Liter Of Seawater Research Articles

ズワイガニに関する漁業生物学的研究-IV

This paper deals with the duration of the planktonic larval stages of the Tanner Crab, Chionoecetes opilio, estimated from rearing experiments of the larvae at different temperatures. Ovigerous female crabs were collected in moter trawl net which was operated in Wakasa Bay in the Japan Sea on January 11, 1969. The specimens were kept in a tank with approximately 500 liters of sea water at 7-13°C. The larvae hatched on January 27, 1969. As food, rotifers and newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii were given during the first and second stages of the larvae, and grown brine shrimp of the size from 5 to 10mm in total length during the megalopa stage. The rearing of the larvae was attempted at six different grades of temperature, ranging from 4 to 20°C, and the water temperature was regulated by the use of cold water and a heater on one or each side of the containers (Fig. 1). The highest temperature to keep the larvae alive for a long time was about 18°C. It was found that between the temperatures of 4 and 18°C, the warmer the water the shorter becomes the duration for one molting stage. The following relationship was observed between the number of days required for one molting (y) and the mean temperature of the water used for rearing (x); y=300.89/x1.1117 in the first stage zoea, y=367.45/x1.1619 in the second stage zoea. The integral temperatures for an intermolt were found to be as follows; 215-255 day•°C in the first stage zoea, 217-299 day·°C in the second stage zoea and 262-442 day•°C in the megalopa stage (Table 1). In a suspected duration of hatching season for this species of crab, the water temperature throughout the surface to the depth of 150m in the fishing grounds of Wakasa Bay was 11-13°C (Fig. 3). It was estimated from the relations above that the total duration of the planktonic larval stages in this stratum may be 63-66 days. In other words, the duration might be limited to within three months even though the larvae migrate up from or down to a stratum of cold water deeper than 150m when they rise to the surface in the first stage zoea, or when they sink to the sea-bottom in the megalopa stage or first adult type stage. As the carapace width (2.6-2.9mm) and the external appearance in the first molting stage in the specimens of adult form obtained in these experiments are nearly the same as those reported in the previous paper, it is considered that those reported previously were also specimens equivalent to this first molting stage (Fig. 2).

Indium content of sea water

The indium content of sea water was determined by mass spectrometry. An indium profile in the Pacific Ocean to a depth of 3571 m showed an average concentration of 0.004 μg per liter of sea water.

Studies on the meroplankton in the inner Oslofjord I. Composition of the plankton at Nakkholmen during a whole year

Abstract The meroplankton at Nakkholmen in the inner Oslofjord has been studied during one annual cycle (December 1963–December 1964). Each of the 70 samples taken consisted of the larvae from 1000 litres of sea water delivered by a suction pump and filtered through a 125 μ plankton net. In total, these samples contained about 182,000 larvae belonging to 54 species (polychaetes: 27 species, bivalves: 16 species, gastropods: 6 species, echinoderms: 5 species). For almost the whole year the meroplankton was dominated by larvae of polychaetes which constituted 90.6 % of the total number of larvae. In particular Polydora ciliata and P. antennata were found in enormous numbers. Thus, about 78 % of the total number of larvae were identified as P. ciliata, followed in frequency by larvae of Mytilus edulis (8.3 %) and of Polydora antennata (6.7 %). The number of echinoderm and gastropod larvae were negligible. The observed composition of the larval plankton agrees well with that from the southern part of the Cope...

Flame Photometer Specialized for Cesium

A new photometer system is described that allows very small traces of an element, such as cesium, to be determined quantitatively with greater precision than previously possible with flame-emission spectra. For example, with the new system it is possible to replicate measurements of the cesium in quantities that are normally present in one liter of sea water (about 0.3 μg) with standard error less than two percent. Dilute cesium standard solutions can be compared significantly within a few parts per billion. This, apparently, has not been reported for any previous flame photometer. The system consists of two photomultiplier tubes observing a flame simultaneously, from the same aspect, but each having a different optical filter interposed. Use is made of a beam splitter and two interference filters, one filter passing only a narrow band centered at the 8521.1-Å line of cesium, the other filter passing a nearby band not containing much of this emission but rather passing a sample of the background of the flame that contributes much of the total statistical fluctuation. Signals from these two phototubes are compared by suitable differential circuits, and are continuously recorded. A specialized automatic sample-changing system was developed to provide for precise timing of the burning of the sample and the standard solutions and to carry out aspirator washings immediately following the burning of each sample. Finally, means are provided for continuously monitoring the aspiration rate by recording the brightness of the background (off-peak) signal independently.

On the Electrolytic Conductivity of Electrolytes Simulating Those Found in Silver Chloride‐Magnesium, Sea Water Activated Batteries

Experimental determinations were made at temperatures of 5°–75°C of the electrolytic conductivity of simulated sea water activated battery electrolytes formulated from 4.5 to 19 o/oo (parts per thousand) chlorinity artificial sea water with added per liter of sea water.

Microbiological assay for organic compounds in seawater. II. Distribution of adenine, uracil, and threonine.

Biochemically deficient strains of Serratia marinorubra have been isolated with specific requirements for adenine, uracil, and threonine. Standard curves for dose to growth response have been obtained showing a linear sensitivity from 0.5 to 4.0 mg of adenine per liter of seawater, 0.1 to 2.0 mg of uracil per liter of seawater, and 0.5 to 10 mg of threonine per liter of seawater. These mutants have been used to test for the presence of their required metabolites in natural seawater samples from the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent bays. Of the three compounds under investigation, adenine was found in 10 samples, uracil in 2 samples, and threonine in none. The possible significance of these findings to the marine environment is discussed.

Microbiological assay for organic compounds in seawater. I. Quantitative assay procedures and biotin distribution.

A method for the quantitative identification of organic compounds in seawater has been developed. When auxotrophic mutants of Serratia marinorubra were incubated at 21 to 24 C for 72 hr with constant agitation, standard bioassay reference curves were obtained. Sodium glycerophosphate (400 mg per liter), ammonium dibasic citrate (5 g per liter), and glycerol (25 ml per liter) supplied the needed nutrients for maximal growth with a limited concentration of the required metabolite. Data are presented for the microbiological assay for biotin in waters of the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent bays. The range of sensitivity for the biotin mutant A101V is 5 to 12 mmug per liter in seawater, with a growth response from 2 to 16 mmug per liter of seawater. The possible ecological and chemical significance of biotin occurrence in spring-summer off-shore water is discussed.

Microbiological Assay for Organic Compounds in Seawater

A method for the quantitative identification of organic compounds in seawater has been developed. When auxotrophic mutants of Serratia marinorubra were incubated at 21 to 24 C for 72 hr with constant agitation, standard bioassay reference curves were obtained. Sodium glycerophosphate (400 mg per liter), ammonium dibasic citrate (5 g per liter), and glycerol (25 ml per liter) supplied the needed nutrients for maximal growth with a limited concentration of the required metabolite. Data are presented for the microbiological assay for biotin in waters of the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent bays. The range of sensitivity for the biotin mutant A101V is 5 to 12 mmug per liter in seawater, with a growth response from 2 to 16 mmug per liter of seawater. The possible ecological and chemical significance of biotin occurrence in spring-summer off-shore water is discussed.

粗珪酸を指標とするアコヤガイの濾過水量と摂餌量の測定法について

It is well known that lamellibranchs are very sensitive to disturbance and changes in the environmental condition and that they react by sl owing down or even stopping the water transport. In most investigations into lamellibranchs, filtering rates measured under laboratorical conditions tend, therefore, to be lower than under natural conditions. Thus, the purpose of the present investigation is to determine the filtering rate of the pearl oyster, Pteria (Pinctada) martensii DUNKER, under normal environment, namely, in the sea. The authors have employed the crude silicate as an indicator since it is much contained in suspending materials and in faeces. Moreover, the silicate is relatively stable in the process of the digestion (Table 2). Filtering and feeding-rate were calculated formula (1) and (2). Filtering rate (liter)=Amount of insoluble crude silicate in faeces of peral oyster/Amount of insoluble crude silicate in one liter sea water (1) Feeding rate of pearl oyster=Filtering rate×Amount of suspending matter in one liter of sea water (2) Approximate estimation of filtering rate from crude silicate method was 24-352l/one pearl oyster/one day (average, 167l in Matoya Bay). These values are two times higher than the results of generally used methods (Table 4). In this experiment, the feeding rate (as dry matter) ranges from 63-774mg/one pearl oyster/one day (average, 380mg in Matoya Bay) (Table 3).

Effects of Copper Ion on Oxygen Uptake by Planktonic Cyprids of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite niveus.

SummaryOxygen uptake by planktonic cyprids of Balanus amphitrite niveus was elevated by addition of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg of copper ion per liter of sea water. Concentrations from 10 to 500 mg/1 progressively depress oxygen absorption. Analysis of individual patterns relates increased oxygen consumption to increased motor activity and energy cost of active transport.

マダコ稚仔の飼育について

The larvae of the Japanese commercial octopod, Octopus (Octopus) vulgare CUVIER, were successfully reared from the swimming larvae just after hatching to the benthic young octopus in 33 to 40 days on a diet of the zoea larvae of the shrimp, Palaemon serrifer. The rearing experiments were carried out at the Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station from June to September, 1962. At a start of experiments 200 individuals of the octopus larvae were kept in a glass vessel containing about 8 litre of sea-water. During the early 20 days period the sea-water of each vessel was aerated and renewed every 3rd or 4th day, and after this period the method was changed for the use of running water. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) From just after hatching, the larvae of the octopus were fed on the larvae of Palaemon of 2 to 4mm body-length. (See Table 1) After transforming into benthic stage, they were given a small piece of ovaries, testes and hepatic glands of the crab, Charybdis japonica. Three or four days after transforming, they were fed on small shrimps and young crabs, Gaetice depressus (DE HAAN) of 5 to 7mm carapace-width. It was observed that the young octopus of 30mm total-length ate 4 or 5 young crabs in a day. 2) The survival rate of the octopus larvae was found as low as 9 percent through the free-swimming stage. However, it would be conceivably possible to raise this survival rate much higher if sufficient food supply is secured during the rearing experiments. 3) The growth of the octopus larvae in 90 days after hatching at water temperature 24.7°C (23.0-26.7°C) can be seen in Table 4 and Fig. 1. It was found that the larvae settled on the bottom 33 to 40 days after hatching, when they attained a size ranging 10-15mm in total-length (3.8-5.7mm in body-length). Once the swimming larvae transformed into the benthic young octopus, they became nocternal and fed on foods mainly at night. A considerable mortality occurred among the young octopus, which was caused by cannibalism and creeping out of the rearing water. 4) The numbers of suckers found on each arm were 3 at the hatching, 5 (4-6) at 10 days, 9 (6-12) at 20 days, 19 (16-22) at 30 days, 24 (21-27) at 40 days and 22-23 when a majority of octopus larvae grew to the benthic stage.

The determination of uranium in sea water by pulse polarography

A procedure is described for the determination of the uranium content of sea water. The uranium is first separated and concentrated from 4 litres of sea water by solvent extraction with di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid in carbon tetrachloride. A further purification of the uranium is carried out by the extraction, of uranyl nitrate into ethyl acetate, and the uranium concentration is found by pulse polarography using the peak from a perchloric acid-tartrate supporting electrolyte. Uranium-237 is employed as a radioactive tracer to measure the percentage recovery of uranium in the chemical separation processes. The value obtained for English Channel water is 3.37 ± 0.08 μg of uranium per litre.

Concentration of caesium-137 in the coastal waters of Japan (1959).

I HAVE analysed bittern and carnallite of industrial origin and deduced the concentration of caesium-137 in the coastal waters in early 1958 of Japan as 70–150 µµc. kgm./l.1 Recently, by application of a low-level β-counting equipment, caesium-137 has been successfully determined by direct treatment of 6–20 litres of sea-water.

Radiochemical Separation of Fission Products from Large Volumes of Sea Water. Strontium, Cesium, Cerium, and Promethium

Chemical methods were used to isolate 28-year strontium-90, 30-year cesium-137, 280-day cerium144, and 2.4-year prometiuum-147 from as much as 200 liters of sea water. Strontium separation involves precipitation of mixed strontium-calcium carbonates directly and in the presence of (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate ion, precipitation of strontium nitrate, scavenging with ferric hydroxide-barium chromate, and conversion to strontium carbonate. Strontium-90 activity is measured by separating and counting the daughter yttrium-90 activity. Cesium is coprecipitated with dipotassium sodium cobaitinitrite, separated as cesium silicotungstate, converted to the perchlorate, and freed of trace potassium and rubidium by ion exchange. Rare earths are removed by initial coprecipitation on ferric hydroxide. Uranium,protactinium, and thorium are removed by ion exchange; radium and lead are scavenged with barium sulfate. The cerium fraction is obtained in pure form by separation as cerium(IV); promethium, by cation exchange.

藻類の栄養代謝に関する研究-II

In the previous paper1) we dealt with the effectiveness of amino acids, vitamins and pyloric coeca extract of skipjack on the growth of Porphyra tenera. Successively we studied on the same subject through the culture of Digenea simplex. The results are summarized in Table 1. In these studies it was found that the growth of Digenea was improved by addition of casein hydrolysate, vitamin mixture and pyloric coeca extract of skipjack as in the case of Porphyra. The addition of vitamin B12 allowed a considerable growth of Digenea when added in much smaller quentity, about 0.002-0.02γ per litre of sea water. The further addition of vitamin B12 was without apparent effect.

Natural Radiocarbon Measurements on Surface Water from the North Atlantic and the Arctic Sea

An apparatus for the extraction of carbon dioxide from 100 liters of sea-water using carbonate-free sodium hydroxide solution as absorbant liquid and its performance is described. A test series of 6 sea water samples is presented, on which natural C14 determinations are made and the results obtained are briefly discussed in relation to other age measurements on similar waters. The correlation between salinity and C14 activity is shown.

Rearing experiments on marine teleost larvae and evidence of their need for sleep.

DURING a study of the biology of the shore fishes Blennius pholis L. and Centronotus gunnellus (L.) several series of experiments have been carried out on the rearing of the larvae. By keeping sufficient eggs in the aquaria it was possible to obtain large numbers of larvae of similar age. These were evenly distributed between bell-jars which each contained 25 litres of sea water and about fifty larvae. It was soon found that mechanical stirring by plunger plates as used by previous workers1 was accompanied by very heavy mortality of the larvae. The water was therefore kept circulating slowly by gentle streams of small air bubbles. The different batches of larvae were subjected to various conditions of food and illumination. Larvae which died were removed daily and percentage survival was used as criterion for comparison between batches. Surviving larvae grew well, and given suitable conditions a small percentage of these species and of Cottus scorpius L. were reared until metamorphosis, when they adopted the demersal habit of the adults.

イボニシPurpura clavigera (KÜSTER) の吸着力に及ぼす酸・アルカリ並に電圧の影響

A study has been made on the effects of acid, alkali and voltage to the adhesive force of Purpura ciavigera, with ?? view to eliminate the oyster drills out of the seed oysters. The study has been carried out under the same method employed in my previous investigation4). The media used herein are as follows: Acidified sea water was prepared by adding hydrochloric acid (35% HCl) at the rate of 0.10, 0.20-0.25, 0.30, 0.67 and 3.00cc. per litre of sea water respectively. Alkalified one was set by addition of ammonia (28% NH3) at the rate of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20cc. per litre of sea water respectively. In the experiment of electrifing the drills, ?? glass jar, 11×16×23cm. in size, was used. An abalone shell with drills firmly attached on it was suspended vertically in the jar filled with three litres of sea water, 15.8-16.2°C. in temperature. Carbon electrodes taken from dry cells were set down on each side of the abalone shell at a distance of ten centimetres. Voltages from 10 to 80 were tested. The results obtained are as follows. The adhesive force of the drill seems to be weak against alkali and electricity, while it seems to stand surprisingly against acid. Besides these, it should be mentioned herewith that the percentage of drills fallen off is hundred per cent in the annexed cases: pH 9.4 (29.9°C.) and 1.5 (30.0, 15.6, 3.6°C.), and voltages above 70 (16.0°C.).

イボニシPurpura clavigera (KÜSTER) の吸着力に及ぼす温度並に鹹度の影響

Some tests have been done on the adhesive force of Purpura clavigera, ?? representative of oysetr enemy in Japan, under the purpose to find out available method exterminating oyster drills from seed oyster in various conditions of environmental elements, viz, salinity and temperature. At experiment, an empty shell of abalone with the drills attached tenaciously was hung down vertically in those media given below in still condition for two minutes, and the percentage of drills fallen off was enumerated. Lower salinity media were prepared by diluting sea water with fresh water at the rate of a quarter, two-fourths and three-fourths, respectively. Higher salinity ones were made in a manner adding 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 grams of common salt per litre of sea water. Water temperature on which the experiments for thermal effect was undertaken ranged within a limit from 3.7° to 53.3°C. The following matters may be mentioned as the results taken from the experiments dealt with herein. The adhesive force of the drill appears to be weak against higher salinity and temperature. But it appears to stand against lower salinity and temperature. The adhesive property of the drill shows a broad range of adaptability for temperature, especially for lower one as holding adhesive force within ?? limit from 3.7° to 17.0°C. Lastly it should be writen in this place that the drill fallen off is hundred per cent in the annexed cases: 80g./L. salt (30.3°C), 100g./L. salt (29.9°C., 14.7°C.), and temperatures above 36.5°C.

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MARINE PROTOZOAN SPECIES IN THE WOODS HOLE AREA

Previous articleNext article No AccessJournal ArticlesOCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MARINE PROTOZOAN SPECIES IN THE WOODS HOLE AREAJAMES B. LACKEYJAMES B. LACKEY Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 70, Number 2April 1936 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1537471 Views: 18Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © 1936 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:GEORGE L. CLARKE and DONALD J. ZINN SEASONAL PRODUCTION OF ZOÖPLANKTON OFF WOODS HOLE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALANUS FINMARCHICUS, The Biological Bulletin 73, no.33 (Sep 2016): 464–487.https://doi.org/10.2307/1537607