Speech Literature Research Articles

A Review of Shahriar's Persian Divan Words

The main objective of this study is to review the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Divan linguistically. He has spent a lot of time on creating literary style. His works still maintain its artistic effects. His literary speech still interests every reader to be curious about the history of the evolution of literary form of Persian language. As this is the first study that has been done in the field of the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Persian Divan, Persian Philology categories have been fully presented, the verbal and semantic characteristics of Persian vocabulary reservoir are reflected. Throughout the divan, synonyms have a distinctive feature. Other categories of words such as antonyms, kinds of figures of speech, allusions, simile, metaphor, bilingualism are of important subjects. Selection of the appropriate rhymes is evident in Divan. Shahriar's Divan has also been reviewed linguistically by studying its meaningful examples of poetry. In this study, the volumes published in 2006 have been used. Selecting proper rhymes is evident in Divan. Using antonyms creates various positions and occasions in stylistics.

BAHASA ANCAMAN DALAM TEKS KABA SABAI NAN ALUIH BERBASIS PENDEKATAN LINGUISTIK FORENSIK

This thesis is focused on the analysis threat language in Kaba Sabai Nan Aluih text. The aims of this thesis are to explain the form, meaning and motive of threaten language by employing several theory, including Searle (1969) and Wijana (1996), Aminuddin (2008) to figure out the meaning, while the motive form used the theory stated by Maslow (1943). The research is conducted by using observational method along with the techniques. In analyzing the data use distributional and identity method. Identity method that employs including reference and pragmatic identity method while in distributional method employs marker identification techniques. The result of analysis is presented in informal method. These method and techniques are identical with proposed by Sudaryanto (1993) and Mastoyo (2007). The result of the analysis shows that there are four types of language threat form; (1) direct speech act, (2) indirect speech act, (3) literal speech act, and (4) non literal speech act. The meaning of threaten language in KSNA are (1) think in every act, because if it is not doing so would cause harm to themselves; (2) pride and arrogance will lead to the destruction of those who have the attitude; (3) every person should have a sense of caring so that the people closest to us are not wrong in its attitude and decisions; (4) a form of error should be fixed even if the truth is painful; (5) is a self-esteem is everything, (6) to save themselves with a threats speech can be used if someone was in danger of being defeated; (7) not all forms of threat is a detrimental thing; (8) awaken the nearest fault has been done is a form of responsibility; (9) threatening to a motivation not an adverse thing; (10) awaken people closest guilt is a form of right action; (11) fixed price for an appropriate fee for the self-esteem that has been tarnished, and (12) very uncontrolled emotion can cause harm. The motive of threat language in KSNA are (1) dissatisfaction, (2) test of the intelligence, (3) pain, (4) displeasure of the attitude of a person, (5) self-esteem, (6) revenge, (7) self defended mechanism by using threat, (8) motivation, (9) mocking in order to direct people to do something, (10) sarcasme to boost spirit, (11) revenged, (12) motif of self defended, (13) grief. Â Keywords: KSNA , threats form, threats meaning, threats motive

Revisiting pragmatic abilities in autism spectrum disorders

In a 2007 paper, we argued that speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) exhibit pragmatic abilities which are surprising given the usual understanding of communication in that group. That is, it is commonly reported that people diagnosed with an ASD have trouble with metaphor, irony, conversational implicature and other non-literal language. This is not a matter of trouble with knowledge and application of rules of grammar. The difficulties lie, rather, in successful communicative interaction. Though we did find pragmatic errors within literal talk, the transcribed conversations we studied showed many, many successes. A second paper reinforced our finding of a general level of success (de Villiers, Myers, and Stainton 2012). It considered differences within the class of pragmatically-inflected yet literal speech acts. The present paper carries our project forward. It overcomes some of the methodological limitations of the second paper, by increasing sample size, and looking at frequency of use rather than just seeming errors. It also includes a control sample. The emerging results are two-fold. On the one hand, there was a slight, statistically significant difference in frequency of use between our participants and the controls in four sub-categories: indexicals, possessives, polysemy and degree on a scale. In all four, the participants diagnosed with ASDs had fewer occurrences overall, relative to controls. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in error rates between ASDs and controls — not in any of the eight categories of pragmatic determinants of literal content that we coded for. The upshot is that, though there were less-preferred forms for participants with ASDs, they do very well indeed with pragmatic determinants of literal content.

Die Redlichkeit des Betrugs – Literarische Erinnerung und Totalitarismus bei Herta Müller und Vladimir Vertlib

“Die Redlichkeit des Betrugs” – Poetic Remembrance and Totalitarianism at Herta Müller and Vladimir Vertlib. The article deals with poetic remembrance of totalitarianism, taking a closer look at two contemporary authors from the German speaking literature, Herta Müller (born 1953) and Vladimir Vertlib (born 1966). Both authors’ concepts of memory re-pose the question of remembrance as related to historical facts and literary fiction as they try to overcome both the congealed memory and the primacy of experience, understood as a one-to-one translation into memory and literary speech. Herta Müller and Vladimir Vertlib do not approach the reality of totalitarianism using psychological realism but through strategies of poetic fiction. Although the term “fiction of truths” may sound paradoxical, both poetic concepts, however, prove adequate for poetic remembrance of the past as linked to fiction in narratives. By evoking and irritating the readers’ expectations with the help of the construction of his novels, the shifts of perspective and disruptions, Vladimir Vertlib writes against preformed stereotypes of memory, be they subjective or collective. Herta Müller develops a poetic language of abbreviated comparisons, in which words, objects and gestures, on the one hand, are abstracted from being self-evident and, on the other hand, are able to express the destruction of people and to refuse obedience against totalitarianism that extends into our language. The article shows on the example of two novels, Herta Müller’s Atemschaukel (2008) and Vladimir Vertlib’s Das besondere Gedächtnis der Rosa Masur (2001) how these concepts of memory are realized and how they detach themselves from the victim-perpetrator-scheme. Both novels prove that psychic damages cause people to become mute, but do not deprive them of language.

Le discours indirect libre dans le continuum des formes du discours rapporté en russe : pour une approche énonciative et pragmatique du phénomène

A new approach to Free Indirect Speech (FIS) is proposed in the article. This phenomenon is treated in the light of the theory of speech acts considering the pragmatic and semiotic criterium in reflecting indirect speech; the examples which are given erroneously as FIS in linguistic literature are also included. The focus is, in particular, on reflecting inner speech in literature: peculiarities of communicative situation, ways of reflecting thoughts and perception of the character. For this, the author of the article introduces the notion of ‘speech effect’ which is necessary to describe mimetic reflection of thoughts.The author of this article considers the insufficiency of traditional taxonomy with three catagories of indirect speech; the examples reveal that FIS is often a part of intermediate categories of the indirect speech continuum which arrises the problem of marking the limits of these catagories and shows the instability of the markers themselves.

De la linéarité énumérative à la configuration descriptive : le discours littéraire des crivains roumains d’expression française

Abstract The present study bases on the problem of the description, the type of text whose heterogeneousness is unanimously recognized, to observe the functioning of the enumeration under its base forms (list and inventory) in touch with the description cleanly said. Two perspectives guide us: discursive and textual, their necessity is imposed by the consideration of the speech and the text as inseparable and by the constitution of the corpus of study: the romantic literary speech of the Rumanian writers of French expression. Our way confirms two operating criteria in the classification of the forms of the enumeration and insists on the discursive aspects associated to the expressions of the point of view and to the discursive changes required by sequences - photographic images.

“The Dignity of Man”: Pinter, Politics, and the Nobel Speech

The paper is an examination of Harold Pinter’s Nobel Prize lecture ‘Art, Truth & Politics’ from the political aspect. It argues that Pinter’s speech was widely misreported at the time as being most significant for its political attacks on President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Tony Blair. The paper suggests instead that the lecture given by Pinter is better understood as a message congruent with his long-standing political statements; that it was not an inappropriate eruption of politics into a literary speech; and that these political positions are also relatable to the dramatic work by which he is distinguished.

SOBRE AS "TERRAS DO SEM FIM" E AS "TERRAS DE NINGUÉM": as percepções imaginárias do coronelismo a partir da literatura e da memória

Este trabalho procura discutir o fenômeno do coronelismo presente nas primeirasdécadas do Brasil republicano. A partir das falas residentes no discurso literário de JorgeAmado, na obra Terras dos sem fim, somado ao relato memorialá­stico de uma moradora rural dosertão nordestino, na cidade de Timon-Maranhão, fronteira com a capital do Piauá­ ”“ Teresina”“, encontram-se os pontos de partida para analisar um dos meios estratégicos e o mecanismode dominação central, elaborado dentro do regime oligárquico da República Velha. Além de taisquestões, procura-se perceber no contorno dessas falas a maneira como a imagem”imponente” do coronel era apropriada e constituá­da em torno do imaginário social, como suafeição era representada dentro de um determinado plano de sociabilidade, e como as práticassociais delatavam uma determinada violência simbólica.

Voice Modulations in German Ironic Speech

Previous research has shown that in different languages ironic speech is acoustically modulated compared to literal speech,and these modulations are assumed to aid the listener in the comprehension process by acting as cues that mark utterances as ironic. The present study was conducted to identify paraverbal features of German 'ironic criticism' that may possibly act as irony cues by comparing acoustic measures of ironic and literal speech. For this purpose, samples of scripted ironic and literal target utterances produced by 14 female speakers were recorded and acoustically analyzed. Results showed that in contrast to literal remarks, ironic criticism was characterized by a decreased mean fundamental frequency (F0), raised energy levels and increased vowel duration, whereas F0-contours differed only marginally between both speech types. Furthermore, we found ironic speech to be characterized by vowel hyperarticulation,an acoustic feature which has so far not been considered as a possible irony cue. Contrary to our expectations, voice modulations in ironic speech were applied independently from the availability of additional, visual irony cues.The results are discussed in light of previous findings on acoustic features of irony yielded for other languages.

Interactions in Cuckoo's Nest : Elements of a Narrative Speech-Act Analysis

Interactions in Cuckoo's Nest:Elements of a Narrative Speech-Act Analysis Lars Bernaerts (bio) Something peculiar happens when Charlie Cheswick, one of the characters in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), asks the ward's head nurse about his cigarettes. The nurse controls the supply of cigarettes, and Cheswick does not relish that idea. However, his intended speech act, a complaint as well as a request, is ignored. Expressing the collective thought of the patients, he stresses that "[w]e want something done about it" (149). As he notices that his request does not have the desired effect nor the presupposed backup, he first increases the intensity of his request—shouting "I want something done! Hear me!" (149)—and then flies into a rage. Whether he puts his speech act in a polite formula or in a very intensive exclamation, it is not accepted as a conventional act. The scene is symptomatic not only of Cheswick's character development but also of the fictional interactions and textual dynamics in Kesey's novel. Looking at the scene from this angle, we catch a glimpse of the way in which our understanding can improve by an analysis of the speech acts of characters and narrators. From its foundation in the work of J. L. Austin until today, the theory of speech acts has been living several lives, one of which is in the world of narrative studies. Many scholars, such as Seymour Chatman and Susan Lanser, have integrated aspects of the theory into narratology, and a number of them, such as Mary Louise Pratt, Michael Kearns and Reingard Nischik, have granted it a prominent and permanent position in their narratological models. They basically argue that what authors, narrators and characters do with words—i.e., the illocutionary force [End Page 276] or point of the represented utterances—is a distinguishable and intrinsic part of the meaning of a text. What is done with words in literary narratives also deserves close attention because it is intertwined with more profound questions regarding the status of literary narratives. When characters and narrators reveal the complexity of speech acts, they might reveal something about the force of literary texts, about the potential power of the literary speech act. In other words, the speech acts in literary narratives have metanarrative and metatextual implications. Even if we regard this claim as all too strong, we can see how texts that foreground certain speech acts (e.g., as a motif, or in their title) elicit a speech-act reading; a narrative speech-act analysis would directly contribute to their interpretation. In this article, I wish to revisit the field of speech acts in narrative theory, first, in order to propose a stronger integration of speech-act analysis into narrative studies and, second, to explore new opportunities for the application of speech-act analysis within the context of postclassical narratologies. The novelty of my approach lies in the functional combination of available theoretical insights, rather than in the introduction of new concepts. That is why the next section presents an outline of some of the developments in speech-act theory and criticism, which will facilitate a sound selection of concepts and categories in the following paragraphs. These are the elements of a narrative speech-act analysis that will be presented: levels of speech acts and relations between speech acts, the theoretical specification of speech acts, values of tone and modality, inferred intentions and validity claims, institutional contexts and the context of reading. In the last section, I will zero in on two aspects of narratological investigation: characterization and fictional minds on the one hand, and narrative progression on the other hand. The case study I will be referring to is One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Ken Kesey's novel about the events and interactions in the psychiatric ward of Nurse Ratched after the admission of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy. Often adopting the twisted perspective of the experiencing self, the homodiegetic narrator Chief Bromden recounts the story after the facts. As a character, Bromden embodies an arduous progression towards a psychological and political state of freedom and self-determination. Even though the novel...

Understanding Misreading: A Hermeneutic-Deconstructive Approach

This paper puts forward a conception of specialised literary criticism, more specifically deconstructive readings, as a mode of communicative interaction which can be described through a pragmalinguistic account. Schleiermacher's conception of the hermeneutic circle provides an adequate bridge between literary criticism and speech production, once we attend to the possible developments of the theory of the hermeneutic circle understanding it as both a temporal process, and an interactional one. This paper, therefore, presents for the purpose of comparison several critical conceptions originating in different schools and dealing with a range of objects of study in criticism. The comparison yields a common element whose outline becomes gradually visible as we proceed, as each of these conceptions (hermeneutics, deconstruction, modernist aesthetics, pragmalinguistics...) brings out aspects which are implicit in the others. This exercise might be compared to the drawing of lines between stars to form a constellation, allowing us to see a previously invisible figure. The lines in constellations may seem too insubstantial as a term of comparison, but the paper will go some length towards the deconstruction of the clear-cut opposition between what is substantial and what is constructed by the imagination, at least as far as the field of interpretive theory is concerned. The thread connecting the critical approaches examined here is the retrsopective rereading of a narrative and its hermeneutic consequences. These consequences might be summarized by saying that the passing of time alters everything, even the past itself, once so safely stored.

Autism, Metaphor and Relevance Theory

The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance-theoretic account of metaphor (Carston, 1996, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2008). A subset of people on the autism spectrum have near-normal syntactic, phonological, and semantic abilities while having severe difficulties with the interpretation of metaphor, irony, conversational implicature, and other pragmatic phenomena. However, Relevance Theory treats metaphor as importantly unlike phenomena such as conversational implicature or irony and like instances of ordinary literal speech. In this paper, I show how Relevance Theory can account for the prima facie incongruity between its treatment of metaphor and the case of individuals with autism.

Pale Analogies and Dead Metaphors: Some Recent Trends in Religious Language

ABSTRACTIn Christian tradition, accounts of religious language have commonly centered on analogical predication arising from a created world that reflects its Creator. Recent decades have witnessed a change: metaphor has gone into ascendance while analogy has suffered an eclipse. This essay critiques four trends in contemporary accounts of religious language: the ascription of universal range to metaphor; inadequate accounts of the nature of metaphor; insufficient attention given to the nature of literal speech; and the consequent deficient understandings of the relationship of metaphor and analogy. I then draw on Thomas Aquinas for an account of religious speech that defends the cognitive indispensability of metaphor while arguing for the logical primacy of analogy.

En busca del ADN de la escritura en Historia de una absolución familiar de Germán Marín

We understand the writing in Historia de una absolucion familiar by German Marin as a metaphor of the DNA spiral, while the reflection about itself in search of its origin and the escape line of the literary speech towards the life of the author himself and in whose narrative proposal the imagination and memory link each other.

Decreased Left Posterior Insular Activity during Auditory Language in Autism

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders often exhibit atypical language patterns, including delay of speech onset, literal speech interpretation, and poor recognition of social and emotional cues in speech. We acquired functional MR images during an auditory language task to evaluate systematic differences in language-network activation between control and high-functioning autistic populations. Forty-one right-handed male subjects (26 high-functioning autistic subjects, 15 controls) were studied by using an auditory phrase-recognition task, and areas of differential activation between groups were identified. Hand preference, verbal intelligence quotient (IQ), age, and language-function testing were included as covariables in the analysis. Control and autistic subjects showed similar language-activation networks, with 2 notable differences. Control subjects showed significantly increased activation in the left posterior insula compared with autistic subjects (P < .05, false discovery rate), and autistic subjects showed increased bilaterality of receptive language compared with control subjects. Higher receptive-language scores on standardized testing were associated with greater activation of the posterior aspect of the left Wernicke area. A higher verbal IQ was associated with greater activation of the bilateral Broca area and involvement of the prefrontal cortex and lateral premotor cortex. Control subjects showed greater activation of the posterior insula during receptive language, which may correlate with impaired emotive processing of language in autism. Subjects with autism showed greater bilateral activation of receptive-language areas, which was out of proportion to the differences in hand preference in autism and control populations.

Teaching &amp; Learning Guide for: Linguistics in the Study and Teaching of Literature

Linguistics can provide a technical vocabulary for talking about language, and an understanding of how everyday language is structured and functions. Literary texts are made from language, and although the relation between language in literature and language in general is not fully understood, linguistics can help theorize literary language, and suggest ways of thinking about literary form, and the relation between form and meaning in literature.

Da política à literatura: o percurso de Ignazio Silone

A primeira metade do século XX pode ser perfilada por inúmeros acontecimentos histórico-políticos e culturais que influenciaram toda uma geração de escritores, artistas e intelectuais. É nesta complexa trama que se (inter)relacionam os binômios história e literatura e literatura e política, e nela podem ser inseridos a produção intelectual e o percurso de Ignazio Silone. Os escritos literários e não desse autor italiano refletem a sua inserção no mundo e a experiência do vivido, que são também caracterizadas pelos regimes totalitários, pelo fascismo, pelo antifascismo e pelo exílio. Marcas de uma existência que permeiam e nutrem o discurso literário siloniano.

Pragmatic Abilities in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study in Philosophy and the Empirical

away from these: To do otherwise would be to make our proposal unduly speculative.) Next, we explain how positing two processes accounts for our data about pragmatic abilities in ASD, while leaving the deficit-based methodology safe from the threat seemingly posed by the abilities we have uncovered. As a first pass at the contrast between primary and secondary pragmatic processes, consider functional characterizations of each. Beginning with secondary processes (simply because they are more familiar), they are always postpropositional. That is to say, secondary pragmatic processes always take propositions as input. More specifically, focusing on the speech act of assertion, they take the proposition literally stated as input, and yield propositions that are nonliterally conveyed. In the context of communicative abilities in ASD, it is useful to divide these into two classes: non-ironic cases on the one hand—conversational implicatures, metaphor, and indirect speech acts—and irony on the other. (We will see why shortly.) Primary pragmatic processes, in contrast, take the standing meaning of expressions as input (this being assigned by semantics in our sense) and yield the literal content of the speech act as output. Again, in the context of ASD, it is useful to divide these into subvarieties. On the one hand, there are inputs whose content is less than fully propositional. These include expressions that contain overtly context-sensitive expressions like pronouns (“he,” “this”), tense markers, and special words like “now” and “here,” as well as expressions that have multiple senses. If primary pragmatic processing does not occur in these cases, no truth condition results. For example, the sentence type “He lived there until yesterday” patently has no truth value, even once all the nonlinguistic facts are fixed, for there is no specification of who is being spoken about (nor when, nor where). This must be settled by what we call “slot filling.” Or again, “The bank was flooded,” that type, lacks a truth condition because it is ambiguous. (In fact, it is both lexically and structurally ambiguous.) On the other hand, there are inputs to primary pragmatic processes where the standing meaning is a proposition, but where the literally stated proposition is not the semantically encoded one. Thus, in reporting upon a party, someone who says “Everyone got drunk” produces a sentence that (ignoring tense) actually does express a proposition—namely that for every person in the universe, there is some time in the past at which they got drunk—however, this is not what is claimed. In the literature, this is referred to as “free enrichment.” In sum, we have (iv) Subvarieties of Primary Pragmatic Processes (a) Input is pre-propositional (1) Assignment of referents to context-sensitive items (slot filling) (2) Selection of sense (disambiguation) (b) Input is propositional (free enrichment) Now, as this last example already hints, these subvarieties are not mutually exclusive. Very often more than one applies before the literal speech act content is arrived at. Consider, for instance, typical uses of “I’ve had breakfast” and “You’re not going to die.” Slot filling is required for the pronouns and for tense. But even once this happens, the results—namely that there is some time in the past at which the contextually fixed speaker breakfasted and there is no time in the future at which 312 Jessica de Villiers, Robert J. Stainton, and Peter Szatmari

Showing, Telling and Seeing. Metaphor and “Poetic” Language

Theorists often associate certain “poetic” qualities with metaphor – most especially, producing an open-ended, holistic perspective which is evocative, imagistic and affectively-laden. I argue that, on the one hand, non-cognitivists are wrong to claim that metaphors only produce such perspectives: like ordinary literal speech, they also serve to undertake claims and other speech acts with propositional content. On the other hand, contextualists are wrong to assimilate metaphor to literal loose talk: metaphors depend on using one thing as a perspective for thinking about something else. I bring out the distinctive way that metaphor works by contrasting it with two other poetic uses of language, juxtapositions and “telling details,” that do fit the accounts of metaphor offered by non-cognitivists and contextualists, respectively.

Cognitive Effort and Effects in Metaphor Comprehension: Relevance Theory and Psycholinguistics

: This paper explores the trade-off between cognitive effort and cognitive effects during immediate metaphor comprehension. We specifically evaluate the fundamental claim of relevance theory that metaphor understanding, like all utterance interpretation, is constrained by the presumption of optimal relevance (Sperber and Wilson, 1995, p. 270): the ostensive stimulus is relevant enough for it to be worth the addressee’s effort to process it, and the ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one compatible with the communicator’s abilities and preferences. One important implication of optimal relevance is that listeners follow a path of least effort and stop processing at the first interpretation that satisfies their expectation of relevance. They do this by trying to minimize cognitive effort while maximizing cognitive effects. Some relevance theory scholars suggest that metaphors should require additional cognitive effort to be understood, and that in return they yield more cognitive effects than does literal speech. Others claim that metaphors may be understood quickly, as soon as people infer enough effects for the speaker’s utterance to meet their expectation of optimal relevance. Our analysis of the experimental evidence suggests that there is no systematic relationship between cognitive effort and cognitive effects in metaphor comprehension. We conclude that relevance theory need not make any general predictions about the effort needed to comprehend metaphors. Nevertheless, relevance theory is consistent with many of the findings in psycholinguistics on metaphor understanding, and can account for aspects of metaphor understanding that no other theory can explain.