Lithium Ion Batteries In Vehicles Research Articles

World experience of legislative regulation for Lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries considering their second-life application in power sector

Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially relevant for Ukraine, where the burgeoning secondary market for EVs and a keen interest in renewable energy sources underscore the need for proactive policy-making and standardization to address the challenges of battery second life and recycling. This article delves into the role of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion batteries within the ambit of the circular economy, underscoring the significance of legislative frameworks across the globe with a particular focus on European initiatives in light of Ukraine's EU integration ambitions. This encompasses extending battery life through recycling and repurposing, thereby ensuring both economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. The narrative outlines the varied legislative landscapes internationally, noting the differences in strategies from Asia's technological and safety emphasis to Europe's robust regulatory directives aimed at battery lifecycle management. In Europe, the drive towards sustainable battery utilization is marked by comprehensive policies like the EU Battery Directive and the emerging Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries, which set forth ambitious recycling targets and introduce innovative concepts like the battery passport. Drawing from this global overview, the article posits a set of recommendations for Ukraine, suggesting the development of extensive battery management legislation, adoption of European standards to smooth the path towards EU membership, investment in recycling infrastructures, fostering of public-private partnerships, and public awareness initiatives. These recommendations are designed to elevate Ukraine's position in the sustainability, promoting environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. The growing importance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in supporting and harmonizing renewable energy sources is emphasized, and accordingly, the need for adequate legislation and standardization to support a closed-loop economy. Keywords: Lithium-Ion Batteries, Second-Life Application, EV Battery Life Cycle, Circular Economy, Repurpose, Reuse, Recycling, Standards, Regulation, Legislation.

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Service life estimation of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack using arrhenius mathematical model

Durability is a desired characteristic for all battery packs in Electric Vehicles. In this study, the service life of the EV battery pack under real-world operating conditions is projected using an Arrhenius mathematical simulation model. The model comprises a 39.2 kWh EV Lithium-Ion battery pack integrated with a three-phase inverter to convert the battery pack’s Direct Current output to Alternating Current. In addition, the Alternating Current output is coupled to a 100 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor, which is regarded as the load. A field-oriented controller provides pulse width-modulated output signals that are supplied back to the inverter to generate the correct driving current. Variable conditions of charge rate (C-rate: 1.25C − 4C), discharge rate (C-rate: 0.5C − 4C), temperature (25°C–60°C), and depth of discharge (30%–90%) are evaluated to determine the battery pack’s service life. Under a 4C charge rate/0.5C discharge rate and 50% depth of discharge, the modeling results indicate the battery pack has a service life of approximately 6,000 h at low temperatures (25°C) and roughly 3,000 h at high temperatures (60°C). The model has been validated by comparing the results with experimental data from the literature.

Effects of intermittent pulsating flow on the performance of multi-channel cold plate in electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack

In order to address the thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack, the intermittent pulsating flow is proposed to apply in the multi-channel cold plate of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack. Extensive numerical investigations on the maximum temperature (Tb,max) and maximum temperature difference (ΔTb,max) and of the lithium-ion battery pack, transfer coefficient (h), pressure loss (Δp), efficiency index (EI), pump power (Ppump), and energy consumption (W) of the multi-channel cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow and pulsating flow are conducted. Results show that Tb,max and ΔTb,max under intermittent pulsating flow is lower than those under pulsating flow at the first half of the whole discharging process, which suggests that the intermittent pulsating flow can make the lithium-ion battery pack achieve better temperature characteristics. However, W of cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow is much higher than that under pulsating flow at the same pulsation amplitude and frequency. It is always increased at the fixed pulsation frequency with the increase of pulsation amplitude and reaches the minimum value at the pulsation frequency of 3 Hz when the pulsation amplitude is fixed.

Multiplex Characteristics and Vulnerability Assessment of the Global Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Network: A Focal Firm-Specific Analysis

Multiplex Characteristics and Vulnerability Assessment of the Global Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Network: A Focal Firm-Specific Analysis

Polyplastics’ introduces new heat resistant DURAFIDEⓇ PPS grade for EV

Polyplastics Group, a global supplier of engineering thermoplastics, has announced DURAFIDEⓇ PPS 6150T73, a high-performance material which reportedly delivers outstanding heat resistance and exceptional thermal and electric insulation properties, for electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.

Heat dissipation performance research of battery modules based on composite phase change materials cooling and electrochemical thermal coupling model

In order to improve electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) performance and increase cycle life, it is crucial to design a reliable and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS). Compared with other active battery cooling methods, passive phase change material (PCM) cooling has the advantages of simple structure, good temperature control uniformity, strong reliability, and no additional energy consumption. This article uses a series of experimental procedures to add expanded graphite to traditional paraffin wax PCM and obtain composite phase change materials (CPCM) with different mixing ratios. A control experiment is created to compare the cooling performance of the CPCM cooling with natural convection cooling, research shows that the cooling performance of CPCM can well meet the cooling demand which maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of battery modules. In addition, to study the performance of thermal properties parameters related to CPCM, a COMSOL numerical calculation model of battery module based on CPCM cooling and electrochemical thermal coupling model is established. The effectiveness and accuracy of the model are verified through heat generation experiments at different rates (0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C), with a maximum temperature error of 1.6 K and an error accuracy of less than 0.6%. Subsequently, the performance of phase change temperature, thermal conductivity and phase change latent heat is studied and reasonable value ranges are obtained, which are 312 K∼318 K, 2.5 W /(m·K), and 175 J/g∼200 J/g, respectively.

Second life of recycled graphite for sustainable production of multilayer graphene related materials with multiple potential applications

A sustainable route to obtain graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with highly competitive properties through the utilization of graphite recycled from spent vehicle's lithium-ion batteries is described. As compared with previous works, our precursor material is representative of a larger-scale recycling procedure, involves the processing of both cathodic and anodic materials, and concerns a larger number of batteries operated in diverse conditions. The morphology, chemical features, structure, and conductivity of the samples have been thoroughly investigated. Results obtained from complementary characterization techniques reveal the correct formation of GO and rGO samples from the recycled graphites. Electrical measurements show that the conductivity of our GO and rGO samples are very similar or even larger than those reported for samples obtained from high-purity natural graphite. These results indicate that our strategy is able to produce good-quality GOs and rGOs with potential applications in different fields, contributing to the circular economy and the recyclability of discarded wastes.

Vulnerability to geopolitical disruptions of the global electric vehicle lithium-ion battery supply chain network

In the rapidly expanding global electric vehicle lithium-ion battery supply chain network (EV LIB SCN), intricate intercontinental and interrelated connections render it susceptible to geopolitical disturbances. The complex supplier–buyer dynamics within this network facilitate the propagation of disruptions, complicating the identification and evaluation of the consequences of geopolitical disruptions. Existing recommendations, grounded in macro-level material flow data, offer limited guidance for EV LIB-associated enterprises in managing such disruptions. To address this gap, this study constructs a meso-level EV LIB SCN incorporating realistic supplier–buyer relationship data among relevant firms. A supply chain network vulnerability (SCNV) index has been designed to quantify the disruption impact. Furthermore, a geopolitical disruption diffusion (GDD) model has been developed to simulate the disruption propagation in two distinct scenarios, i.e., single-region blockade and inter-region blockade. This study broadens the scope of EV LIB SCN investigations from macro- to meso-level analyses, and the evaluation of both direct and indirect impacts of geopolitical disruptions enhances comprehension of geopolitical disruption risks in global supply chain networks.

Study on low temperature discharge performance of lithium ion batteries for new energy vehicles

Study on low temperature discharge performance of lithium ion batteries for new energy vehicles

Study on low temperature discharge performance of lithium ion batteries for new energy vehicles

Study on low temperature discharge performance of lithium ion batteries for new energy vehicles

Structure optimization of liquid-cooled plate for electric vehicle lithium-ion power batteries

Structure optimization of liquid-cooled plate for electric vehicle lithium-ion power batteries

Analysis of a safe utilization algorithm for retired power batteries from new energy vehicles

The graded utilization of waste batteries has gained research significance due to recent reports of new energy vehicle lithium-ion batteries exploding whilst awaiting recycling or in end-of-life storage. In this study, we innovatively selected battery performance parameters such as the internal resistance, charge and discharge rate, and current maximum available capacity to evaluate the safety of retired power batteries from the perspective of inducing thermal runaway. A fractional calculus theory was then introduced, and the fractional second-order resistance as well as a capacitance model and an adaptive genetic algorithm were established for the identification of the parameters. An improved dual-scale filtering algorithm was generated, which combined the extended Kalman filter algorithm and the unscented Kalman filter algorithm to improve the accuracy of the parameter estimation. The final test outcomes indicated that the equivalent circuit model optimized by incorporating multiple filtering algorithms had error rates of 1.87 %, 1.65 %, and 1.27 % for the state of charge of the battery in three different operating condition testbeds, with average errors of 0.62 %, 0.69 %, and 0.59 %, respectively. When an initial experimental platform was constructed for the detection of the parameters, the voltage error quickly stabilized to within 0.03 V. It also displayed many advantages of data detection and calculation, such as faster convergence, faster tracking, and the highest result accuracy when compared with the battery model using other algorithms. This experiment highlighted that a fractional second-order resistive–capacitive circuit equivalent battery state detection model incorporating various filtering algorithms has practicality and feasibility.

The role of material resources for rapid technology diffusion in net-zero transitions: Insights from EV lithium-ion battery Technological Innovation System in China

A key challenge to achieving a net-zero transition by mid-century is rapid diffusion of several low-carbon technologies which requires massive upscaling of production capacity including vast use of material resources. However, both diffusion theory and main transition studies frameworks pay insufficient attention to the role of material resources. To better understand the relationships between diffusion, production, and material use in technology diffusion and transitions, we conceptually elaborate the role of material resources in the value chain perspective on Technological Innovation Systems (TIS). We account for how material scarcity appears and how it influences TIS structural and functional dynamics with particular attention to how actors along the value chain respond. Our study of China's Electric Vehicle lithium-ion battery TIS value chain shows that a shortage of critical materials occurred due to structural tensions between sectoral regimes along the value chain which influenced the TIS structural and functional dynamics both within and across sectors. The study contributes new insights on the role of materials in TIS and circular value chains, on how the TIS growth and diffusion phase unfolds, and on how urgency of a net-zero transition and geopolitics influence diffusion.

Development of Electro-Thermal Model for Air Cooling Study of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Module Operating in Indian Conditions and Drive Cycle

Lithium-ion cells have higher energy density at a specific power, making them a primary choice for battery packs in energy storage of modern technology, powering from smartphones to Electric vehicle (EV) and grid-scale energy storage systems. However, their performance, safety and lifespan are temperature sensitive and developing a fail-safe mechanism is considered as a pressing priority. In the present study, a 2D electro-thermal model is developed in MATLAB to characterize the thermal behaviour of cylindrical cells (individual and inline) during discharge. The thermal model solves the transient heat conduction equation with internal heat generation. The model is validated with the available experimental data for a single cell at a constant discharge rate and found to be in good agreement within 0.5°C. The analysis is extended to a battery module with 6 cell-inline configuration and validated. This validated model is used to study the impact of multiple cells (1-10) in inline configuration. For Indian drive cycle analysis, the current profile is estimated based on the drive cycle and its impacts on cell temperature rise in battery module is studied when subjected to variation in monthly average ambient temperature. Battery module maximum temperature rises to 60 °C and Δ T (Tmax - Tmin) across cells is 8.8 °C during summer conditions under natural convection due to multiple drive cycle loading. The battery module temperature can be kept under safe operating limits (Tmax≤ 45 °C, Δ T ≤ 4 °C) with forced convection of 2 m/s and 25 °C. The study aims to provide insights into the thermal behaviour of Lithium-ion cells that can be used to design safe and cost-effective air-cooled thermal management system for battery module.

The Influence of Testing Conditions on State of Health Estimations of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an Incremental Capacity Analysis

The increasing growth of the second-hand electric vehicle market demands reliable methods for evaluating the state of health of deployed electric vehicle batteries. Among these methods, incremental capacity analysis is a commonly used technique for state of health evaluation via the quantification of degradation modes. While the optimal conditions for its application typically involve low currents and a controlled temperature, this cannot be easily applied to deployed batteries. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of varying charging rates and temperatures on the accuracy of the analysis. In this study, the characteristics and behavior of incremental capacity features for seven electric vehicle batteries tested under different calendar aging conditions were investigated. The results show that accurate state of health estimations under different test conditions could be obtained using specific electrochemical features.

Cloud-Based Optimization of a Battery Model Parameter Identification Algorithm for Battery State-of-Health Estimation in Electric Vehicles

Connectivity and cloud computing are key elements in the future of electric mobility. They allow manufacturers to provide advanced fleet management and predictive diagnostic services. In particular, cloud computing dramatically enhances data availability and enables the use of more complex and accurate state estimation algorithms for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. A tuning procedure for a moving window least squares algorithm to estimate the parameters of a 2-RC equivalent circuit battery model is presented in this paper. The tuning procedure uses real data collected from a test vehicle and uploaded to the Stellantis-CRF cloud. The tuned algorithm was applied to eight months of road tests and showed very small estimation errors. The errors are comparable to other literature data, even when the literature results were obtained in laboratory tests. The estimated model parameters are tracked through time and seem accurate enough to show the first signs of battery aging.

Multi-objective optimization of multi-channel cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow by RSM and NSGA-Ⅱ for thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack

The heat transfer and energy consumption characteristics are the most important performance parameters of cold plate for thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack. In this work, in order to address the issue about multi-objective optimization of multi-channel cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow, RSM (Response Surface Methodology) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is combined to make a trade-off between the average heat transfer coefficient and energy consumption of multi-channel cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow. Box-Behnken design is used to arrange a series of numerical investigations using the steady flow velocity vin, pulsation amplitude A, and pulsation frequency e as design variables and the average heat transfer coefficient have and energy consumption W as objective functions. Regression models are created in the form of quadratic polynomials, and the significance of each term in the model is determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that the linear term of vin has the greatest effect on have and W. According to the Pareto optimal solution obtained from NSGA-II, the optimal objective functions are have = 394.7012 W m−2 °C−1, W = 0.1086 J, and the corresponding design variables are vin = 0.02392 m/s, A = 0.1778 and e = 3.1846 Hz.

Hydrothermal enrichment of lithium in intracaldera illite-bearing claystones.

Developing a sustainable supply chain for the global proliferation of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles and grid storage necessitates the extraction of lithium resources that minimize local environmental impacts. Volcano sedimentary lithium resources have the potential to meet this requirement, as they tend to be shallow, high-tonnage deposits with low waste:ore strip ratios. Illite-bearing Miocene lacustrine sediments within the southern portion of McDermitt caldera (USA) at Thacker Pass contain extremely high lithium grades (up to ~1 weight % of Li), more than double the whole-rock concentration of lithium in smectite-rich claystones in the caldera and other known claystone lithium resources globally (<0.4 weight % of Li). Illite concentrations measured in situ range from ~1.3 to 2.4 weight % of Li within fluorine-rich illitic claystones. The unique lithium enrichment of illite at Thacker Pass resulted from secondary lithium- and fluorine-bearing hydrothermal alteration of primary neoformed smectite-bearing sediments, a phenomenon not previously identified.

Flyback converter employed non-dissipative cell equalization in electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries

The effective and dependable usage of rechargeable batteries has emerged as a central topic for automobile manufacturers in the wake of the rise of electric vehicle technology. When it comes to rechargeable batteries with high specific energy and specific power, lithium-ion battery technology is the most well-known. The low terminal voltage battery cells in the lithium-ion battery pack are linked in series to provide the necessary voltage for the electric vehicle system. The low charge cell in the string limits the usable capacity of the battery pack, though. Disturbances in the battery pack's charge are due to variations in manufacturing quality and to the unique operating circumstances of each individual cell. These inconsistencies cause a decline in usable capacity, a quickening of cell deterioration, and, most significantly, substantial safety issues including overcharging. The cell balancing controller is a critical component of the battery management system in all electric vehicle and hence performs a crucial function in extending battery life and ensuring the battery's safety. This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a RCD buffer included fly-back converter-based active cell equaliser for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. With the equaliser, all the series-connected cells may be brought to a more even State of Charge. All of the MOSFETs employed in the proposed approach are selected for their low conduction loss. The suggested equaliser is able to produce equalization without the need for a switch driving circuit or sophisticated control method, allowing it to function automatically. The system's overall price is reduced, and the balanced circuit's complexity is considerably reduced. In-depth discussions on circuit configuration, operating principle, modeling, and design consideration are presented. Finally, both Matlab simulation results and Hardware-in-loop based experimental findings are offered to back up the claims that the suggested cell equaliser is both practical and effective.