Literate Users Research Articles

Balancing efficiency and public interest: The impact of AI automation on social benefit provision in Brazil

This article examines the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems by Brazil's National Social Security Institute (INSS) to automate the granting of social benefits. Using audit reports from government agencies, it analyses the efficiency improvements brought about by AI, such as the speed with which benefits are granted, as well as the unintended consequences of this automation, such as the increase in the number of automatic denials and the creation of barriers for less digitally literate users, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable populations. The research points to the need for transparency, public justification, adequate risk monitoring tools, governance design, and participation in the implementation of these systems to ensure that they serve the public interest and promote equity. The paper argues that without proper regulation and consideration of ethical principles, AI automation could exacerbate inequalities and undermine trust in public services. The authors conclude by stressing the importance of a balanced approach that weighs in both technological innovation with the public interest.

Bridging the health literacy gap through AI chatbot design: the impact of gender and doctor cues on chatbot trust and acceptance

PurposeNotwithstanding their potential benefits especially for individuals with low health literacy, users are still somewhat skeptical about the reliability of healthcare chatbots. The present study aims to address this challenge by investigating strategies to enhance users’ cognitive and emotional trust in healthcare chatbots. Particularly, this study aims to understand the effects of chatbot design cues in increasing trust and future chatbot use intention for low health literacy users.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted two experimental studies with a final sample of 327 (Study 1) and 241 (Study 2). Three different chatbots were developed (Chatbot design: Bot vs Male-doctor vs Female-doctor). Participants were asked to have a medical consultation with the chatbot. Participants self-reported their health literacy scores. The PROCESS model 7 was used to analyze the hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed that the female-doctor cues elicited greater cognitive and emotional trust, whereas the male-doctor cues only led to greater cognitive trust (vs bot-like cues). Importantly, this study found that users’ health literacy is a significant moderating factor in shaping cognitive and emotional trust. The results indicated that both the female and male-doctor cues’ positive effects on cognitive trust were significant for those with lower levels of health literacy. Furthermore, the positive effect of the female-doctor cues on emotional trust was also significant only for those whose health literacy level was low. The increased cognitive and emotional trust led to greater future intention to use the chatbot, confirming significant moderated mediation effects.Originality/valueDespite the strong economic and educational benefits of healthcare chatbots for low health literacy users, studies examining how healthcare chatbot design cues affect low health literate users surprisingly remained scarce. The results of this study suggest that healthcare chatbots can be a promising technological intervention to narrow the health literacy gap when aligned with appropriate design cues.

What do we know about algorithmic literacy? The status quo and a research agenda for a growing field

The increasing role of algorithms shaping our use of communication technology—particularly on social media—comes with a growth of empirical research attempting to assess how literate users are regarding these algorithms. This rapidly emerging field is marked by great diversity in terms of how it theorizes and measures our understanding of algorithms, due, in part, to the opaque “black box” nature of the algorithms themselves. In this review article, we summarize the state of knowledge on algorithmic literacy, including its definitions, development, measurement, and current theorizing on human–algorithm interaction. Drawing on this existing work, we propose an agenda including four different directions that future research could focus on: (1) balancing users’ expectations of algorithmic literacy with developers’ responsibility for algorithmic transparency, (2) methods for engaging users in increasing their literacy, (3) further developing the affective and behavioral facets of literacy, and (4) addressing the new algorithmic divide.

Preliminary Usability Evaluation of Personal Medical Devices towards Better Home Healthcare

Portable medical devices have been playing an important role in improving health outcomes across the socio-economic spectrum. In the recent decades, substantial population have started using such devices to monitor important vital signs. Significant proportion of these users are older patients with chronic diseases, declined physical and/or cognitive capabilities. Furthermore, these portable devices are often used in unguided environments, that can present unpredictable use contexts. In this preliminary study, we conducted usability inspection on five portable medical devices. Cognitive walkthrough followed by Nielson’s ten Usability Heuristic evaluation method were utilized for the purpose of usability inspection. Sixteen usability concerns were uncovered in such evaluation study. We also recorded the elapsed time of measuring vital signs with all five devices on a daily basis in a month. The average total completion time after familiarization (after the first week) was 5.17 minutes. Results suggest that ‘non-expert’, independent users may face challenges when using portable medical devices in home care settings. Further, the study results also indicate that unsatisfactory usability of portable medical devices could pose hinderances in technology adoption among low eHealth literate users.

Pustakawan Guru sebagai Agen Literasi Informasi di Sekolah Madania Parung Bogor

This paper aims to analyze the role of teacher librarians as agents of information literacy at Madania Parung Elementary School, Bogor. Librarians are information literacy agents in libraries. As the "agents", librarians have duties and responsibilities to users in information literacy. The teacher librarian as an information literacy agent has duties and responsibilities to its users, especially students to be information literate through the activities carried out. The Madania school library has a teacher librarian who can create information literate users from an early age. Therefore, this study examines the role of teacher librarians in information literacy. The research method used is qualitative with phenomenological methods. The results of the study can be seen as the teacher librarian is an information literacy agent at the Madania Parung Elementary School, Bogor. This can be seen from the three main roles of teacher librarians, namely teacher librarians as curriculum leaders; teacher librarians as information specialists; and teacher librarians as managers of information services. These three roles can be realized in activities carried out by teacher librarians, namely library classes, best readers, storytelling, and library tours by collaborating with various parties, both internal to the school and externally through collaboration with schools in the Bogor environment.

Design and implement a mobile-based system to teach traffic signs to illiterate people

Abstract Nowadays, most information and communication technologies target literate users and neglect the 800 million illiterate individuals around the world. Although there have been several attempts to develop systems that help illiterate people and try to reduce the digital gap between them and those who are literate, it is still challenging to find accessible systems for illiterate people. This research aims to reduce the digital gap between illiterate and literate people in Iraq through developing a mobile application for learning traffic signs. Firstly, a requirement elicitation study was conducted to explore a set of design considerations and build an accessible interface for illiterate people. The study resulted in several design principles, such as using voice instructions, focusing on graphic content, and using the local language. Then, the mobile application was developed based on these design principles. Finally, an evaluation study was conducted to measure the usability of the developed application. The results revealed that the built application is efficient and effective, and the users were extremely satisfied in several aspects, such as easy usage and learnability, and declared that they would use it in the future and recommend it to others.

LINGUISTIC SUMMARIES IN EVALUATING ELEMENTARY CONDITIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

Data users are generally interested in two types of aggregated information: summarization of the selected attribute(s) for all considered entities and retrieval and evaluation of entities by the requirements posed on the relevant attributes. Less statistically literate users (e.g., domain experts) and the business intelligence strategic dashboards can benefit from linguistic summarization, i.e. a summary like most customers are middle-aged can be understood immediately. Evaluation of the mandatory and optional requirements of the structure P1 and most of the other posed predicates should be satisfied beneficial for analytical business intelligence dashboards and search engines in general. This work formalizes the integration of the aforementioned quantified summaries and quantified evaluation into the concept of database queries to empower their flexibility by, e.g., the nested quantified query conditions on hierarchical data structures. Later in our work, we adapted our research into practical application. We created a software environment for evaluating data based on a dataset retrieved from The Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. These datasets are aimed mainly on landscape characteristics like altitude, area sizes of towns and villages, and similar parameters. Based on user's preferences, our system recommends the most suitable place for holidays to spend on.

The Portrait of Pseudo Happiness on Social Media: Formulation of Happiness Literacy Concept Based on Quran to Realize Authentic Happiness in Industry 4.0

Recently, the world experiences a striking process of modernization that provokes dehumanization phenomena. Consequently, modern society encounters a spiritual crisis (<em>azmah ruhaniyah</em>), primarily caused by greediness rationalism mind-set as the consequence of technology hegemony. Particularly, in the industry 4.0 revolution era, its prevalent challenge is the appearance of disruptive technology that affects almost every aspect of life, including the spiritual aspect. This spiritual crisis affects the formation of soul-sick (<em>qalbun saqim</em>). One of the examples is the pseudo happiness that has become an epidemic in various kinds of social media like WhatsApp (WA), Instagram (IG), Facebook (FB), Twitter, and so forth. Social media users share happiness content without being accompanied by their real emotions. These emotions are illustrated as pseudo happiness, which is the fake happiness acknowledged by the people. In this study, the researchers formulated happiness literacy by using the detection and education method to realize authentic happiness. The detection of pseudo happiness refers to the indicators built based on the universal values of the Quran. This idea is presented on a website named literasibahagia.or.id to ease the access of technologically literate users. The findings of this study unravel the decreasing pseudo happiness on social media, along with society's local culture usage on social media

Model of process and model of natural language processing system

Natural language processing is the set of methods for making human language accessibility from computers. An approach that facilitates search in database even for casual non-technical literate users is to use a natural language interface (IEE) for databases. It is important for these IEEs to be intelligent and reliable enough to interpret the most complex sentences most intelligently and effectively enough to deliver results in the shortest possible time. The advantage of natural language interfaces is that they are accessible to a wide range of end users in order to “speak” to the database. Introduction. The solution to the problem of natural-language understanding can be accomplished in two steps: linguistic and database processing. In the first stage of language processing, the natural language query is linked and translated to the corresponding SQL query by appropriate production rules, methods and functions. In the second processing stage, the database is accessed and manipulated and the SQL query is executed by the system. The study presents a research in the field of computational linguistics on a theoretical process model and a natural language processing system model. The process model itself represents knowledge and reflects the conceptual organization of human memory, as well as its flexibility and clarity.

An Evaluation of the Potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam), A Vegetable and Hedgerow Plant for Diet Supplements and Multipurpose Utilizations

A survey was carried out to evaluate the potentials of Moringa oleifera (Lam) within and outside the Kano metropolis of Kano state, Nigeria, where it serves as vegetable and hedgerow plant for diet supplements and multipurpose utilizations. Structured interview was used with a total of 100 respondents, randomly spread. In the Kano metropolis, which falls within the Kano city, 4 Local Government Areas (LGAs) were covered. These are: Nassarawa, Ungogo, Tarauni and Dala; while Madobi, Minjiibir, Garun Mallam and Dambatta LGAs were covered outside the Kano metropolis. Results of the structured interview using the Convenience Sampling Technique revealed that Moringa is very rich nutritionally, economically and medicinally. Moringa utilization cuts across various categories of people with 69% usage recorded for male and 40% for literate users, while students and civil servants had 21% each. Moringa farmers that cultivates simultaneously on farmlands and backyard gardens were however 73%. Analysis of results further indicated that the plant is rated very high as diet supplements in the state, owing to the fact that it is very rich nutritionally, apart from its economic and medicinal values. It is however recommended that its nursery propagation be encouraged, and community interest in its cultivation mobilized.

A usability design checklist for Mobile electronic data capturing forms: the validation process

BackgroundNew Specific Application Domain (SAD) heuristics or design principles are being developed to guide the design and evaluation of mobile applications in a bid to improve on the usability of these applications. This is because the existing heuristics are rather generic and are often unable to reveal a large number of mobile usability issues related to mobile specific interfaces and characteristics. Mobile Electronic Data Capturing Forms (MEDCFs) are one of such applications that are being used to collect health data particularly in hard to reach areas, but with a number of usability challenges especially when used in rural areas by semi literate users. Existing SAD design principles are often not used to evaluate mobile forms because their focus on features specific to data capture is minimal. In addition, some of these lists are extremely long rendering them difficult to use during the design and development of the mobile forms. The main aim of this study therefore was to generate a usability evaluation checklist that can be used to design and evaluate Mobile Electronic Data Capturing Forms in a bid to improve their usability. We also sought to compare the novice and expert developers’ views regarding usability criteria.MethodsWe conducted a literature review in August 2016 using key words on articles and gray literature, and those with a focus on heuristics for mobile applications, user interface designs of mobile devices and web forms were eligible for review. The data bases included the ACM digital library, IEEE-Xplore and Google scholar. We had a total of 242 papers after removing duplicates and a total of 10 articles which met the criteria were finally reviewed. This review resulted in an initial usability evaluation checklist consisting of 125 questions that could be adopted for designing MEDCFs. The questions that handled the five main categories in data capture namely; form content, form layout, input type, error handling and form submission were considered. A validation study was conducted with both novice and expert developers using a validation tool in a bid to refine the checklist which was based on 5 criteria. The criteria for the validation included utility, clarity, question naming, categorization and measurability, with utility and measurability having a higher weight respectively. We then determined the proportion of participants who agreed (scored 4 or 5), disagreed (scored 1 or 2) and were neutral (scored 3) to a given criteria regarding a particular question for each of the experts and novice developers. Finally, we selected questions that had an average of 85% agreement (scored 4 or 5) across all the 5 criteria by both novice and expert developers. ‘Agreement’ stands for capturing the same views or sentiments about the perceived likeness of an evaluation question.ResultsThe validation study reduced the initial 125 usability evaluation questions to 30 evaluation questions with the form layout category having the majority questions. Results from the validation showed higher levels of affirmativeness from the expert developers compared to those of the novice developers across the different criteria; however the general trend of agreement on relevance of usability questions was similar across all the criteria for the developers. The evaluation questions that were being validated were found to be useful, clear, properly named and categorized, however the measurability of the questions was found not to be satisfactory by both sets of developers. The developers attached great importance to the use of appropriate language and to the visibility of the help function, but in addition expert developers felt that indication of mandatory and optional fields coupled with the use of device information like the Global Positioning System (GPS) was equally important. And for both sets of developers, utility had the highest scores while measurability scored least.ConclusionThe generated checklist indicated the design features the software developers found necessary to improve the usability of mobile electronic data collection tools. In the future, we thus propose to test the effectiveness of the measure for suitability and performance based on this generated checklist, and test it on the end users (data collectors) with a purpose of picking their design requirements. Continuous testing with the end users will help refine the checklist to include only that which is most important in improving the data collectors’ experience.

Augmenting Statistical Data Dissemination by Short Quantified Sentences of Natural Language

AbstractData from National Statistical Institutes is generally considered an important source of credible evidence for a variety of users. Summarization and dissemination via traditional methods is a convenient approach for providing this evidence. However, this is usually comprehensible only for users with a considerable level of statistical literacy. A promising alternative lies in augmenting the summarization linguistically. Less statistically literate users (e.g., domain experts and the general public), as well as disabled people can benefit from such a summarization. This article studies the potential of summaries expressed in short quantified sentences. Summaries including, for example, “most visits from remote countries are of a short duration” can be immediately understood by diverse users. Linguistic summaries are not intended to replace existing dissemination approaches, but can augment them by providing alternatives for the benefit of diverse users of official statistics. Linguistic summarization can be achieved via mathematical formalization of linguistic terms and relative quantifiers by fuzzy sets. To avoid summaries based on outliers or data with low coverage, a quality criterion is applied. The concept based on linguistic summaries is demonstrated on test interfaces, interpreting summaries from real municipal statistical data. The article identifies a number of further research opportunities, and demonstrates ways to explore those.

PersonalizedHealth MonitoringSystem for Managing Well-Being in Rural Areas.

Rural India lacks easy access to health practitioners and medical centers, depending instead on community health workers. In these areas, common ailments that are easy to manage with medicines, often lead to medical escalations and even fatalities due to lack of awareness and delayed diagnosis. The introduction of wearable health devices has made it easier to monitor health conditions and to connect doctors and patients in urban areas. However, existing initiatives have not succeeded in providing adequate health monitoring to rural and low-literate patients, as current methods are expensive, require consistent connectivity and expect literate users. Our design considerations address these concerns by providing low-cost medical devices connected to a low-cost health platform, along with personalized guidance based on patient physiological parameters in local languages, and alerts to medical practitioners in case of emergencies. This patient-centric integrated healthcare system is designed to manage the overall health of villagers with real-time health monitoring of patients, to offer guidance on preventive care, and to increase health awareness and self-monitoring at an affordable price. This personalized health monitoring system addresses the health-related needs in remote and rural areas by (1) empowering health workers in monitoring of basic health conditions for rural patients in order to prevent escalations, (2) personalized feedback regarding nutrition, exercise, diet, preventive Ayurveda care and yoga postures based on vital parameters and (3) reporting of patient data to the patient's health center with emergency alerts to doctor and patient. The system supports community health workers in the diagnosticprocedure, management, and reporting of rural patients, and functions well even with only intermittent access to Internet.

Syllabus and Descriptors for Illiterate, Semi-Literate and Literate Users. From Illiteracy to A1 Level

Syllabus and Descriptors for Illiterate, Semi-Literate and Literate Users. From Illiteracy to A1 Level

Factors Influencing Perceived Impact of Internet Use on Individuals in Rural India

Past studies of individual Internet adoption and usage have been mostly empirical and in developed countries or in urban settings of developing countries. These have largely examined socio-economic factors such as age, earnings, education, in driving adoption and use. Several of the past studies were done at a time when the Internet was a novelty and was primarily considered as a source of information for enhancing knowledge. Over time, with developments in social media and ecommerce, Internet is considered an effective medium for social networking, enabling knowledge creation and exchange and enhancing economic benefits. Using theory of social capital and social cognition helps us to understand the drivers of Internet use from the perspective of outcome expectations and self-efficacy along the social, economic and knowledge dimensions. The primary research question is: What factors drive outcome expectations and self-efficacy in Internet use? Our study is based on a survey in two rural areas (Ranchi, Jharkhand, India) and (Guna, Madhaya Pradesh, India). We used theory to develop a survey instrument on Internet users for understanding the drivers of Internet use based on outcome expectations and self-efficacy. We used data from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) done previously, to identify the latent constructs as measures of outcome expectations and self-efficacy (Jain, 2016). Using ANOVA, the current study identified the differential across Age, Occupation, Digital Literacy, Earning, and Education on dimensions uncovered by PCA and related the findings to the rural context in a developing country. The PCA revealed three dimensions that were labelled as ‘Empowerment’, ‘Enhanced Scope of Work’ and ‘Transaction Efficacy’. There are statistically significant differences across those who are at different levels of Digital Literacy and Earnings and for ‘Transactional Efficacy’, in the two groups identified by type of Occupation as ‘Business’ and ‘Others’. Along the other two dimensions of ‘Empowerment’ and ‘Enhanced Scope of Work’, there is no statistically significant difference across these two categories of Occupation. Further, there are no statistically significant differences across different categories of Age and Education. Preliminary Results: While a basic level of education may determine whether a user adopts Internet, once the user starts using the Internet with a goal orientation in terms of outcome expectations and self-efficacy, ‘Education’ level does not matter. A similar logic applies to ‘Age’. Since digitally literate users tend to have positive outcome expectations from Internet use, they may benefit far more than those who are not Digitally Literate. Therefore, public policy must not only focus on increasing Internet availability specifically in rural areas, there must be programs for increasing digital literacy as well. Without such support programs, Internet use outcomes would exclude those who are not as digitally literate. Since Internet is increasingly becoming the vehicle for economic growth, such exclusions could slow inclusive growth. Those with higher incomes had possibly higher levels of negative disconfirmations with Internet use than those with lower incomes. A similar logic applies for the ‘Transactional Efficacy’ component in the ‘Occupation’ category. The study identifies the possible drivers for the disconfirmations.

Just in time? Using QR codes for multi-professional learning in clinical practice

Clinical guidelines and policies are widely available on the hospital intranet or from the internet, but can be difficult to access at the required time and place. Clinical staff with smartphones could use Quick Response (QR) codes for contemporaneous access to relevant information to support the Just in Time Learning (JIT-L) paradigm. There are several studies that advocate the use of smartphones to enhance learning amongst medical students and junior doctors in UK. However, these participants are already technologically orientated. There are limited studies that explore the use of smartphones in nursing practice. QR Codes were generated for each topic and positioned at relevant locations on a medical ward. Support and training were provided for staff. Website analytics and semi-structured interviews were performed to evaluate the efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of using QR codes to facilitate Just in Time learning. Use was intermittently high but not sustained. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed a positive assessment of the Just in Time learning paradigm and context-sensitive clinical information. However, there were notable barriers to acceptance, including usability of QR codes and appropriateness of smartphone use in a clinical environment. The use of Just in Time learning for education and reference may be beneficial to healthcare professionals. However, alternative methods of access for less technologically literate users and a change in culture of mobile device use in clinical areas may be needed.

Library functions in the cloud telecommunication environment

The most efficient ways for librarians communicating with technologically literate users are examined. Cloud technologies are used to store and collaboratively use data, build web-forms, design projects, set layouts, etc. Advanced libraries have been using these technologies in their everyday practice.

Public self-expression: Decolonising researcher–researched relationships

ABSTRACTA case is made for research participants (normally known as ‘informants’, ‘subjects’, ‘objects’, ‘sources’, etc.) to be included in certain kinds of studies as co-authors and co-researchers. Self-narrative is examined from the perspectives of both the researchers and the researched. Engraved landscape, a post-positivist visual archaeology anthology, is our case study that draws on long-term lived field research amongst the ǂKhomani Bushmen. The ǂKhomani, without access to social media, rigorously manage their global media exposure and have high social expectations of research done on them. ǂKhomani media management is contrasted with the open-endedness of social media use by urban literate users. Issues of regulation connect the comparison.

Acceptance of Internet Banking System among ICT Professionals

Acceptance of internet banking system among potential young users is crucial to commercial banks to ensure sustainability of banks’ businesses. While the importance of acceptance of young users towards information systems has been recognized in the marketing literature and information system studies, the conceptualization and empirical validation of the behavioral intention of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literate users for Malaysia’s internet banking context has not been addressed. This paper describes a conceptual model for examining acceptance of internet banking system among potential young users, specifically future ICT professionals. A conceptual model was developed to examine the effects of computer self- efficacy (CSE) and extended technology acceptance model (TAM) on the behavioral intention (BI) of young users to use the internet banking systems. Using stratified random sampling procedure, data were obtained from 281 undergraduate ICT students in a Malaysia’s public university. The result revealed that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PE) and perceived credibility (PC) of extended TAM affect respondents’ intention to use the internet banking systems. PE was found to have stronger influence than PU and PC on BI. The findings unveiled that indirect relationships existed between CSE and BI through PU, PE and PC of TAM. These results validated that CSE and the three variables of TAM were well adopted in predicting individual responses, including young users, to information technology systems. Three implications of these findings were highlighted for future researches and managerial action.

Web-based Factors Affecting Online Purchasing Behaviour

The growing use of internet and online purchasing among young consumers in Malaysia provides a huge prospect in e-commerce market, specifically for B2C segment. In this market, if E-marketers know the web-based factors affecting online buyers' behaviour, and the effect of these factors on behaviour of online consumers, then they can develop their marketing strategies to convert potential customers into active one, while retaining existing online customers. Review of previous studies related to the online purchasing behaviour in B2C market has point out that the conceptualization and empirical validation of the online purchasing behaviour of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literate users, or ICT professional, in Malaysia has not been clearly addressed. This paper focuses on (i) web-based factors which online buyers (ICT professional) keep in mind while shopping online; and (ii) the effect of web-based factors on online purchasing behaviour. Based on the extensive literature review, a conceptual framework of 24 items of five factors was constructed to determine web-based factors affecting online purchasing behaviour of ICT professional. Analysis of data was performed based on the 310 questionnaires, which were collected using a stratified random sampling method, from ICT undergraduate students in a public university in Malaysia. The Exploratory factor analysis performed showed that five factors affecting online purchase behaviour are Information Quality, Fulfilment/Reliability/Customer Service, Website Design, Quick and Details, and Privacy/Security. The result of Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that Information Quality, Quick and Details, and Privacy/Security affect positively online purchase behaviour. The results provide a usable model for measuring web-based factors affecting buyers' online purchase behaviour in B2C market, as well as for online shopping companies to focus on the factors that will increase customers' online purchase.