Literature Citations Research Articles

Algorithms for connecting scientific names with literature in the Biodiversity Heritage Library via the Global Names Project and Catalogue of Life

Being able to quickly find and access original species descriptions is essential for efficiently conducting taxonomic research. Linking scientific name queries to the original species description is challenging and requires taxonomic intelligence because on average there are an estimated three scientific names associated with each currently accepted species, and many historical scientific names have fallen into disuse from being synonymized or forgotten. Additionally, non-standard usage of journal abbreviations can make it difficult to automatically disambiguate bibliographic citations and ascribe them to the correct publication. The largest open access resource for biodiversity literature is the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), which was built by a consortium of natural history institutions and contains over 200,000 digitized volumes of natural history publications spanning hundreds of years of biological research. Catalogue of Life (CoL) is the largest aggregator of scientific names globally, publishing an annual checklist of currently accepted scientific names and their historical synonyms. TaxonWorks is an integrative web-based workbench that facilitates collaboration on biodiversity informatics research between scientists and developers. The Global Names project has been collaborating with BHL, TaxonWorks, and CoL to develop a Global Names Index that links all of these services together by finding scientific names in BHL and using the taxonomic intelligence provided by CoL to conveniently link directly to the page referenced in BHL. The Global Names Index is continuously updated as metadata is improved and digitization technologies advance to provide more accurate optical character recognition (OCR) of scanned texts. We developed an open source tool, “BHLnames,” and launched a restful application programming interface (API) service with a freely available Javascript widget that can be embedded on any website to link scientific names to literature citations in BHL. If no bibliographic citation is provided, the widget will link to the oldest name usage in BHL, which often is the original species description. The BHLnames widget can also be used to browse all mentions of a scientific name and its synonyms in BHL, which could make the tool more broadly useful for studying the natural history of any species.

A literature review and citation analyses of air travel demand studies published between 2010 and 2020

Accurate forecasting of air travel demand is vital for the resource planning of the air transportation industry. Therefore, identifying contributing factors and understanding the effect of these factors in causing the variation of air travel demand have been one of the key focus areas in air transportation research. This article reviews 87 air travel demand studies published from 2010 to 2020 and summarizes these studies using their input data and primary analytical methods. We also devise and conduct three citation analyses to further explore the relationships among the reviewed studies. Our review finds that a typical empirical study of air travel demand analysis would focus on the demand at the national level, employ time-series data concerning socio-economic and airline operational factors and use time-series based methods to estimate the relationship among the selected time-series. These studies are mostly applying existing analytical frameworks to specific problems rather than developing original methods, therefore their relationship to each other is parallel rather than sequential. A small number of references are frequently cited by the reviewed studies primarily because of their methodological contribution to time-series analysis. A common limitation of existing literature is that very few reviewed studies provide validation of their analyses. In addition, methods that are not regression or time-series based have very limited application in this area so far, so are the non-convention data such as mobility data or social media data. Besides providing a systematic summary of recent publications in a specific field, this review uses a relatively objective and replicable framework to compare and link studies by their references, which can be visualized by the figures included in this review. This review is expected to benefit future researchers that are interested in either air transportation or the application of time-series forecasting in an applied domain.

GENDER DISPARITIES IN CITATIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND INFERTILITY LITERATURE: ARE THE SCALES TIPPING?

Disproportionate publications and citations by gender limit academic productivity and promotion to leadership positions, propagating existing gender disparities within the field of medicine. We sought to identify gender differences in publications and citations in the reproductive medicine literature.

Yield, Characterization, and Possible Exploitation of Cannabis Sativa L. Roots Grown under Aeroponics Cultivation.

Cannabis sativa L. has been used for a long time to obtain food, fiber, and as a medicinal and psychoactive plant. Today, the nutraceutical potential of C. sativa is being increasingly reappraised; however, C. sativa roots remain poorly studied, despite citations in the scientific literature. In this direction, we identified and quantified the presence of valuable bioactives (namely, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, friedelin, and epi-friedelanol) in the root extracts of C. sativa, a finding which might pave the way to the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of all parts of the C. sativa plant. To facilitate root harvesting and processing, aeroponic (AP) and aeroponic-elicited cultures (AEP) were established and compared to soil-cultivated plants (SP). Interestingly, considerably increased plant growth—particularly of the roots—and a significant increase (up to 20-fold in the case of β-sitosterol) in the total content of the aforementioned roots’ bioactive molecules were observed in AP and AEP. In conclusion, aeroponics, an easy, standardized, contaminant-free cultivation technique, facilitates the harvesting/processing of roots along with a greater production of their secondary bioactive metabolites, which could be utilized in the formulation of health-promoting and health-care products.

Infographics and Visual Abstracts

Medical educators teach and disseminate information to learners who are often in time-pressured clinical learning environments that can limit their ability to process and understand information. Heightening this challenge is the ongoing need for learners to access, identify, and apply relevant information from a high volume of new or existing literature. Creating and using digestible visual summaries of high-yield takeaways can overcome some of these challenges. However, most educators are unaware of strategies and tools for creating and disseminating concise, high-quality visual summaries.Infographics provide a visual representation of information, and visual abstracts are a subset of infographics used to synopsize key findings from an article. Through intentional use of design elements and visual-spatial reorganization of content, readers can process complex information more easily. Visual representations are time-efficient and designed to engage the reader's visual processing capacity and decrease cognitive workload. In fact, studies have found that visual abstracts result in equivalent or increased knowledge transfer and retention when added to text.1,2 The use of infographics and visual abstracts on social media platforms is associated with higher engagement and Altmetric scores than the dissemination of medical literature citations alone.3 In a randomized controlled trial the use of a visual abstract resulted in articles being read nearly 3 times as often.4

The Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project.

The Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) and jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) formula for menopausal symptoms: Classical records, clinical evidence and experimental data

ObjectivesThis study sought to determine the most common oral herbal formula for menopausal symptoms in classical Chinese medicine textbooks and investigate its clinical effectiveness and potential mechanisms of action. MethodsThe most common formula used for menopause-like symptoms in past eras was identified from the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was undertaken and findings from relevant experimental studies were summarized. ResultsLicorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) and jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) formula (LJF) was used in 63 of the 175 citations (36%) in the classical literature. Evidence from four RCTs showed that while LJF may improve sleep symptoms, there is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations for clinical practice. Experimental studies showed sedative, antidepressant-like, estrogenic and antiprogestogenic actions. ConclusionsLJF has a long history of use for menopause-like symptoms, but further research is needed to confirm its clinical effects and guide clinical decision-making.

Comparing and Analyzing Applications of Intelligent Techniques in Cyberattack Detection

Now a day’s advancement in technology increases the use of automation, mobility, smart devices, and application over the Internet that can create serious problems for protection and the privacy of digital data and raised the global security issues. Therefore, the necessity of intelligent systems or techniques can prevent and protect the data over the network. Cyberattack is the most prominent problem of cybersecurity and now a challenging area of research for scientists and researchers. These attacks may destroy data, system, and resources and sometimes may damage the whole network. Previously numerous traditional techniques were used for the detection and mitigation of cyberattack, but the techniques are not efficient for new attacks. Today’s machine learning and metaheuristic techniques are popularly applied in different areas to achieve efficient computation and fast processing of complex data of the network. This paper is discussing the improvements and enhancement of security models, frameworks for the detection of cyberattacks, and prevention by using different machine learning and optimization techniques in the domain of cybersecurity. This paper is focused on the literature of different metaheuristic algorithms for optimal feature selection and machine learning techniques for the classification of attacks, and some of the prominent algorithms such as GA, evolutionary, PSO, machine learning, and others are discussed in detail. This study provides descriptions and tutorials that can be referred from various literature citations, references, or latest research papers. The techniques discussed are efficiently applied with high performance for detection, mitigation, and identification of cyberattacks and provide a security mechanism over the network. Hence, this survey presents the description of various existing intelligent techniques, attack datasets, different observations, and comparative studies in detail.

Supporting health students on rural placements: A scoping review.

To review Australian literature on initiatives used to provide support for pre-registration health students undertaking a rural placement. A scoping literature review. Rural, regional and remote areas of Australia. Publications were sourced from scientific databases including Ebscohost and CINAHL. Grey literature and journal citations were searched to identify other relevant articles. Identification of the various initiatives used to support students, evaluation of the success of these initiatives, and the feasibility and sustainability of implementing these initiatives. There were 36 articles included in the final analysis. The findings identified support initiatives specific to individual professions, not on supporting health students as a whole cohort. The key findings were grouped into identification of support initiatives and the alignment of these to students feeling a sense satisfaction, belonging and connectedness. Constraints to support health students undertaking rural placements identified disparity and inequity of support initiatives available for health students with medical students provided more support than other health students. This review highlights the importance of students developing a sense of belonging and building connections to community, which are strongly aligned with rural placements and student satisfaction. The need for socio-cultural, organisational and institutional support is linked to higher student satisfaction and intention to practice rurally. A centralised collation of support initiatives would benefit students, higher education institutions and stakeholders in their efforts to attract students to undertake rural placements and be immersed in these unique learning experiences.

Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMany studies are performed with the aerial parts of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). However, roots remain poorly studied, despite citations in the scientific literature. The C. sativa roots are indicated for the treatment of pain, inflammation, fever, among other health problems.Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of C. sativa roots in experimental models using mice and rats. Material and methodsThe chemical composition of the aqueous extract of C. sativa roots (AECsR) was evaluated by LC-MS. The antinociceptive activity was assessed in mice by the induction of writhing with acetic acid, paw licking with formalin, and reactivity in the hot plate test. Fever was induced by the administration of a suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in young rats. The asthmatic activity was performed with ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice with cellular and histological analysis. Finally, the spasmolytic activity was performed using mice isolated trachea. For in vivo studies, the doses were 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg whereas for in vitro, the concentration of AECsR was 729 μg/mL. ResultsFrom the LC-MS data, we identified p-coumaroyltyramine, feruloyltyramine canabissativine in AECsR. The extract promoted a reduction of writhing in all tested doses (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg). Similarly, it reduced the pain in the formalin test at doses of 12.5 and 50 mg/kg (first phase) and 12.5 and 25 mg/kg (second phase). In the hot plate test, the doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg promoted antinociceptive effect at different times, and the lowest dose maintained its action in the analyzes performed at 60, 90, and 120 min after administration. The anti-inflammatory activity of AECsR was observed in the mouse model of asthma, reducing the total leukocyte count in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) at a dose of 25 mg/kg, as well as reducing eosinophilia in all tested doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). Histological analysis of lungs stained with H&E and PAS showed a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells in the perivascular and peribronchial region, as well as reduced mucus production. ConclusionThe results suggest that AECsR promotes pain control, either by a central or inflammatory mechanism, and has antiasthmatic activity. However, there was no antipyretic or spasmolytic effect.

The application of procalcitonin in respiratory diseases: an evaluation of the current research literature.

Procalcitonin (PCT) can effectively identify bacterial infections and can be used for risk prediction and antimicrobial treatment in patients with unexplained fever and critically ill patients. In this study, statistical analyses of the literature were performed to clarify the application and research status of PCT in respiratory diseases. Future research directions are discussed. A literature search was conducted using the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) database in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Published literature between 1995 and February 6, 2021 were searched using the following strategies: subject term = procalcitonin; and Web of Science categories = Respiratory System. Using the Citespace software, the literature on the application of PCT in patients with respiratory diseases was analyzed in terms of annual publication status, subject distribution, country/institution distribution, journal distribution, author distribution, and keywords. A total of 542 related research literatures were identified, with the number of published papers and the number of literature citations increasing yearly. Research was mainly concentrated in the United States, China, Switzerland, and other countries, with countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada being involved in international collaborations. Research institutions were mainly universities or hospitals such as the University Hospital of Basel, University of Barcelona, and Northwestern University. In particular, the University Hospital of Basel had extensive inter-hospital collaborations. Stolz et al. published many related papers, but the centrality value was low. Authors including Christ-Crain M, Schuetz P, and Stolz D were highly cited. Journals such as the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chest, and the European Respiratory Journal were more influential. Keyword analysis showed that sepsis and pneumonia are the current hot topics. Related papers mainly focused on respiratory infections, especially sepsis and pneumonia. There were also a small number of studies suggesting that PCT is related to tumors.

Contexts and mechanisms that promote access to healthcare for populations experiencing homelessness: a realist review

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify and understand the health system contexts and mechanisms that allow for homeless populations to access appropriate healthcare when needed.DesignA realist review.Data sourcesOvid...

Academic expression: Development trends of scientific articles driven by technology

<p indent=0mm>Focusing on the expression, conception, creative means and presentation characteristics of scientific articles, this paper carries out the exploration and research on the development trends of scientific articles driven by technology. (1) The expression of scientific articles: Towards atomization. With the development of reading style, discipline development, academic communications and emerging technology, the phenomenon of fragmentation in the process of scientific research and publishing has become increasingly prominent, which forces the author’s writing style and article form to change. The future article is likely to be atomized articles with propositions and insights, which can be ideas, data and observations, or opinions. The content tends to be short and concise; in reading, it is more in line with the needs of human fragmented knowledge acquisition, but also conducive to machine identification, discovery, sharing and replication; and more diversified in presentation. (2) The conception of scientific articles: Providing better insights. AI constantly adapts to the more and more complex environment, improves the generalization ability of AI, and efficiently obtains hidden causality from structured data, which is not affected by physiological and psychological state, provides reliable and error-free analysis ability, and innovates the analysis method and efficiency of data. At the same time, AI has more powerful storage capacity and faster computing power, runs stably, helps researchers to improve the processing and analysis of data, provides researchers with more profound insights and support, and at the same time makes opinions more predictable and standardized, and enhances human decision-making ability. (3) The creation of scientific articles: The coexistence of UGC/PGC/OGC/MGC mode. MGC creation is the direction of intellectual media, and it will also be the mainstream form of articles creation in the future. With the help of machine intelligence, researchers can produce professional content more efficiently and realize the evolution road of intelligence specialization and intelligence of all things. Of course, the development of the Internet era is not a new model rapidly replacing another model, this change is usually relatively gradual, sudden far-reaching and fundamental changes are even less, so the future scientific articles creation is still the era of the coexistence of UGC/PGC/OGC/MGC mode. (4) The presentation of scientific articles: Giving readers the greatest freedom to read. In terms of the development of the whole society, interactivity is an important direction of today’s technological development, and “Taobao waiter” is the best illustration. For interactive articles, readers can change the underlying code and generate modified charts in order to better understand, verify or reconstruct the relevant work, and give readers more freedom to read; MR/VR/AR gives readers a more three-dimensional reading experience; articles have increasingly become web content, and hyperlinks have become a new way of literature citation. We can not only link the literature, but also link the comments of the “cited” references, and judge the starting point, breadth and depth of the articles according to the authority of the linked commentators. The innovative expression of scientific articles brings changes to the form of scientific research, academic innovation and discipline ecology, which makes full communication and interaction among researchers; the deep integration of emerging technologies and scientific journals will have a great impact on the development of science.

Patient blood management – recommendations from the International Consensus Conference, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

An International Consensus Conference (ICC) on PBM was held in 2018 to develop evidence‐based clinical and research recommendations for preoperative anaemia, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion thresholds for adults and implementation of PBM programmes. An international scientific committee (SC) defined 17 Population‐Intervention‐Comparison‐Outcome (PICO) questions for the three topics preoperative anaemia, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion thresholds for adults and PBM implementation. Based on these questions, an extensive literature search was conducted in four biomedical databases. The GRADE framework (= grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) was used to develop a systematic approach to the presentation of evidence summaries and for making clinical recommendations. Three expert panels (EP) consisting of clinicians, scientists, nurses, patient representatives and methodologists were established and used these methods to develop recommendations driven by published evidence. Out of more than 17 500 literature citations, data from 145 studies were incorporated. The expert panel for preoperative anaemia developed 4 clinical and 3 research recommendations. A strong recommendation advices early detection and management of preoperative anaemia before major elective surgery. For RBC transfusion thresholds, 4 clinical and 6 research recommendations have been formulated. Two strong clinical recommendations for RBC transfusion thresholds comprise a haemoglobin concentration of &lt;7 g/dl for critically ill, but clinical stable adult intensive care patients independent of septic shock and &lt;7·5 g/dl for adults undergoing cardiac surgery. For the implementation of PBM programmes, 2 clinical and 3 research recommendations were developed. Research recommendations were formulated as encouragement of new studies to answer open questions. Due to the relative paucity of strong evidence‐based answers in current publications to the 17 PICO questions, additional research, an international consensus for accepted definitions and Hb thresholds as well as clinically meaningful end‐points for clinical studies are necessary. The 2018 PBM ICC defined the current status of PBM evidence and established 10 clinical and 12 research recommendations for preoperative anaemia, RBC transfusion thresholds for adults and implementation of PBM programmes.

Factors associated with high Altmetric Attention Score in dermatology research.

Alternative metrics are emerging scores to assess the impact of research beyond the academic environment. To analyse whether a correlation exists between manuscript characteristics and alternative citation metrics. This bibliometric analysis included original articles published in the five journals with the highest impact factors during 2019. We extracted the following characteristics from each record: journal, publication month, title, number of authors, type of institution, type of publication, research topic, number of references, financial support, free/open access status and literature citations. The main measure was the identification of variables of higher social attention (measured by the Altmetric Attention Score ≥25) using binary logistic regression. Model performance was assessed by the change in the area under the curve (AUC). A total of 840 manuscripts were included. The Altmetric scores across all five journals ranged from 0 to 465 (mean 12.51±33.7; median 3). The most prevalent topic was skin cancer, and the study design was clinical science. The scientific journal (P<0.001), the presence of conflicts of interest (OR 2.2 [95%CI 1.3-3.7]; P=0.002) and open access status OR 3.2 [95%CI 1.6-6.7]; P=0.002) were found as independent predictors of high Altmetric scores. Our study suggests an article´s social recognition may be dependent on some manuscript characteristics, thus providing useful information on the dissemination of dermatology research to the general public.

Reasons for discontinuing oral anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review.

IntroductionAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and can lead to significant comorbidities and mortality. Persistence with oral anticoagulation (OAC) is crucial to prevent stroke but rates of discontinuation are high. This systematic review explored underlying reasons for OAC discontinuation.MethodsA systematic review was undertaken to identify studies that reported factors influencing discontinuation of OAC in AF, in 11 databases, grey literature and backwards citations from eligible studies published between 2000 and 2019. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and papers against inclusion criteria and extracted data. Study quality was appraised using Gough’s weight of evidence framework. Data were synthesised narratively.ResultsOf 6,619 sources identified, 10 full studies and 2 abstracts met the inclusion criteria. Overall, these provided moderate appropriateness to answer the review question. Four reported clinical registry data, six were retrospective reviews of patients’ medical records and two studies reported interviews and surveys. Nine studies evaluated outcomes relating to dabigatran and/or warfarin and three included rivaroxaban (n = 3), apixaban (n = 3) and edoxaban (n = 1). Bleeding complications and gastrointestinal events were the most common factors associated with discontinuation, followed by frailty and risk of falling. Patients’ perspectives were seldom specifically assessed. Influence of family carers in decisions regarding OAC discontinuation was not examined.ConclusionThe available evidence is derived from heterogeneous studies with few relevant data for the newer direct oral anticoagulants. Reasons underpinning decision-making to discontinue OAC from the perspective of patients, family carers and clinicians is poorly understood.

The association between gestational diabetes and ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There is growing evidence for a role of maternal diabetes in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the specific association between gestational diabetes (GDM), as opposed to pre-gestational diabetes, has been poorly isolated. Thus the aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse literature pertaining to prevalence and risk for two neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), when exposed to GDM. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched for eligible literature, with forward and backward citation tracking. Screening for eligibility, risk of bias assessment and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. 18 studies measuring ASD and 15 measuring ADHD met inclusion criteria. On meta-analysis there was an increased risk of ASD (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.22, 1.65) but not ADHD (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.79, 1.28). We discuss potential mechanisms for these differing risks. Greater understanding of risk factors, including GDM, for these neurodevelopmental disorders and potential mechanisms may help inform strategies aimed at prevention of exposure to these adversities during pregnancy.

Dose-response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans.

Background:Psilocybin is the psychoactive component in Psilocybe mushrooms (‘magic mushrooms’). Whether and how the quality of the psilocybin-induced experience might mediate beneficial health outcomes is currently under investigation, for example, in therapeutic applications. However, to date, no meta-analysis has investigated the dose-dependency of subjective experiences across available studies.Aim:Establishing dose–response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants and a comparison of patient groups.Method:We applied a linear meta-regression approach, based on the robust variance estimation framework, to obtain linear dose–response relationship estimates on questionnaire ratings after oral psilocybin administration. Data were obtained from the Altered States Database, which contains data extracted from MEDLINE-listed journal articles that used standardized and validated questionnaires: the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale.Results:Psilocybin dose positively correlated with ratings on most factors and scales, mainly those referring to perceptual alterations and positively experienced ego dissolution. Measures referring to challenging experiences exhibited small effects and were barely modulated by dose.Conclusion:Psilocybin intensified almost all characteristics of altered states of consciousness assessed with the given questionnaires. Because subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual and environmental factors, the results may only apply to controlled laboratory experiments and not to recreational use. This paper may serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, to compare expected and observed subjective experiences.

Is peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) more effective than pneumatic dilation and Heller myotomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Achalasia is a rare, chronic, and morbid condition with evolving treatment. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has gained considerable popularity, but its comparative effectiveness is uncertain. We aim to evaluate the literature comparing POEM to Heller myotomy (HM) and pneumatic dilation (PD) for the treatment of achalasia. We conducted a systematic review of comparative studies between POEM and HM or PD. A priori outcomes pertained to efficacy, perioperative metrics, and safety. Internal validity of observational studies and randomized trials (RCTs) was judged using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, respectively. From 1379 unique literature citations, we included 28 studies comparing POEM and HM (n = 21) or PD (n = 8), with only 1 RCT addressing each. Aside from two 4-year observational studies, POEM follow-up averaged ≤ 2years. While POEM had similar efficacy to HM, POEM treated dysphagia better than PD both in an RCT (treatment "success" RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.34-2.17; 126 patients) and in observational studies (Eckardt score MD -0.43, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.16; 5 studies; I2 21%; 405 patients). POEM needed reintervention less than PD in an RCT (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08-0.47; 126 patients) and HM in an observational study (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16, 0.68; 98 patients). Though 6-12months patient-reported reflux was worse than PD in 3 observational studies (RR 2.67, 95% CI 1.02-7.00; I2 0%; 164 patients), post-intervention reflux was inconsistently measured and not statistically different in measures ≥ 1year. POEM had similar safety outcomes to both HM and PD, including treatment-related serious adverse events. POEM has similar outcomes to HM and greater efficacy than PD. Reflux remains a critical outcome with unknown long-term clinical significance due to insufficient data and inconsistent reporting.

Vertebrate Life, 10th edition

Vertebrate Life, 10th edition