Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Electrolyte Design Enables Stable and Energy-Dense Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Free from strategically important elements such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are heralded as promising low-cost and sustainable electrochemical energy storage systems that complement the existing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the reported electrochemical performance of PIBs is still suboptimal, especially under practically relevant battery manufacturing conditions. The primary challenge stems from the lack of electrolytes capable of concurrently supporting both the low-voltage anode and high-voltage cathode with satisfactory Coulombic efficiency (CE) and cycling stability. Herein, we report a promising electrolyte that facilitates the commercially mature graphite anode (>3 mAh cm-2) to achieve an initial CE of 91.14 % (with an average cycling CE around 99.94 %), fast redox kinetics, and negligible capacity fading for hundreds of cycles. Meanwhile, the electrolyte also demonstrates good compatibility with the 4.4 V (vs. K+/K) high-voltage K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] (KMF) cathode. Consequently, the KMF||graphite full-cell without precycling treatment of both electrodes can provide an average discharge voltage of 3.61 V with a specific energy of 316.5 Wh kg-1-(KMF+graphite), comparable to the LiFePO4||graphite LIBs, and maintain 71.01 % capacity retention after 2000 cycles.

Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrode‐Electrolyte Interface Reactions at Different Stages of Charge/Discharge in Lithium and Sodium Half‐Cells

AbstractEnergy storage technologies necessitates efficient, cost effective, and durable storage systems like Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), with high energy density. Emerging 2D materials like MXenes have become significant for battery applications. Herein, titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) synthesized and lattice engineered via ‐OH surface terminations removal by thermal processing is well explained. The synthesized samples were subjected to annealing at 250 and 500 °C. All the samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, XPS, etc. Subsequently, they were tested in the half‐cell configuration for both lithium and sodium ion batteries (NIBs). It is observed that the best performance for lithium‐ion storage capacity was 200 mAh/g at 50 mA/g and 125 mAh/g at the same specific current for sodium‐ion storage for the 500 °C processed sample. However, for both the systems the cycling stability was exceptional maintaining high retention till the end of 1000 cycles. To establish the performance, electrochemical impedance and ex situ XPS results at different voltage of 1st charge/discharge were correlated for the best sample. Thus, providing information that is unavailable in the literature on MXene‐electrolyte interactions, kinetics and the chemical nature of solid‐electrolyte interface layer for both lithium and sodium‐ion batteries.

Recycling Li-Ion Batteries via the Re-Synthesis Route: Improving the Process Sustainability by Using Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Scraps as Reducing Agents in the Leaching Operation

The development of hydrometallurgical recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries is challenged by the heterogeneity of the electrode powders recovered from end-of-life batteries via physical methods. These electrode materials, known as black mass, vary in composition, containing differing amounts of nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC), as well as other chemicals, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP). This study presents the results of the hydrometallurgical treatment of mixed NMC and LFP black masses aimed at creating flexible recycling processes. This approach leverages the reducing power of LFP to optimize the leach liquor composition for re-synthesizing NMC precursors. In particular, the leaching conditions were optimized based on the LFP content in the solid feed to maximize the extraction of key metals (Ni, Mn, Co, and Li). The leaching solid residue, graphite, was treated and characterized as a secondary raw material for new anode preparation. Iron phosphate was recovered by increasing the pH of the leach liquor, and the NMC precursors were obtained via coprecipitation. This process achieved a recycling rate of 51%, based on the black mass input and the mass of recovered elements in the output products. Additionally, substituting LFP scraps as the reducing agent in place of H2O2 reduced the recycling process’s environmental impact by avoiding 1.7 tons of CO2-equivalent emissions per ton of NMC black mass.

Valuable metals recovery from spent ternary lithium-ion battery: A review

Valuable metals recovery from spent ternary lithium-ion battery: A review

Recycling Solid Electrolytes from All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green Extractants.

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) are attracting significant attention due to their high energy density, conductivity and safety. However, they are expected to generate substantial waste in the near future, leading to resource depletion and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve green, mild and safe recovery of ASSLIBs. Here, we for the first time to use green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to effectively recover solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) fromASSLIBs at mild temperature. Results show that Li leaching efficiency can reach up to 87.5% with a superhigh Li/La selectivity of 1902 at a low temperature of 80 oC. Furthermore, 70 anti-solvents are screened to recycle the dissolved SSEs from leachate and 12 anti-solvents could precipitate SSEs from leachate at room temperature. This research opens new possibilities for recovering SSEs from ASSLIBs using the sustainable, cost-effective and safe solvents.

Effective Stabilization of Organic Cathodes Through Formation of a Protective Solid Electrolyte Interface Layer via Reduction.

2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is a promising cathode material, but its high solubility in electrolytes leads to rapid capacity degradation. This study investigates the dilithium salt of DHBQ, Li2DHBQ, as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Despite minimal solubility, Li2DHBQ cathodes suffer rapid capacity decay due to severe morphological damage within the voltage range of 1.5-3.0 V. To stabilize morphology, we promoted a protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Li2DHBQ particles by lowering the discharge cutoff voltage. Cycling the battery with a 0.5 V discharge cutoff voltage achieved an optimal SEI layer, significantly improving Li2DHBQ's morphological stability. Consequently, the battery maintained 170 mAh g-1 with a low decay rate of 0.16% within a voltage range of 0.5-3.0 V after 200 cycles at 500 mA g-1. Furthermore, initial cycling at a 0.5 V discharge cutoff for 20 cycles to form an SEI layer, followed by cycling at a normal 1.5 V discharge cutoff, retained a higher capacity of 187 mAh g⁻¹ after 200 cycles. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of forming a cathode SEI layer at low discharge voltages as a new approach to stabilizing organic cathode materials.

Grain-Boundary-Rich Interphases for Rechargeable Batteries.

The formation of stable interphases on the electrodes is crucial for rechargeable lithium (Li) batteries. However, next-generation high-energy batteries face challenges in controlling interphase formation due to the high reactivity and structural changes of electrodes, leading to reduced stability and slow ion transport, which accelerate battery degradation. Here, we report an approach to address these issues by introducing multicomponent grain-boundary-rich interphase that boosts the rapid transport of ions and enhances passivation toward prolonged lifespan. This is guided by fundamental principles of solid-state ionics and geological crystallization differentiation theory, achieved through improved solvation chemistry. Demonstrations showcase how the introduction of the interphase substantially impacts the Li-ion transport across the interphase and the electrode-electrolyte compatibility in cost-effective electrolyte solutions optimized with multiple Li salts. The resulting interphases feature microstructures rich in inorganic grain boundaries with a diverse array of nanosized grains, presenting enhanced Li-ion transport. Comprehensive analyses revealed that this realizes remarkable electrochemical stability over extended cycling periods by inhibiting electrode corrosion, thus holding promise for high-capacity thin-Li-metal, Si-based anodes, and even Li-free anodes when paired with high-capacity oxide cathodes. This work opens new avenues to customize protective interphases on high-capacity electrodes, promoting the development of batteries with the highest energy density using cost-effective electrolytes.

Poly (Propylene Carbonate) with Extremely Alternating Structure Used as Binders for High-Loading Cathodes by Solvent-Free Method in High-Performance NCM811 Batteries.

The cathode affects the capacity, working voltage, and cost of lithium-ion batteries. Although the binder is a small part of the cathode material, it is particularly important to the performance of the batteries. Therefore, the design and development of polymer binders with different structures and characteristics is an important topic. In this paper, an NCM811 cathode (PPC-NCM) was prepared by a solvent-free method using poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) as the binder, with an active substance loading of 10 mg/cm2. To explore the effect of the PPC binder on the electrochemical performance of the NCM811 cathode, the discharge capacity was 112.2 mAh/g with a 76.1% capacity retention after cycling more than 200 cycles at 1 C, which has a significantly better cycling performance than that of a PVDF-NCM/Li battery. The PPC/NCM/graphite full cells were also assembled to demonstrate the practical application potential of this work. It was shown that PPC as a binder can improve the cycling stability of NCM811/Li and NCM811/graphite full cells. The PPC binder used in the NCM811 cathode not only makes it extremely easy to prepare dry electrodes, but also makes it very simple to recover the electrode material by heating in the case of battery failure. This paper provides a new idea for the industrialization and development of a novel binder.

Construction of CoF2 nanoconfined in N-doped carbon matrix as high-capacity cathodes to boost reversibility of lithium-ion batteries

Construction of CoF2 nanoconfined in N-doped carbon matrix as high-capacity cathodes to boost reversibility of lithium-ion batteries

Adaptive Remaining Capacity Estimator of Lithium-Ion Battery Using Genetic Algorithm-Tuned Random Forest Regressor Under Dynamic Thermal and Operational Environments

The increasing interests and recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning have significantly accelerated the development of novel techniques for the state estimation of batteries in electrified vehicles’ battery management systems (BMSs). Determining the remaining capacity among the several BMS states is crucial for ensuring the safe and stable functioning of an electric vehicle. This paper proposes an adaptive estimator for the remaining capacity of lithium-ion batteries, leveraging a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-tuned random forest (RF) regressor. The estimator is designed to function effectively under varying thermal conditions. The optimization of critical parameters, namely, the number of estimators (n-estimators) and the minimum number of samples per leaf (min-samples-leaf), is a focal point of this study to enhance model accuracy and robustness. The model effectively captures the battery’s dynamic behavior and inherent non-linearity. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) achieved during testing demonstrate promising accuracy and superior prediction. The results demonstrated significant improvements in state of charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The proposed GA-optimized RF model achieved an MAE of 0.0026 at 25 °C and 0.0102 at −20 °C, showing a 41.37% to 50% reduction in the MAE compared to traditional random forest models without GA optimization. The RMSE was also reduced by 18.57% to 31.01% across the tested temperature range. These improvements highlight the model’s ability to accurately estimate the SOC in varying thermal conditions.

Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Health Using a Deep Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by the Improved Black-Winged Kite Algorithm

Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Health Using a Deep Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by the Improved Black-Winged Kite Algorithm

Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Health Using GRU-BPP

Accurate prediction of lithium-ion batteries’ (LIBs) state-of-health (SOH) is crucial for the safety and maintenance of LIB-powered systems. This study addresses the variability in degradation trajectories by applying gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks alongside principal component analysis (PCA), Granger causality, and K-means clustering to analyze the relationships between operating conditions—such as temperature and load profiles—and battery performance degradation. This paper uses a publicly accessible dataset derived by aging three prismatic LIB cells under a realistic forklift operation profile. First, we identify the features that are relevant to driving variance, then we employ the winning algorithm of K-means clustering for the classification of operational states. Granger causality later investigates the inter-group relationships. Our GRU-BPP model achieves an RMSE value of 0.167 and an MAE of 0.129 for the reference performance testing (RPT) dataset and an RMSE of 0.032 with an MAE of 0.025 for the aging dataset, thus outperformed benchmark methods such as GRU, LME, and XGBoost. These results further enhance the predictiveness and robustness of this approach and yield a holistic solution to the conventional challenges in battery management and their remaining useful life (RUL) predictions.

Research on the heat dissipation performances of lithium-ion battery pack with liquid cooling system

Research on the heat dissipation performances of lithium-ion battery pack with liquid cooling system

Magnetron Sputtering Formation of Germanium Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation.

In the drive towards increased lithium based battery capacity, germanium is an attractive material due to its very high lithium storage capacity, second only to silicon. The persistent down-side is the considerable embrittlement accompanying its remarkable volume expansion of close to 300 %. A proven method to accommodate for this lattice expansion is the reduction of the size towards the nanoscale at which the fracturing is prevented by "breathing". In this work we employed a novel magnetron sputtering gas aggregation nanoparticle generator to create unprecedented layers of well-defined germanium nanoparticles with sizes below 20 nm. The electrochemical lithium intercalation was monitored by a suite of techniques under which Raman spectroscopy, which provided clear evidence of the presence of lithium inside the germanium nanoparticles. Moreover, the degree of lattice order was measured and correlated to the initial phases of the lithium-germanium alloy. This was corroborated by electron diffraction and optical absorption spectroscopy, of which the latter provided a strong dielectric change upon lithium intercalation. This study of low lithium concentrations inside layers of well-defined and very small germanium nanoparticles, forms a new avenue towards significantly increasing the lithium battery capacity.

Progress in the Application of LiMnPO4 Nanomaterials in Lithium-ion Battery Cathode

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become vital in today's energy storage systems, especially for electric cars and portable gadgets. High energy density, extended cycle life, and quick charging times are features of lithium batteries. Compared to conventional batteries, they are lightweight, ecologically benign, and have a low self-discharge rate. LiMnPO4 nanomaterials have garnered significant interest among various cathode materials due to their superior thermal stability, safety, and high operating voltage. The main topics of this paper are the structural characteristics, production techniques, and performance improvements of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles as LIBs cathodes. The basic operating principles of LIBs were covered in this article, with particular attention paid to the redox reactions occurring at the electrodes, the unique olivine structure of LiMnPO4, and how these factors affect electrochemical performance. The efficiency of many synthesis methods, such as spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, solid-state, hydrothermal, and solvothermal processes, in yielding superior LiMnPO4 nanoparticles is assessed. Additionally, surface modifications through ion doping and carbon coating are reviewed to highlight their roles in enhancing conductivity and stability. This article aims to provide ideas for developing high-performance LiMnPO4 cathode materials to affect LIBs' development positively. This article aims to provide ideas for developing high-performance LiMnPO4 cathode materials to influence LIBs' development positively.

Recent Progress on Air, Liquid, PCM, Heat Pipe, and Hybrid Modes of Thermal Management in Lithium-Ion Batteries

This study emphasises lithium-ion batteries, which have been the subject of extensive research due to their wide range of benefits, including extended life cycle, minimal discharge, and high energy density. However, the temperature sensitivity of the batteries presents a notable obstacle that can negatively impact their performance and longevity when operating under extreme conditions. To overcome this challenge, implementing an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is imperative. Battery thermal management is crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-demand applications like electric vehicles. This comprehensive review explores a variety of BTMS technologies, including air-cooling methods, liquid-cooling techniques, heat pipes, and PCM materials. While air-cooled BTMS is a safe and straightforward design, its lower heat capacity and thermal efficiency limit its use to low-capacity batteries. However, forced air-cooled BTMS is an excellent solution for high charging/discharging rates, as air flows through channels within the battery packs to optimize cooling. Liquid-cooled BTMS also shows promise, although designers must ensure the sealing cover is secure to prevent leaks. Heat pipes (HP) offer a unique approach to controlling battery temperature, while Phase change materials (PCM) thermal management is notable for its ability to absorb significant heat by latent heat. Hybrid cooling combines fins, nanofluids, PCM, and microchannels-based cooling and can significantly enhance battery performance under high charging/discharging rates. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in various applications, including the Electric vehicle industry. Keeping the lithium-ion battery temperature within the optimal range is important and is accomplished by a suitable BTMS. Different methods, such as air cooling, Liquid cooling, Heat pipe, and PCM materials, are used in BTMS. An effective thermal management system and efficient battery model are absolutely necessary. Each of the techniques in BTMS has its own benefits and drawbacks. The effectiveness of thermal management configurations and methods can vary. Thus, evaluating performance and optimal configuration is crucial before implementation.

Research Progress on the Safety of LIBs Separators

Over the years, the electrification of transport has forced improvements in energy storage batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in aerospace, smart devices, electronic communications, and transport because of their high capacity, good cyclability, and environmental friendliness. However, battery safety is a massive issue in people's daily lives. LIBs occasionally suffer from spontaneous combustion and explosion. This is mainly caused by short circuits within the battery. The diaphragm, as the material separating the positive and negative electrodes, prevents the positive and negative electrodes from coming into direct contact, thus avoiding short circuits. The performance of the diaphragm determines the safety of LIBs. Therefore, this paper first introduces the causes of the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries and its relationship with diaphragms. Then, this paper presents the essential characteristics and types of high-safety diaphragms. Finally, this paper also summarises the physical and chemical modification methods of diaphragm materials in LIBs. This will help improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries, increase the electrification of transportation, and eliminate concerns about using LIBs.

Progress of silicon and graphene composites in lithium-ion battery anodes

As society progresses, the need for high-power, long-life energy supply devices gradually increases. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with large energy reserves and high power have recently become the preferred choice. The anode of LIBs plays a crucial role in battery performance, safety, and cycle life. Typically, graphite materials are used for LIBs anodes. Still, they have drawbacks such as low first-time Coulombic efficiency, capacity degradation, safety issues, short cycle life, insufficient gram capacity, and purity and side reactions, which limit the application of LIBs. Therefore, new harmful electrode materials are in demand. Graphene and silicon are both environmentally friendly and sustainable materials. They both have the advantages of high theoretical capacity and high energy density, which are critical materials for developing LIBs. Combining the two can exert a synergistic effect and jointly improve the cycle stability of the battery. In this paper, we review the preparation methods of graphene and silicon composites in recent years, including mechanical ball milling and hydrothermal and thermal reduction methods. In addition, graphene and silicon composites have been explored for LIBs applications.

Application of nanotechnology in the negative electrode of Si-based lithium-ion batteries

Modern electronics and electric cars frequently employ lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their excellent energy density, safety, and environmental friendliness. The anode of LIBs is typically composed of carbon. Nevertheless, it loses a lot of energy when charging and draining. Lithium metal precipitates quickly from the surface of carbon electrodes and forms dendrites. These can pass through the diaphragm and cause short circuits inside the battery, posing a public safety risk. The advantages of the silicon-based anode are excellent safety, low operating voltage, and high theoretical specific capacity. It is among the most critical potential materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, its drawbacks, such as volume expansion and poor electrical conductivity, limit the development of LIBs. In recent years, the emergence of nanotechnology has well solved these problems. This paper first explains how silicon-based lithium-ion batteries work and summarizes the challenges of silicon-based anodes. Then, it explores the application of nanotechnology in silicon-based anode, including different dimensions of silicon nanomaterials. After the group, the paper analyzes the shortcomings of current research and proposes future directions.

Design of Silicon-Based Anode Materials for High Energy Density Li-Ion Batteries

Compared to other types of batteries, lithium batteries have an extremely high energy density, which means they can store more energy while maintaining a smaller size and weight. The ideal electrode material must have a high lithium ion capacity to store many lithium ions. In addition, the electrode material must have good electronic conductivity to promote lithium ions' rapid entry and exit. However, traditional carbon materials have limited theoretical specific capacity, and the transmission of lithium-ion batteries in traditional materials is limited, resulting in a significant decrease in capacity. Silicon has a theoretical capacity of up to 4200mAh/g, more than ten times the capacity of commercial graphite negative electrodes. In addition, silicon and lithium can undergo alloying reactions to form Li Si alloys, which helps improve the material's specific capacity. This article first summarizes the advantages of electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries. Then, the benefits and challenges of using silicon-based materials as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries were elaborated in detail, and finally, the prospects of silicon-based materials in lithium-ion battery applications were summarized. This article has reference significance in improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries.