Literary Survey Research Articles

Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey. By Mark Allan Powell. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2009. 560 pages. $44.99.

Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey. By Mark Allan Powell. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2009. 560 pages. $44.99.

Burkitt′s lymphoma in leukemic phase in an Indian boy

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is the most common childhood cancer in Africa and is most prevalent in areas endemic for malaria. The disease, a malignant growth of lymphoid tissue, usually presents itself as a large tumor of the jaw. It is however, a rarity in the Indian subcontinent. Through an extensive literary survey, it is seen that only a few cases of BL have been reported, accounting for only 0.76% of solid malignant tumors among Indian children. Here we present a case of BL of mandible extending to maxilla in a 13-year-old boy of Indian origin.

Is legal biography really legal scholarship?

This paper examines the recent resurgence of interest in the legal biography among legal scholars. It argues that the legal biography has traditionally been treated with suspicion within the English law school due to ideological and methodological concerns about the intellectual validity and robustness of the form, and because of reservations about its true disciplinary province. Through a literary survey of legal biography, it claims a tension between intellectual and empirical approaches that parody the tension between the internal and external traditions in legal history. More recent biographies, however, have succeeded in bridging these divides and in demonstrating the potential value of legal biography in deepening our understanding of the human context of legal phenomena.

패션 브랜드의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 탐색적 연구

The purpose of this study was to make a close inquiry into the types and characteristics of social responsibility of fashion brands, perceived by consumers in the condition that a systematic frame of social responsibility of fashion brand didn't exist. To achieve the purpose, the study carried out literary survey and FGI (Focus Group Interview) which were qualitative research methods. The study carried out interviews with 9 experts majoring in fashion and 4 staff members in charge of fashion companies. The results of the study were as follows: (1). There were five types of social responsibility activities of fashion brands: fund raising activities, scholarship/cultural volunteer activities, consumer protection activities, recycling/environment-friendly activities, and ethical responsibility activities. (2). Out of the social responsibility of fashion brand, recycling/environment-friendly activities was valued above everything else. It implicates that we should pursue economic profits and sustainability at once by recognizing the importance of environmental management and improving enterprise management. As stated above, it is thought that fashion brand companies should fulfill their social responsibility strategically for long-term profits of fashion brand by grasping and improving the present conditions of social responsibility of fashion brand.

The Hamiltonian dynamics of self-gravitating liquid and gas ellipsoids

The dynamics of self-gravitating liquid and gas ellipsoids is considered. A literary survey and authors’ original results obtained using modern techniques of nonlinear dynamics are presented. Strict Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the equations of motion are given; in particular, a Hamiltonian formalism based on Lie algebras is described. Problems related to nonintegrability and chaos are formulated and analyzed. All the known integrability cases are classified, and the most natural hypotheses on the nonintegrability of the equations of motion in the general case are presented. The results of numerical simulations are described. They, on the one hand, demonstrate a chaotic behavior of the system and, on the other hand, can in many cases serve as a numerical proof of the nonintegrability (the method of transversally intersecting separatrices).

De belangstelling voor het Bargoens

‘Bargoens’ is a Dutch sociolect of ambulatory marginal groups, which in the presence of outsiders is also spoken as a secret language. The mysterious group language has for five centuries enjoyed non–insiders. The external interest is proven by the use of the ‘Bargoens’ in literary texts (since the beginning of the sixteenth century), as well as by dozens of publications on ‘Bargoens’ from the end of the nineteenth century onwards. During the last decades, besides collections of words, also descriptions have appeared, such as monographic publications on local variants and on divergent aspects of the ‘Bargoens’. This article largely deals with the pre–scientific interest for the ‘Bargoens’ as it reveals itself by publications on this secret group language. So this is a summary history of the science of Bargoens in the making, as well as a survey of the literature in and on the ‘Bargoens’. This article aims at a literary survey as complete as possible. References are made to some two hundred titles.

9 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONGRESS OF NUTRICIOLOGY

The literary survey is devoted problems of food allergy, one of the actual problems of allergology and nutriciology. Domestic and international experience of the European specialists is parsed, and modern methods of clinic, diagnostic and therapy of this pathology are given, the role of food intolerance in the pathogenesis of different somatic diseases is illuminated.

Latin Arthurian Literature (review)

Reviewed by: Latin Arthurian Literature Gillian Polack Day, Mildred Leake, ed. & trans., Latin Arthurian Literature (Arthurian Archives, vol. XI), Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer, 2005; hardback; pp. 290; R.R.P. £50.00; ISBN 1843840642. Latin Arthurian Literature is primarily an edition and translation of four key Arthurian texts: 'De ortu Waluanii nepotis Arturi'; 'Historia Medriadoci regis Cambrie', 'Narratio de Arthuro rege Britanniae et rege Gorlagon lycanthropo'; and 'Epistola Arturi regis ad Henricum regem Anglorum'. This book is a useful addition to Brewer's Arthurian Archives series. The three romances in it complement the romance editions and translations available in other languages and help make the Latin texts more widely available. The volume will assist in making clear some of the implications of the role a variety of texts play in disseminating and creating an acceptance of the authority of certain aspects of the Arthurian tales. The book's greatest flaw is its limited approach to contextualisation. From some angles Day provides effective analyses and detailed contexts but other angles [End Page 194] are oddly neglected. A more balanced approach would have significantly enhanced the usefulness of the book, though what it contains is worth looking at. Some aspects of the volume could have been better treated. Fewer parallels with modern authors and greater evidence of the claimed links between the Meriadoc tale and Robert Graves' theories of dual kingship would have given the discussion more gravitas, for instance. In addition, the volume would have been enhanced if the volume had included more contextualization of the romances with romances in other languages. Day writes an introductory essay that relies heavily on the theories of Loomis and misses some important advances in modern Arthurian scholarship. This is not an approach that will appeal to all researchers. The general introduction and the introduction to the texts do not analyse the manuscripts sufficiently. If Day had given more information about other works that appear alongside these in the manuscript record, the contexts would have made the dating arguments more substantial and helped explain the literary contexts of each work. Likewise, analogues and links to other works could have been used more fully. The statement that werewolf tales were popular in the twelfth century (p. 1 and again p. 42) neglects to factor in later werewolf tales several of which she mentions, or just how similar some aspects of the story of Arthur and Gorlagon (subtracting the frame tale) were to Marie de France's Bisclavret. Inclusion of later tales (for instance in the Ma'ase Book) and a close analysis of Bisclavret might have led to quite different dating arguments. The earliest part of the introduction is somewhat marred by its imprecise language and its lack of follow-through of ideas. Day identifies two of the works in this volume as the only two full-length Latin romances from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This is quite sufficient reason to have a newly edited/translated version of them; she does not clarify the relationship of these versions with her own earlier editions, however. A longer introduction would have demonstrated better how these two romances fit into the vernacular romance tradition of which they are so clearly a part. The introductions for each work cover the general background comfortably. For 'De Ortu Waluuani' in particular Day presents a good bibliography based on a literary survey of scholarly discussion, covering earlier editions. This discussion is particularly interesting, as it introduces quite a few of the major players in the field and some of their positions. The introductions to the werewolf story and to the excerpt from 'Draco Normannicus' are far less substantial (six pages for the latter as opposed to twenty-three pages for 'De Ortus') which means these works are not explored quite as thoroughly. [End Page 195] A small irritant is that Day refers to Bod. Rawl. B149 as undated, then gives sufficient evidence of provenance to show it can be dated, but only approximately. A closer analysis of the hand and page format and how it was bound, in an attempt to date it more precisely, would have significantly enhanced this discussion, but 'prior to the sixteenth century' is still more useful from...

The Continuum encyclopedia of American literature

From John Smith to Jack Kerouac, Cotton Mather to Toni Morrison, Edgar Allan Poe to Stephen King, Francis Parkman to Alex Haley, the story of American literature is really many stories - of ancient indigenous peoples, early settlers, men and women enslaved and liberated, war and peace, and immigrants seeking better lives. America's multifaceted literary heritage reflects its deepest spiritual and material consciousness: rooted and rootless, rural and urban, timeless and ever-changing. Through a living literature, one comes to learn one's orientations, aspirations, and worldviews: where we have come from and where we may be going.More than ten years in the making, this comprehensive single-volume literary survey is for the student, scholar, and general reader. The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature represents a collaborative effort, involving 300 contributors from across the United States and Canada. Composed of more than 1,100 signed biographical-critical entries, this Encyclopedia serves as both guide and companion to the study and appreciation of American literature.A special feature is the topical article. There are 70 such essays in this volume, among them: AFRICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE, CANADA, CHILDREN'S LITERATURE, THE DETECTIVE STORY, DRAMA, THE ESSAY, EXPATRIATES, FEMINISM, FILM AND LITERATURE, GAY MALE LITERATURE, HISTORY AND LITERATURE, HUMOR, JEWISH AMERICAN LITERATURE, LATINO/A LITERATURE, LESBIAN LITERATURE, LITERARY CRITICISM (before and since 1914), LITERARY JOURNALISM, LITERARY PRIZES AND AWARDS, MODERNISM, POLITICS AND LITERATURE, RELIGION AND LITERATURE, SCIENCE FICTION, THE SHORT STORY, THE SOUTH, THE SUPERNATURAL, TRANSCENDENTALISM, UTOPIA, and YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE. Wherever possible, references to authors of merit who do not receive individual articles are incorporated into the text of the most relevant topical essay. All topical and biographical-critical entries are cross-referenced and linked to the index. Select bibliographical material is included in most articles.Through American literature, we discover the imaginative and artistic expression of a multiplicity of people united by nationality, diversified by ethnicity and cultural identity, religion, social and economic class, political conviction, region. It is hoped that this Encyclopedia serves as a useful reference work and may itself be considered a lasting contribution to the very literature it surveys.

IDEA MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION

Modern organisations are under ever increasing competitive pressure to maintain market share, enhance product range, improve efficiency and reduce cost. The process by which organisations attain these improvements is through innovation. Over recent years, significant research has focused on the issue of managing the process of developing ideas towards eventual organisational innovations. However, the process by which these ideas are generated and effectively managed is one which currently operates in an "ad hoc" fashion. This paper strives to present a structured and holistic approach to managing idea generation. A literary survey of both innovation and creativity is undertaken to determine their inter-relationships and core traits. Following this, a methodology is presented to facilitate the organisational management of the "Idea Generation" process. An integrated software tool to support the process is also introduced. The purpose of this tool is to provide an infrastructure for the effective management of ideas and their transfer to the larger innovation process.

The Anthology/Corpus Dynamic: A Field Theory of the Canon

Anthologies will always be with us. 1 But whatever the syllabi of foundational literary survey courses may tacitly proclaim, an anthology is not the same thing as "the canon." Like anthologies, the canon has inevitably to do with pedagogy (Levin 1981). But unlike anthologies, the canon is not necessarily transient and quickly dated. Nor is the literary canon able to be historically triangulated, I would argue, from all the literary anthologies that are in print at a given moment--a finer point to which I will return. The anthology is a literary storage and communication form: a textbook, (now) a digital archive, (once) a commonplace book, (perhaps still) the poems one has memorized for pleasure. The canon, on the other hand, is not a form, but a literary-disciplinary dynamic: it is a field of force that is never exclusively realized by any physical form, just as metal filings align with but do not constitute a magnetic field. Grasping this dynamic entails a process [End Page 51] of concept-formation that both clarifies and complicates our current understanding of such basic but slippery concepts as "canon." Thus far, the formal definitions of the term "canon" number six (Fowler 1979) or even ten (Harris 1991): this multiplicity could use some conceptual simplification. Yet "the canon" is also something that all literary scholars and students tend to live with tacitly, fish in water: for conscious beings, such a life-supporting medium should appear at times opaque, rather than continuously transparent. What I offer here at the fork of conceptual simplicity and complexity is the addition of a third term, "corpus," to designate the other focus that works in summation with "anthology" in the field of "canon." I should emphasize at the start that I am not offering a structuralist binary opposition. What I am offering is the formation of a dynamic concept of the canon, that is, as a dynamically changing field of force, whereas structuralist concepts remain distinctly static. Now, the invocation of the scientific field of force as a way to form literary concepts is not new (Hayles 1984), 2 but I mean it here specifically in a sense perhaps less well known, that of the topological and field psychology of Kurt Lewin. I will outline Lewin's theory of scientific concept-formation here as the high road to forming the concept of canon as an anthology/corpus dynamic.

Merry wives and others: a history of domestic humor writing

An historical and literary survey of humorists who wrote about home, this book begins with a chapter on the social context of traditional domestic roles and housewives. The following chapters, beginning with the 1920s and continuing through today, cover the different time periods and the foremost American domestic humorists, and the humor written by surrogate parents, grown children about their childhood families, husbands, and Canadian and English writers. Also covered are the differences among various writers toward traditional domestic roles - some, like Erma Bombeck and Judith Viorst, embraced them, while others, like Caryl Kristenson and Marilyn Kentz, resisted them. Common themes, such as the isolation and competitiveness of housework, home as an idealized metaphysical goal and ongoing physical challenge, and the urban, suburban, and rural life, are also explored.

Surgical Injury and Narrative Cure in Wilkie Collins's Poor Miss Finch and Heart and Science

Surgical Injury and Narrative Cure in Wilkie Collins's Poor Miss Finch and Heart and Science Tabitha Sparks The increased use of surgical medicine in the mid-to-late Victorian period acquainted English culture with a host of disquieting images, and a literary survey of the rise of the surgical field evinces great anxiety over this form of medicine. Surgery's management of the body's innermost recesses contrasted sharply with pharmaceutical medicine's less invasive approach, and the literature of this era often depicts the surgeon as immoderately attempting to correct nature. Wilkie Collins focuses in Poor Miss Finch (1872) and Heart and Science (1883) upon two of the period's most violent operations, optical surgery and vivisection. In these fictions, the surgical procedures uncomfortably impinge upon realms of character and nature that technically reach beyond the surgeon's scalpel, but are in danger of its transformations nonetheless. As the medical plots of Poor Miss Finch and Heart and Science demonstrate, the project of estranging the part from the whole, or the organ from the self, threatens to destruct the love story at the center of these novels by harming the patient, in both cases a young woman. In Poor Miss Finch, the heroine, Lucilla Finch, undergoes a corrective surgery to regain her vision. But in the process of her recuperation, her personal life and relationship with her fiancé fall apart. Similarly, in Heart and Science, Carmina Greywell is suspended, during a protracted illness, JNT: Journal of Narrative Theory 32.1 (Winter 2002): 1-31. Copyright © 2002 by JNT: Journal of Narrative Theory. 2 fNT between the prospect of death and a post-mortem examination by the novel's vivisectionist, or survival and marriage to her doctor-fiancé. In both novels, surgery or its prospect stands to nullify the privileged romantic relationship that motivates the plot, and promises to secure the heroine from the designs of sinister company, or death. Because the surgical procedure in these two novels thus dismantles the domestic relationships upon which the fictions structurally and ideologically depend, Collins represents surgery as a destructive practice. The mid-century expansion of scientific knowledge, and the "Scientific Revolution" in Victorian medicine (Cornfield 140), at once marginalized and elevated the work of the doctor, conferring a considerable power that, as the century progressed, would often be interpreted as suspicious and even sinister.l An example of the way that the doctor benefited from science at the same time that he became associated with arcane knowledge is seen in his increased access to medical technology. The microscope, for instance, commonly used by the 1860s (Shortt 71), became a new symbol of the doctor's scientific faculties, and added to his prestige by introducing him to provinces beyond the sight of the layperson. The rise of scientific medicine greatly altered the system of medical education in Britain in the second half of the century, and following Germany 's lead, British medical schools hastened to include laboratory and clinical training in their curriculums. In 1870 the Royal College of Surgeons , quickly followed by the University of London, required all students to attend a practical course of general anatomy and physiology, with emphasis upon laboratory experimentation (Alter 29)—which to a great extent meant science based on animal experimentation (Lawrence 72). Medical historian AJ. Youngson argues that "most doctors before 1850, and many as late as 1870 . . . simply did not observe or think scientifically" (17). But the scientifically informed transformation of medical thinking around 1870 was not, as I have suggested, an unqualified gain. For instance , the development of cult sciences in the late-nineteenth century like phrenology and mesmerism inspired public suspicion of those academic sciences that were considered more legitimate (Shortt 59). Among doctors , the modern surgeon was especially associated with esoteric knowledge as well as a crude ambitiousness that marks the class-rise of this professional .2 Surgeons were socially inferior to physicians until the second half of the nineteenth century, when the rise of experimental surgery ele- Surgical Injury and Narrative Cure 3 vated their profile by signifying their potentially unlimited capacity to cure or eradicate disease (Porter 597). Roy Porter writes that "fame and fortune awaited the surgical...

FonTonFrom: Contemporary Ghanaian Literature, Theatre and Film (review)

This special edition of the journal Matatu presents a comprehensive survey of contemporary literary and performance arts in Ghana. Although it is specifically dedicated to the memory of Efua Sutherland, and contains important documentary material by and on the famous author, this volume has even more to offer, especially at a time when authors based abroad increasingly attract a disproportionate amount of critical attention accorded to African writing. The distinctive qualities of the volume are as follows: It focuses, in the first place, on contemporary artistic production within the country. Scholars of African literature working outside Ghana are of course familiar with the works of authors like Ayi Kwei Armah, Ama Ata Aidoo, Efua Sutherland, and others who were active in the years immediately following independence. By contrast, much less is known about artists who began to acquire visibility in the 1990s. This volume brings readers up to date by introducing authors like Mohammed Ben Abdallah, Kobena Eyi Acquah, and Bill Marshall, among others, to critics of African literature. And while creative writing accounts for only a small segment of the almost 400-page volume, articles and reviews of creative texts give some insight into the directions taken by recent Ghanaian writing. Along the same lines, and in the second place, the volume provides information on the recent works of well-known authors such as Kofi Anyidoho, Atukwei Okai, and Kofi Awonoor, as well as drawing attention to previously neglected areas in the creative corpus of some writers. Examples include the poetry of Ama Ata Aidoo, Kojo Laing, and Ayi Kwei Armah.

Encyclopedia of American literature

From John Smith to Jack Kerouc, Cotton Mather to Toni Morrison, Edgar Allan Poe to Stephen King, the story of American literature is many stories - of ancient-indigenous peoples, early settlers, men and women enslaved and liberated, war and peace, and immigrants seeking better lives. Over 10 years in the making, this comprehensive single-volume literary survey is for scholar, student and the general reader, and will serve as a guide and companion to the study and appreciation of American literature.

Study of the Validity Test on the Self-monitoring Scale for Primi-Gravida

In this study, both the literary survey as well as empirical research has been executed to test the validity of the scales that measure the construct of self-monitoring scale could not be classified into five factors as Snyder suggested. Many other scholars(Briggs, Cheek and Buss, 1980) suggested 3 different classifications which was accepted by Snyder and Gangested(1986). John, Cheek and Klohnen(1996) claimed a two-factor classification. As has been discussed, factor analysis is used to prove convergent validity within the factor and discriminant validity between the factors. However, depending on the researchers, many variations in classification of the factors were found and a lack of content and discriminant validity was found in the previous research findings. It is also important to note that Snyder's self-monitoring scale, did not factor-load at over 30 for all 25 items, regardless of how many factors could be classified. According to findings of this study, the self-monitoring scale neither classified as five, three or two factors nor factor loaded as hypothesized. It is also clear that Snyder's self-monitoring scale lack convergent validity as the sub-factors of the scale fail to prove its uni-dimensionality. The A self-monit oring scale not only fail to overcome the problems of Snyder's self-monitoring scale but even lost the attractiveness of the self-monitoring scale. In this study, it was also found that the A self-monitoring scale was not classified as hypothesized in either in a two or three-factor classification. It is, of course, not desirable to use any scale that lacks convergent and discriminant validity even though it has been widely used but also has held a great deal of influence on the field of social psychology. To overcome the shortcomings of Snyder's self-monitoring scale, Lennox and Wolfe(1984) suggested 13 items. This study 1. was dedicated to test the validity and reliability of the scale, in which we found that the data presented in validity as the two factors were classified and loaded as expected. Reliability was also proven by checking Cronbach's alpha for each factor and for the total items. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis was executed for the 13 items using LISREL 8.12 program to confirm convergent validity in a two-factor classification. The model was fitting and sound ; however, the self-monitoring scale was unfitted and not validated.

The Study of the Validity Test on the Self-monitoring Scale

【The study of the validity test on the self-monitoring scale for nurses In this study, both the literary survey as well as empirical research has been executed to test the validity of the scales that measure the construct of the self-monitoring scale. The self-monitoring scale could not be classified into five factors as Snyder suggested. Many other scholars (Briggs, Cheek and Buss, 1980) suggested 3 different classifications which was accepted by Snyder and Gangestad (1986). John, Cheek and Klohnen(1996) claimed a two-factor classification. As has been discussed, factor analysis is used to prove convergent validity within the factor and discriminant validity between the factors. However, depending on the researchers, many variations in classification of the factors were found and a lack of content and discriminant validity were found in the previous research findings. It is also important to note that Snyder's self-monitoring scale did not factor-load at over. 30 for all 25 items, regardless of how many factors could be classified. According to findings of this study, the self-monitoring scale neither classified as five, three or two factors nor factor loaded as hypothesized. It is also clear that Snyder's self-monitoring scale lacks convergent validity as the sub-factors of the scale failed to prove its uni-dimensionality. The A self-monit oring scale not only fail to overcome the problems of Snyder's self-monitori ng scale but even lost the attractiveness of the self-monitoring scale. In this study it was also found that the A self-monitoring scale was not classified in either in a two or three-factor classification as hypothesized. It is, of course, not desirable to use any scale that lacks convergent and discriminant validity even though it has been widely used and has held a great deal of influence on the field of social psychology. To overcome the shortcomings of Snyder's self-monitoring scale, Lennox and Wolfe(1984) suggested 13 items. This study was dedicated to test the validity and reliability of the scale, in which we found that the data presented in validity as the two factors were class ified and loaded as expected. Reliability was also proven by checking Cronbach's α for each factor and for the total items. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis was executed for the 13 items using LISREL 8.12 program to confirm convergent validity in a two-factor classification. The model was fitting and sound : however, the self-monitoring scale was unfitted and not validated. Thus, it is recommended to use not the original nor the abbreviated self-monitoring scale but the 13 items in future studies. It should also be noted that items 7 and 13 should be removed to obtain better uni-dimensionality for the 13 items. These items loaded at over. 30, too high for the two factors in the test results of Factor analysis. In addition, it is necessary to double-check the cause of two-hold loading at over .30 for the two factors. It could be a problem caused by data or by the scale itself. Therefore, additional studies should follow to better clarify this matter.】

The Architecture of the Shakers

From Maine to Kentucky, they built communal villages whose unique buildings were designed to accommodate hundreds of inhabitants unified in the common purpose of work and worship. This work illustrates the beauty, regional variations, and functional stylistic evolution of Shaker buildings over the course of two centuries, evoking a visual and literary survey of Shaker design and its impact on American culture as a whole. Despite the fact that Shaker communities are almost extinct, an appreciation for their legacy continues to grow. Architects, designers, curators, collectors, and the public have sought inspiration in Shaker art and architecture. This book is for all those who wish to learn more about these remarkable buildings and how the rich cultural legacy of the Shakers continues to resonate within them.

Humoral Psychology in Shakespeare's Henriad

Humoral Psychology in Shakespeare's Henriad Robert L. Reid A literary survey of Galenic usages between 1350 and 1700 confirms Shakespeare's and Jonson's dominion as deliberate humoralists, especially in the plays of 1597-1606: Chaucer uses "humor" 8 times, LyIy 23, Spenser 22, Shakespeare 141, Jonson 236, Donne 9, and Milton 5. Contrary to popular opinion, however , the locus classicus of humoral psychology is not the voguish humor-comedy of Chapman (1597) or Jonson (1598-99), but Shakespeare's epic Henriad, especially Part 1 (1597). We need not review (with C. R. Baskerville, Jürgen Schäfer, and James A. Riddell) the rising tide of satiric pseudo-humors between 1580 and 1630. Lyly's preening Euphuisms, Nashe's caustic satire, Jonson's fabulous grotesques, while accreting new meanings to "humor," do not treat genuine Galenism but pseudotempers : whimsical quirks, obsessions, nonsensical affectations. Only Shakespeare fully exploits humoralism's psychodynamic basis, the Empedoclean-Hippocratic-Aristotelian principle of contrariety .1 The four main figures of 1 Henry IV exemplify the Galenic temperaments with psychological depth and in complex oppositional relationship. When between 1930 and 1945 Lily B. Campbell and John W. Draper restored a humoral lens to studies of Shakespearean character, they too viewed humors reductively: not as interactive and psychologically-based, but as static, discrete, and physicallydetermined .2 Most Renaissance writers, however, would have agreed with Edmund Bunny that "the soul doth not folow, but rather doth use such temperature as the bodie hath": humors form a somatic theater for the rational soul, which may actively govern humoral flux, passively submit to its urgings, or slyly counterfeit other tempers, effecting subtle paradox in the body-soul relation.3 Equally misleading is the tradition privileging melancholy as the most psychically complex temper, accentuating the idea of humors as pathological.4 With this bias for physical determinism, 471 472Comparative Drama static disjunction, and pathology, moderns often see Renaissance humors culminating in Jonson's satiric caricatures or in Burton's brilliant but restrictive obsession with melancholy, ignoring Shakespeare's more standard Galenism which, in plays prior to Hamlet and the great tragedies, takes sanguinity as its norm.5 No one has noted the affinity between the humors and the primary passions (joy, sorrow, hope, fear), making two poles of emotivity which inform the body-soul correspondence. One cannot overemphasize this parallel between physical fluids and psychic passions. As in the masque Hymenaei, the humors and passions ultimately join in a stately dance.6 Joy and sorrow, building on sanguine and melancholy humors, are the soul's primary antipodes . Hope (with anger) and fear (with desire) spring from the choleric and phlegmatic humors to form a complementary polarity.7 These primary passions and polarities shall inform our character study. A second axiom is equally important. Humors, like passions, form an ever-changing cycle: "Underlying this static concept (that each person's humoral composition is instantly fixed at birth) is the dynamic idea of a rhythmical alteration of the fluids. These contrary perspectives must always be kept in view."8 Each person, though of one basic temper, routinely enacts the others according to time of day, of year, of life—usually in the same sequence: sanguine (morning, spring, infancy), choleric (afternoon, summer, youth), phlegmatic (evening, autumn, old age), melancholic (night, winter, senility).9 Even this motility understates the capacity for radical complexional change in Shakespearean drama: Kate's explicit conversion from choleric shrew to complacent spouse, Hamlet's implicit fall from sanguine prince to melancholy avenger.10 Moreover, a character may willfully playact other tempers, either for self-aggrandizement (Richard III, Falstaff) or for regal empathy (Prince Hal, Rosalind, Edgar)." Amid these "ever whirling wheels of change," humors display an intrinsic hierarchic order, a supremacy of blood. Following Galen and medical tradition, Sir Thomas Elyot in 1539 affirms that blood "hath preeminence over all other humours ... by reason of temperatenes in heate and moysture, . . . beinge the very treasure of lyfe. . . . The dystemperature of bloud hapneth by one of the other thre humours by the inordinate or sup[er]fluous mixture of them."12 So too in The Optick Glasse of Humors (1607) Thomas Walkington insists: this purple sanguine complexion should . . . aspire to that hie...

Suicide in Henry James's Fiction

Reviewed by: Suicide in Henry James’s Fiction. Margaret Yarina Mary J. Joseph. Suicide in Henry James’s Fiction. New York: Lang, 1994. 173 pp. $37.95. In this compact, concisely written volume, Mary Joseph examines all occurrences of suicide in the James canon as well as a generous selection of critical commentaries devoted to them and relates the author’s handling of this taboo to what she calls “the greater Jamesian myth”—that is, a three-part amalgam of “thinly veiled autobiography, the well-known international theme and the quest for the self” (1). For this study, Joseph uses a late nineteenth-century definition of suicide that includes both active and passive modes: “those who willfully courted death at their own hands and those who died by default when they lost their will to live” (1). Including the latter renunciatory figures, the suicides in James’s fiction amount to seventeen in sixteen of his works. So small a number suggests some significance in itself, as does Joseph’s observation that James, “who habitually illuminates the internal worlds of his characters, is strikingly reticent on the workings of the minds of his suicides” (27). Therefore her thrust in this book wisely avoids any attempt to out-James James by tenuously speculative deep analysis of these characters. Instead she focuses on the attitudes toward suicide absorbed by James from the realms of art and reality and on the ways in which he externalized these impressions in his own fictional scenarios of self-destruction. Following an exceptionally helpful introduction that clearly charts the course and scope of her investigations, Joseph’s second chapter provides a background survey of literary, philosophical, psychological, and sociological responses to suicide as a phenomenon. Nineteenth-century speculations are stressed, particularly those of the British Romantics, because of their direct effect [End Page 347] upon James. However a number of twentieth-century scholars are also polled, whose ideas on suicide and its causes seem to be prefigured informally in James’s fictional scenarios, a fact which Joseph regards as “the ultimate testimony to James’s realism” (51). The remaining sections of the book examine individually and with appropriate cross-overs the earlier-mentioned triad of the Jamesian mystique—autobiography, displacement, and the quest—showing how they function as limiting or expanding frames for the development of the suicide motif in the sixteen relevant selections. The third chapter, “Autobiography,” begins this sequence as Joseph discusses a cluster of suicides that acquainted James in real life with this ultimate phenomenon. However, although three of the victims were close to him, particularly his cousin Minny Temple, “references to these suicides are scant” in his letters (54). When James does address them, his comments are fraught with his sense of the utter inexplicability of the deeds. Joseph attributes no small part of James’s frustration in plumbing the depths of suicide to the influence upon him of what she calls “the collective unconscious of the James family,” a synonym for the will to survive that animated most of its immediate members (57). While none of them failed to engage the notion of suicide on an intellectual level, thinking about it and writing about it, not one took his or her life violently. Henry’s sister Alice, beset by overwhelming emotional problems since her youth, considered suicide often but endured the horrors of her life until its natural end. His brother William survived an identity crisis so painful that “he was constantly preoccupied with the idea of suicide,” but he too lived through and beyond his crisis and provided Henry with an exemplar of the precarious artistic sensibility (62). Their father, Henry, Sr., however, turned away from life following the death of his wife, refusing even to eat during his final illness, and thus furnished a paradigm of non-violent self-destruction. Joseph sees Henry as the James family member least attracted to suicide, even in thought, apparently protected by his belief that a sustained life of artistic creation would be his only source of immortality. Nevertheless, being a writer on whom nothing was lost, he bore witness to the flirtations with suicide that occurred within his family and gave a respectful place...