Production Of Lithium Carbonate Research Articles

Analysis and characterization of residual salts from lithium carbonate industry: Their potential uses for thermal storage systems

The increasing demand for clean energy and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to a growing awareness of the importance of thermal energy storage systems in the diversification of the electric matrix. Sensible heat and latent heat storage are the two main techniques, and the choice of storage system depends on the melting point of the substances and the thermal energy required for the processes. This study focused on waste salts obtained from the production process of lithium carbonate. The thermophysical properties of these salts, including specific heat, density, and thermal stability, were examined through various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed promising thermal properties, chemical stability, and physical availability of the waste salts. Additionally, the study explored the potential benefits of reutilizing these waste salts, such as reducing environmental impact, promoting circular economy principles, and creating new market opportunities for commercial products. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the thermophysical properties of waste salts from lithium carbonate production. The main results are heat capacity in the solid phase (0.767–3.143 J/g°C) and storable thermal energy (114–1153 TWht). These findings contribute to the design and optimization of thermal energy storage systems, highlighting the potential for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions in the context of global clean energy transitions.

Lithium recovery from an alumina electrolysis slag leaching solution with strong acidity: Separation of lithium-ion and production of battery grade lithium carbonate

Lithium (Li) with excellent physicochemical properties is widely used in modern industries. However, the shortage and depletion of Li resources has hindered the sustainable economic development. Li recovery from waste resource was an effective approach, in particular, alumina electrolysis slag is exemplified as Li riched solid waste. In this work, separation of Li from alumina electrolysis slag leaching solution (AESLS) via solvent extraction using bis(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate (P204) system was explored. Effects of saponification degree, phase ratio, and reaction time on metal ions impurities and Li extraction were investigated. Operational parameters including extraction, scrubbing, saponification and precipitation were optimized. Results showed that the extraction efficiencies of Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+ and Li+ were 100 %, 100 %, 99.99 %, 100 % and 20.71 %, respectively, under the optimal single extraction conditions. The loss of Li after scrubbing of loaded organic phase using hydrochloric acid was as low as 1.59 %. The P204 extraction process was proved to be a thermodynamic process with spontaneous entropy increase, and the extraction order of metal ions was Al3+ > Fe3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Li+ according to the extraction driving force (ΔC); The solvent-extracted ligand mechanism was elucidated by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Additionally, battery-grade lithium carbonate was produced. Our study paves a new way for recovery of Li in AESLS.

Sustainable and efficient recovery of lithium from rubidium raffinate via solvent extraction

In recent years, with the increasing prevalence of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in the burgeoning markets of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, the consumption of lithium batteries has significantly surged. Hence, the efficient development and utilization of associated lithium resources bear paramount significance. This study aims to recover lithium from rubidium raffinate via solvent extraction. A systematic investigation was conducted to examine the effects of various parameters such as organic phase concentration, contact time, and phase ratio (O/A) during the separation process. The results indicated that the organic phase composed of 0.1 mol/L 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (HBTA) and 0.1 mol/L Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) could efficiently extract lithium from the rubidium raffinate. The optimal conditions were observed at a temperature of 20℃, O/A=1, and a contact time of 5 min. After three-stage countercurrent extraction, a lithium extraction rate of 99.24 % could be achieved, with over 95 % of the sodium easily scrubbed by 0.1 mol/L HCl at an O/A=10. With the use of 3 mol/L HCl, stripping efficiency exceeding 99 % could be attained at an O/A=10, consequently a successful preparation of battery-grade lithium carbonate product was achieved. Regeneration experiments confirmed the organic phase's excellent reproducibility efficiency. Slope analysis and density function theory (DFT) simulations indicated that optimal lithium extraction is achieved when HBTA and TOPO are at equal molar concentrations. The proposed process is expected to provide a green and sustainable route for the recovery of associated lithium resources.

Life cycle assessment of lithium carbonate production: Comparing sedimentary deposits

Lithium sedimentary deposits which were once considered impractical to extract, have become increasingly attractive for exploiting and producing high-quality lithium compounds, due to the surge in demand for batteries and from other markets. However, potential environmental impacts are yet to be evaluated for this emerging lithium production route. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment study for three prominent and near-to-opening lithium clay projects globally: Sonora Mexico, Falchani Peru, and Thacker Pass USA. Specifically, this study used literature, statistical data, expert interviews, and technical reports to develop cradle-to-gate models covering the mining to refining processes. The results suggest that lithium carbonate production in the Thacker Pass project has higher impacts than the two other selected sedimentary projects. Additionally, the impact categories of the Sonora project are significantly influenced by the source of electricity. The sensitivity analysis highlights the pivotal role of a transition to clean energy sources for these emerging lithium production routes. Especially, the Thacker Pass project would benefit significantly from on-site sulfuric acid production and power generation to reduce the associated environmental impacts.

Carbon footprint and water inventory of the production of lithium in the Atacama Salt Flat, Chile

The objective of this work is to estimate the carbon footprint and water footprint inventory using primary information of the lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide production of SQM and Albemarle in the Atacama Salt Flat, which represented 30 % of global lithium production in 2020. A contribution of the work is demonstrating that these two operations have the lowest reported GHG global emissions per unit production of lithium carbonate and of lithium hydroxide, and that this is possible due to natural and anthropogenic characteristics. Another contribution is that the natural advantages of the Atacama deposit should remain crucial in this leadership in spite of the introduction of an assortment of technologies in the reduction of GHG emissions in the future. A third contribution is showing that the largest cause of the carbon footprint for lithium carbonate production at the Atacama Salt Flat was soda ash, with 63.1 % of the total.

Selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 powders with electrochemical method

In recent years, with the flourishing of new energy vehicles, the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are vigorously developed due to their low cost and high stability. Meanwhile, it leads to an increase in large-scale retirement of batteries. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a green and efficient recycling method. In this work, an indirect electrochemical oxidation has been proposed for selective leaching of Li ions. An electrochemical system using boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) with high oxygen evolution potential as anode and RuO2/Ti as cathode has been built to generate oxidizing species and enhance the oxidative reaction contact for an indirect oxidation of LFP. The operating conditions were optimized to a current density of 110 mA/cm2, Na2SO4 electrolyte concentration of 0.225 M, pH of 1.7, solid–liquid ratio of 16 g/L. The leaching efficiency of Li ions reached up to 95.53 % and the leaching efficiency of Fe ions was less than 0.01 % at room temperature. A purity of lithium carbonate product of 99.93 % was obtained after precipitation of the leaching solution. This proposed method could realize efficient and rapid selective leaching of Li and Fe ions by indirect oxidation, realizing selective leaching and significantly reducing the usage of acid.

Boron Recovery from Organic Solutions Used in Brine Treatment through a Water Stream

This research evaluates the modification of the lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) production process and particularly the boron removal step, which currently employs a recirculated stream. This recirculated stream is a liquor with low boron content but rich in lithium, currently being wasted. In this process, the recirculating stream is substituted with a freshwater stream. Boron is re-extracted from the loaded organic stream to form an input stream for a boric acid process. Under certain operational conditions, the formation of emulsions was observed; due to this, the analysis of emulsion formation involved controlling the pH of each sample, which lead to the development of a procedure to prevent such formations. From this analysis, it was determined that emulsions form in water with pH values below 1.3 and above 6.9. In addition, a speciation analysis showed that the concentrations of the H2BO3− and H+ species influence the formation of emulsions. The mass balance of the process showed that by replacing the recirculated stream, boron recovery of 89% was achieved, without the need to add new stages or equipment.

Selection and purification of Li2CO3 precursor for bolometric double beta decay experiments

This paper describes the preparation of radiopure lithium carbonate powder for the needs of low-background research, in particular, AMoRE-II, the second phase of a search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νDBD) of the 100Mo isotope using over 100 kg of 100Mo contained in 200 kg of ultra-pure Li2100MoO4 bolometric crystals. About 150 kg of pure Li2CO3 powder is required to synthesize the crystals. The desired radiopurity for the lithium powder is 40K below 100 mBq/kg, and Th/U and Ra are at a few mBq/kg. Several commercially available powders were tested with ICP-MS and HPGe detectors at the Center for Underground Physics (CUP) of the Institute for Basic Science in Korea. The lowest purity of the tested products was 99.99%. The results of the powders’ radioassay at CUP showed that none of the tested products were suited for the 0νDBD search application. A special purification technology had to be developed to remove the original contamination of the powder with potassium (K), thorium (Th), uranium (U), and radium (Ra). Lithium carbonate crystallization via carbonization technique was inefficient in removing radiochemical impurities. Lithium formate fractional recrystallization effectively removed Ra, K, and Th, but the synthesis of the final lithium carbonate product had a low yield and required the introduction of additional chemicals. The analysis results of raw and purified powders, the decontamination efficiency, and plans are described in the article.

Insight into the Growth Mechanism of Low-Temperature Synthesis of High-Purity Lithium Slag-Based Zeolite A.

The utilization of lithium slag (LS), a solid waste generated during the production of lithium carbonate, poses challenges due to its high sulfur content. This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the value of LS by employing alkali fusion and hydrothermal synthesis techniques to produce zeolite A at low temperatures. The synthesis of high-purity and crystalline lithium-slag-based zeolite A (LSZ) at 60 °C is reported for the first time in this research. The phase, morphology, particle size, and structure of LSZ were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption, and UV Raman spectroscopy, respectively. High-purity and crystalline zeolite A was successfully obtained under hydrothermal conditions of 60 °C, an NaOH concentration of 2.0 mol/L, and a hydrothermal time of 8 h. The samples synthesized at 60 °C exhibited better controllability and almost no byproduct of sodalite occurred compared to zeolite A synthesized at room temperature or conventional temperature (approximately 90 °C). Additionally, the growth mechanism of LSZ was elucidated, challenging the traditional understanding of utilization of lithium and enabling the synthesis of various zeolites at lower temperatures.

Artificial intelligence-enabled optimization of battery-grade lithium carbonate production

Employing AI to optimize the production of battery-grade lithium carbonate through a CO2-driven process, enhancing efficiency and reducing environmental impact of industrial Li production.

It Is Easy To Find Lithium; Turning a Profit Is Hard

Finding lithium in the water from oil and gas wells is easy. Finding enough to make money is hard. In the US and Canada there has been growing interest in directly extracting lithium from the water coming out of the oil/water separator, which is competing with more established techniques such as mining and evaporating lithium-rich fluids. The race to find lithium is driven by expectations that fast-rising electric car sales will make the lithium required for batteries in those vehicles a valuable commodity. Those chasing direct extraction are also betting that their innovations can do what they say. Direct extraction from water started looking like a real possibility earlier this year when ExxonMobil paid $100 million to buy a company holding 120,000 gross acres of leases in south Arkansas. The price reflected the location in the heart of the direct lithium extraction industry of the future. The area offers a unique combination of lithium-rich water plus the infrastructure and expertise needed to transport, process, and dispose of the billions of gallons of water needed for industrial-scale mineral extraction. Commercial production of battery-quality lithium carbonate in Arkansas is years off. But the sprawling network of water-producing wells, pipelines, and processing that have made the state one of the world’s leading bromine producers, lowers the risk and cost of commercial lithium production. The source of the lithium-rich water is the Smackover—an oil formation discovered near El Dorado, Arkansas, back in 1921 when a gusher blew in. A year after that discovery, there were 608 producing wells nearby, according to the El Dorado News-Times. Now with lithium looking like battery gold, investors are rushing in. In this emotional market, lithium carbonate prices have swung like cryptocurrency. As of mid-October, a ton of it was selling for about $25,000. Over the past quarter it averaged $32,000/ton. Late last year it stood at $85,000. And in 2021 it was going for $10,000, said Graham Bain, vice president for subsurface opportunities at Enverus. He offered $25,000/ton as a “go forward price.” As with oil and gas, hopes of high prices have a way of rapidly increasing supplies, resulting in price-crashing gluts. So far, most oil companies sound curious but far from committed to lithium. “There’s a big rush. I have received several requests from companies in the Permian Basin to discuss lithium in the water,” said Jean-Philippe Nicot, senior research scientist at the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at The University of Texas at Austin. He is the lead author on recent paper that offered a primer on what’s known about lithium brines from oil wells in states from Texas to Mississippi. It is based on nearly 1,802 water analyses from the US Geological Survey (USGS)—some dating back to the 1960s—plus a recent 576-well survey by the BEG. The geologists, whose work ranged from hard-rock mining to water research, said this is an early effort to begin figuring out how to find the lithium in subsurface water.

Characterization and Resource Potential of Li in the Clay Minerals of Mahai Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin, China

The strategic importance of lithium in global development has become increasingly prominent due to the rapid growth of the new energy automotive industry and the continuous advancements in controllable nuclear fusion technology. Lithium minerals in salt lakes possess advantageous characteristics, such as abundant reserves, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. Furthermore, with ongoing improvements in the lithium extraction process, the availability of lithium minerals in salt lakes is expected to further increase. The Qaidam Basin Salt Lake in China has served as the location for the establishment of numerous lithium carbonate production enterprises, resulting in a lithium carbonate production volume of 7 × 104 t/yr in 2022. How to meet the growing need for lithium resources has become an enterprise focus. Nevertheless, there are large amounts of clay minerals in and around the bottom and periphery of the salt lake in the Qaidam Basin, and whether these minerals are of exploitable value, regardless of the state of the occurrence of lithium resources, remains unexplored. To ascertain the attributes, extent, and distribution of the lithium occurrence within the clayey layer of the Qaidam Basin, as well as to assess its resource potential, a total of 87 drill holes were conducted within a designated area of the Mahai Basin, which is a secondary basin in the Qaidam Basin. The subsequent analysis encompassed the examination of the lithium content within the clay minerals, the mineral composition of the clay, and, ultimately, the evaluation of the resource potential within the region. Compared with Quaternary salt lake deposits, brine deposits in gravel pores, and the Paleogene–Neogene Li-bearing salt deposits that have been studied, it is suggested that this is a novel form of a clay-type sedimentary Li deposit within the Qaidam Basin. The findings of this research will serve as a fundamental basis for future endeavors pertaining to the exploration and exploitation of lithium deposits within salt lake areas.

Recovery of Lithium from Simulated Nanofiltration-Treated Seawater Desalination Brine Using Solvent Extraction and Selective Precipitation

ABSTRACT The world's seas and oceans contain vast amounts of lithium, but the low concentration hereof renders solvent extraction impractical for its recovery. By contrast, seawater desalination brine, after treatment by nanofiltration, contains a roughly tenfold greater concentration of lithium than raw seawater. Hence, lithium can be effectively recovered from such streams using solvent extaction. Compared with other techniques to sequester lithium from dilute solutions, solvent extraction offers the advantages of simple operations, robust and well-established technology and high recovery yields. Thus, we propose a solvent-extraction based process to recover lithium from seawater desalination brine, treated by nanofiltration. The first step comprises the removal of magnesium and calcium using methyltrioctylammonium neodecanoate in p-cymene. This is followed by a lithium extraction step using the extractants Mextral 54–100 and Cyanex 923 in Shellsol D70 diluent. The lithium extract is then scrubbed with water and stripped with hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, residual alkaline earth metals are removed with sodium hydroxide in ethanol and finally lithium is precipitated using sodium carbonate. The solvent extraction, scrubbing and stripping steps were demonstrated on mini-pilot scale in continuous countercurrent mode (in mixer-settlers), while the precipitation steps were demonstrated in batch. The process was found to have an overall yield of 74%, affording a lithium carbonate product with a purity of 97 wt%.

DEVELOPMENT OF SORPTION MATERIALS OF WIDE FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE IN THE V.I. VERNADSKII INSTITUTE OF GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF THE NAS OF UKRAINE

The review is devoted to the work, which were performed at the V.I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the NAS of Ukraine according to the direction of the development of sorption naterials of wide functional purpose. All sorbents can be used in separation processes: due to their coarse dispersion and mechanical strength, they can be used as fillers for sorption columns.The direction of early works is the development of amorphous hydrophosphates and double hyd­rated oxides of multivalent metals, intended for the removal of toxic inorganic ions from water (arsenate-, chromate- and borate-anions, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+cations etc.). Currently, attention is focused on the development of composite materials.The base of inorganic composites is hydrophosphate and oxide sorbents, and the modifiers are the advanced carbon materials, lithium-titanium and lithium-titanium-manganese spinels etc.Sorbents based on ion-exchange resins modified with inorganic ionites have also been developed.The combination of various components in composites makes it possible to obtain sorbents with improved properties (faster sorption, increased capacity and selectivity, sorption capacity in a wider pH range, easier regeneration) or multifunctional materials that sorb both inorganic and orga­nic compounds, for example, pesticides. Prospective field of research is the development of technologies that include not only the extraction of toxic and valuable components from liquids of natural, technological and biogenic origin, but also the regeneration of the sor­bent and processing of the concentrate to obtain commercial products.Thus, the integration of lithium sorption concentration into the process of reverse osmosis water desalination has been proposed. The processing of the solution formed during the regeneration of the sorbent includes the production of lithium carbonate and a complex fertilizer for acidic soils. Composites, the components of which are natural materials, are also in the focus of attention.Magnetic sorbents based on biopolymers, proposed for extraction of oil and oil products from water surfaces. Composites based on zeolites are used as containers for liquid fertilizers Another direction of research is the creation of composites - potential membrane modifiers for separation processes.

Effect of [Na+]/[Li+] concentration ratios in brines on lithium carbonate production through membrane electrolysis.

Lithium is a fundamental raw material for the production of rechargeable batteries. The technology currently in use for lithium salts recovery from continental brines entails the evaporation of huge water volumes in desert environments. It also requires that the native brines reside for not less than a year in open air ponds, and is only applicable to selected compositions, not allowing its application to more diluted brines such as those geothermally sourced or waters produced from the oil industry. We have proposed an alternative technology based on membrane electrolysis. In three consecutive water electrolyzers, fitted alternately with anion and cation permselective membranes, we have shown, at proof-of-concept level, that it is possible to sequentially recover lithium carbonate and several by-products, including magnesium and calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, H2 and HCl. The big challenge is to bring this technology closer to practical implementation. Thus, the issue is how to apply relatively well-known electrochemical technology principles to large volumes and to a highly complex and saline broth. We have studied the application of this new methodology to ternary mixtures (NaCl, LiCl and KCl) with constant LiCl and KCl composition and increasing NaCl content. Results showed very similar behaviour for systems containing [Na+]/[Li+] concentration ratios ranging from 1.24 to 4.80. The voltage developed between the anode and cathode is almost the same in all systems at roughly 3.5 V when a constant current density of 50 A m-2 is applied. The three monovalent cations migrate with different rates across the cation exchange membrane, with Li+ being the most sluggish and thus crystallization of Li2CO3 only occurs close to completion of the electrolysis. The dimensionless concentration profiles are almost indistinguishable despite the changes in total salinity. The solids crystallized from different feeds showed higher Na+ and K+ contents as the initial Na+ concentration was increased. However, solids with over 99.9% purity in Li2CO3 could be obtained after a simple re-suspension treatment in hot water. The electrochemical energy consumption greatly increases with higher Na+ concentrations, and the amount of fresh water that can be recovered is diminished.

A new process to produce battery grade lithium carbonate from salt lake brines by purification, synergistic solvent extraction and carbon dioxide stripping

There are abundant lithium resources in China, and the demand for lithium salts is high. However, lithium resources of the sulfate salt lakes in Tibet, such as Baqiancuo Salt Lake, have not been effectively utilised. This study proposes a synergistic extraction system composed of LIX 54, TRPO, and surfactant ADD-1 for efficient lithium extraction from the brine and separation of impurities. The CO2 gas stripped lithium and produced high-purity lithium bicarbonate solution. Thermal decomposition produced lithium carbonate solid from the loaded strip solution. The comprehensive yield of lithium was higher than 95%, and the quality of the lithium carbonate product reached the battery chemical grade standard. This new process offers a new way for the utilisation of lithium resources in salt lakes.

Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries

While many different lithium carbonate production routes have been developed, existing life cycle assessments (LCA) of lithium carbonate production from brines are mainly based on a single brine operation site. Hence, current life cycle inventories do not capture the variability of brine sites and misestimate life cycle impacts. This study presents a systematic approach for LCA of existing and future lithium carbonate production from brines, which can furthermore be applied to geothermal brines or seawater. It has been used to model life cycle inventories of three existing and two upcoming brine operations in Argentina, Chile, and China, and is combined with regionalized life cycle impact assessment. Impacts on climate change, particulate matter human health impacts, and water scarcity from lithium carbonate production differ substantially among sites. Existing life cycle inventories for lithium-ion battery production underestimate climate change impacts by up to 19% compared to one from our study.

The application of an enhanced salinity-gradient solar pond with nucleation matrix in lithium extraction from Zabuye salt lake in Tibet

The utilization of salinity-gradient solar ponds (SGSPs) to extract lithium from salt lake brine is one of the most direct and effective uses of solar energy. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is rich in unique solar energy resources, as well as various types of salt lakes with abundant lithium resources. Among them, Zabuye salt lake in Tibet is a typical lithium-rich carbonate salt lake, and it has successfully realized the industrialization of lithium extraction from brine for the first time by using the SGSP. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of lithium resource market, the demand for lithium has further grown. There are some bottleneck problems restricting the lithium carbonate production in the lithium extraction technology with traditional SGSPs, which must be overcome, such as the slower heating rate, smaller heating amplitude, longer production cycle, lower crystallization efficiency and so on. From the angle of green environmental protection and high-efficiency technology, this research focused on the temperature field and salinity field distribution of the traditional SGSP and the special crystallization behavior of lithium carbonate, and carried out experimental research on process optimization in Zabuye mining area. Based on the heterogeneous nucleation theory, the use of an enhanced SGSP with a nucleation matrix for assisting the crystallization of lithium carbonate was proposed. The change of crystallization behavior of lithium carbonate, the influence of matrix materials and the spatial distribution on the crystallization effect were investigated. The results show that the enhanced SGSP with the nucleation matrix has a significant effect of increasing the production of lithium carbonate, and the lithium mixed salt attached to the nucleation matrix is of a higher grade and a lower moisture content. The yield per unit area of lithium carbonate on the nucleation matrix made of the gauze and plastic net is equivalent to that on the slope and bottom of the solar pond, and the grade of lithium carbonate approaches 80 %. The yield per unit area of lithium carbonate on the nucleation matrix made of tumbleweed is about four times as much as is achieved with other materials and the crystallization exceeds expectations. It is concluded that the application of the enhanced SGSP with the nucleation matrix can improve the crystallization efficiency, the output and the grade of lithium carbonate to a certain extent and this optimization technique will provide an important theoretical basis and application support for green, efficient development of lithium resources from salt lake brine.

Lithium extraction from petalite ore by chloride sublimation roasting

Pilot plant tests were carried out for the technology for chloride sublimation of lithium from petalite ore with concurrent cement clinker production. Main technical and economic indicators of lithium carbonate production were determined. Chloride sublimation roasting allows combining ore roasting and lithium sublimation with the process of Portland cement clinker production (roasting). Thus, it becomes possible to distribute energy expenditure for high-temperature firing over a much larger volume of products – clinker and lithium salts. Lithium recovered in the form of lithium chloride vapors is captured by an aqueous absorption solution, which has a much smaller volume compared to the volumes of leaching solutions in lime, sulfuric acid or autoclave alkaline technologies. Correspondingly, the flows of processed solutions are reduced, which significantly saves reagents and energy during their processing and significantly reduces the capital costs of tank equipment. Due to the high content of aluminum and silicon oxides in lithium aluminosilicate ores, it is possible to use them in the production of cement clinker instead of the clay component of the charge.

Study on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement prepared by the magnesium-rich byproducts from the production of lithium carbonate from salt lakes

Study on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement prepared by the magnesium-rich byproducts from the production of lithium carbonate from salt lakes