBs.

The Effect of Electrode Binders to Electrochemical Properties of Negative Electrode Materials

This paper deals with various types of electrode binders used in lithium-ion batteries. The electrode binders play important role in battery, the binders directly affect almost all aspect of electrode characteristics. As the one of the most import parameter is the electrode charge-discharge long term stability. The three binders have been tested in context of negative electrode in lithium-ion battery. The natural graphite has been chosen as an active electrode material. The natural graphite takes majority as negative electrode material on commercial market with lithium-ion batteries. The three kind of binders was established for testing: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polyimide P84. The influence of these binders on charge-discharge stability are evaluated and described in this paper.

In situ-formed nitrogen-doped carbon/silicon-based materials as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

The development of negative electrode materials with better performance than those currently used in Li-ion technology has been a major focus of recent battery research. Here, we report the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of in situ-formed nitrogen-doped carbon/SiOC. The materials were synthesized by a sol–gel process using 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), sodium citrate and glycerol. The electrochemical performance of pyrolyzed materials was studied using poly(acrylic acid) binder and commercial organic electrolyte. Our reported approach enables changes in both the amount of nitrogen and the morphology as a function of the molar ratio of APTES:citrate and reaction time. Spherical-shaped NC/SiOC composite electrodes deliver a delithiation capacity of 622 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and an initial coulombic efficiency of ∼63%, while in the large bulk material, respective values of 367 mAh/g and ∼55% were obtained. After 1000 charge/discharge cycles at 1.6 A/g, the latter material exhibits 98% of the initial capacity once it returned to lower current cycling. Overall, our results indicate that NC/SiOC materials are quite promising for electrochemical applications since both their large capacity and stability demonstrate superior performance compared to traditional graphite. Moreover, our synthesis is simple and, more importantly, environmentally friendly chemicals, such as sodium citrate and glycerol, are used.

Lithiation Mechanism and Improved Electrochemical Performance of TiSnSb-Based Negative Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithiation Mechanism and Improved Electrochemical Performance of TiSnSb-Based Negative Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

CNT boosted two-dimensional flaky metal-organic nanosheets for superior lithium and potassium storage

Flaky nanosheets with superior molecular structures and functions are indispensable for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, through a simple dispersion method, two-dimensional Co-MOF-CNT nanosheets are prepared by adding nanotubes (CNT) during the synthesis of MOF under microwave-assisted radiation conditions. The flaky dispersed sheet structure possesses more exposed surfaces and porous structures for Co-MOF-CNT, which is beneficial to offering numerous active sites and promoting the rapid transmission of Li/K-ions. Therefore, when applied as negative electrode for LIB and PIB, the Co-MOF-CNT nanosheets can provide an extremely enhanced reversible capacity (1451/286 mAh g−1 for LIBs/PIBs after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1). In view of ex-situ XPS result, in-situ FTIR result and electrochemical detection, the excellent electrochemical performance is determined due to the activated lithium-reaction involving metal centers, CO groups and CC groups from benzene rings. The research on lithium/potassium reaction functional groups of MOF nanosheets with more activated energy-storage sites would further provide guidance for the exploration on superior-performance electrodes for future alkali metal secondary batteries.

Numerical modeling on the delamination-induced capacity degradation of silicon anode

Silicon is a promising candidate for the negative electrode in lithium-ion battery. However, silicon-based electrodes experience large volume changes during the lithiation-delithiation process, which may lead to their failure and hinder their application. Delamination of the silicon layer from the current collector substrate is one of the critical failure modes; its effects on the performance degradation of Si anode need to be better understood. In this study, a multi-physics based finite element model is established to investigate the impact of Si layer delamination, where an artificial insulating interface is introduced to simulate the delamination phenomenon. It is found that delamination could result in a large amount of residual lithium within Si phase at the end of the delithiation process, leading to the capacity degradation of the Si anode. Furthermore, depth of delamination, Si layer thickness and charging/discharging C-rate are three critical influencing factors for the performances of the Si anode. With the increase of depth of delamination and Si layer thickness, the remaining useful capacity of the Si anode will gradually reduce. In addition, under high C-rate operating conditions, the capacity loss of the anode will be largely exaggerated by the presence of the delamination.

Multiple anionic Ni(SO4)0.3(OH)1.4 nanobelts/reduced graphene oxide enabled by enhanced multielectron reactions with superior lithium storage capacity

The multielectron reaction materials for lithium-ion batteries are interesting charge storage hosts for next-generation high-energy–density anodes. As a class of multiple-anion transition metal compounds (MATMCs), the layered Nickel hydroxide sulfate (NiSH) nanobelts integrate positive-charged cations and intercalated anions, can be expected to construct the advanced high-energy–density materials, but have not yet reported. Herein, the layered NiSH nanobelts grafting on the 3D porous reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets were fabricated for the first time as the negative electrode of lithium-ion battery (denoted as NiSH@rGO) by a one-pot hydrothermal approach. As expected, the NiSH@rGO composite delivers a superior initial discharge capacity (1060 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 230 cycles) and an exceptional rate capacity (991 mA g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). Through in-situ XRD, ex-situ SEM and TEM, we showed that the outstanding performance of NiSH@rGO anode originate from multielectron reaction mechanism and prominent structural, which render expose more active sites for charge storage, increase the surface wettability of anode, accelerate electron/ion diffusion and ensure the stability of the structure. Above that, it showed excellent lithium storage capacity and high-rate performance. Furthermore, a full cell composed of the NiSH@rGO anode and LiFePO4 cathode displays an impressive capacitance and low-capacity decay rate. Our findings fundamentally and experimentally provide insights into the multi-anionic compounds for markedly enhancing the performance of the multi-electron anodes for advanced high-capacity lithium-ion battery.

Nano germanium incorporated thin graphite nanoplatelets: A novel germanium based lithium-ion battery anode with enhanced electrochemical performance

First-principles calculations forecast that germanium incorporated graphite has potential to be used as high performance negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries due to large mobility of electrons at the heterointerface. Inspired by this first-principles calculations, a novel functional structure of thin graphite nanoplatelets embedding a finely dispersed germanium component is fabricated through a scalable ball milling technique for the first time. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and electron microscopy investigation demonstrate that the obtained electrode materials exhibit mesoporous features where germanium nanoparticles are implanted into the graphitic matrix of thin flakes. Such a novel structure provides several advantages including large surface area, high accessibility of lithium ions and shortened lithium ion diffusion distances, which enable fast ion and electron transfer at the interface of electrolyte and electrode. As results, the obtained electrode demonstrates promising electrochemical performance with a charge capacity of 822 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 C, high rate capacity of 325 mAh g−1 at 10 C and good cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 97%. This work delivers a robust electrode design strategy as well as the most practical route for the improvement of germanium-based anodes for application in lithium-ion batteries.

Electrochemical study on nickel aluminum layered double hydroxides as high-performance electrode material for lithium-ion batteries based on sodium alginate binder

Nickel aluminum layered double hydroxide (NiAl LDH) with nitrate in its interlayer is investigated as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the potential range (i.e., 0.01–3.0 V and 0.4–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li) and of the binder on the performance of the material is investigated in 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC vs. Li. The NiAl LDH electrode based on sodium alginate (SA) binder shows a high initial discharge specific capacity of 2586 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and good stability in the potential range of 0.01–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li, which is better than what obtained with a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-based electrode. The NiAl LDH electrode with SA binder shows, after 400 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, a cycling retention of 42.2% with a capacity of 697 mAh g−1 and at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1 shows a retention of 27.6% with a capacity of 388 mAh g−1 over 1400 cycles. In the same conditions, the PVDF-based electrode retains only 15.6% with a capacity of 182 mAh g−1 and 8.5% with a capacity of 121 mAh g−1, respectively. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal a conversion reaction mechanism during Li+ insertion into the NiAl LDH material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS have been combined with the electrochemical study to understand the effect of different cutoff potentials on the Li-ion storage mechanism.Graphical abstractThe as-prepared NiAl-NO3−-LDH with the rhombohedral R-3 m space group is investigated as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the potential range (i.e., 0.01–3.0 V and 0.4–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li) and of the binder on the material’s performance is investigated in 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC vs. Li. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal a conversion reaction mechanism during Li+ insertion into the NiAl LDH material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS have been combined with the electrochemical study to understand the effect of different cutoff potentials on the Li-ion storage mechanism. This work highlights the possibility of the direct application of NiAl LDH materials as negative electrodes for LIBs.

Preparation of Lignin Nanocarbon and Its Performance as a Negative Electrode for Lithium-ion Batteries

Preparation of Lignin Nanocarbon and Its Performance as a Negative Electrode for Lithium-ion Batteries

Three-dimensional mesostructured binder-free nickel-based TiO2/RGO lithium-ion battery negative electrodes with enhanced volumetric capacity

Realization of high energy density Li-ion anodes is a significant challenge due to the volume changes generally exhibited by such systems during charge and discharge. Here, three-dimensional inverse opal (3D-IO) mesostructured Ni@TiO2@RGO electrodes were fabricated by templating nickel electrodeposition with self-assembled, three dimensionally ordered polystyrene (PS) opals, followed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 and spray coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The electrode delivers initial discharge and charge volumetric capacities of 2082 mAh cm-3 and 1873 mAh cm-3 at 0.5 C, respectively. The composite electrode exhibits volumetric discharge and charge capacities of 1508 mAh cm-3 and 1504 mAh cm-3 at 0.5 C after 200 cycles and good rate capacity up to at least 10 C. The almost unbroken 3D-IO mesostructure after 200 lithiation and delithiation cycles demonstrates the excellent structural stability of the 3D-IO electrode design concept. The enhanced volumetric capacity and structural stability originate from high active materials loading, the short and efficient ion and electron pathways, and the composite structure provided by the nickel electrodeposition, ALD, and RGO spray coating electrode preparation process, as well as that both TiO2 and RGO participate in lithium storage.

High-rate and low-temperature performance of germanium nanowires anode for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract The original version of a negative electrode of lithium-ion battery is prepared. To this end the arrays of Ge nanowires were electrodeposited from an aqueous solution onto a titanium substrate with drop-like indium crystallization centers. The nanowires were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, galvanostatic cycling, CV, and EIS. Electrochemical tests were carried out in a wide temperature range with using the propylene-carbonate-based electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of the nanowires were shown to be dependent on the current density upon electrodeposition. The nanowires with diameter 20 to 40 nm and length up to 0.5 μm are covered with a thin oxide layer, consisting of both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric germanium oxides. The electrodes demonstrate excellent features, namely room-temperature specific capacity ca. 1300 mAh g−1 at 1C and 4C rate, and about 850 mAh g−1 at 24C, as well as good low-temperature performance, 255 mAh g−1 at −50 °C.

The compatibility of propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions with graphite negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

The compatibility of propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions with graphite negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries.

Tin oxide is one of the most promising electrode materials as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries due to its higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite. However, it suffers lack of stability due to volume changes and low electrical conductivity while cycling. To overcome these issues, a new composite consisting of SnO and carbonaceous matrix was fabricated. Naturally abundant and renewable chitosan was chosen as a carbon source. The electrode material exhibiting 467 mAh g at the current density of 18 mA g and a capacity fade of only 2% after 70 cycles is a potential candidate for graphite replacement. Such good electrochemical performance is due to strong interaction between amine groups from chitosan and surface hydroxyl groups of SnO at the preparation stage. However, the charge storage is mainly contributed by a diffusion-controlled process showing that the best results might be obtained for low current rates.

Stable Cycle Performance of a Phosphorus Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries Derived from Ionic Liquid Electrolytes.

Although high-capacity negative electrode materials are seen as a propitious strategy for improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their advancement is curbed by issues such as pulverization during the charge/discharge process and the formation of an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In particular, electrolytes play a vital role in determining the properties of an SEI layer. Thus, in this study, we investigate the performance of a red phosphorus/acetylene black composite (P/AB) prepared by high-energy ball milling as a negative electrode material for LIBs using organic and ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. Galvanostatic tests performed on half cells demonstrate high discharge capacities in the 1386-1700 mAh (g-P/AB)-1 range along with high Coulombic efficiencies of 85.3-88.2% in the first cycle, irrespective of the electrolyte used. Upon cycling, the Li[FSA]-[C2C1im][FSA] (FSA- = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide and C2C1im+ = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) IL electrolyte (2:8 in mol) demonstrates a high capacity retention of 78.8% after 350 cycles, whereas significant capacity fading is observed in the Li[PF6] and Li[FSA] organic electrolytes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy conducted with cycling revealed lower interfacial resistance in the IL electrolyte than in the organic electrolytes. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after cycling in different electrolytes evinced that the IL electrolyte facilitates the formation of a robust SEI layer comprising multiple layers of sulfur species resulting from FSA- decomposition. A P/AB|LiFePO4 full cell using the IL electrolyte showed superior capacity retention than organic electrolytes and a high energy density under ambient conditions. This work not only illuminates the improved performance of a phosphorous-based negative electrode alongside ionic liquid electrolytes but also displays a viable strategy for the development of high-performance LIBs, especially for large-scale applications.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2 Aggregates and Their Application as Negative Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: The Conflicting Effects of Specific Surface and Pore Size.

TiO2 aggregates of controlled size have been successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using TiO2 nanoparticles of different sizes as a building unit. In this work, different techniques were used to characterize the as-prepared TiO2 aggregates, e.g., X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller technique (BET), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), electrochemical measurements etc. The size of prepared TiO2 aggregates varied from 10–100 nm, and their pore size from around 5–12 nm; this size has been shown to depend on synthesis temperature. The mechanism of the aggregate formations was discussed in terms of efficiency of collision and coalescence processes. These newly synthetized TiO2 aggregates have been investigated as potential negative insertion electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The influence of specific surface areas and pore sizes on the improved capacity was discussed—and conflicting effects pointed out.