Literary Movement Research Articles

ECOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS POETRY: A STUDY OF GARY SYNDER'S POETRY

Ecological consciousness poetry is considered as a modern literary movement, it has its roots in the west side of the world originated in the United States of America on the second half of 20th century. The concept of nature was the major theme in the Romantic era. On the other hand, eco-writers have their consideration of nature. This research highlighting on one of the most important parts in this movement which is "ecopoetry" by explaining its implications of nature in Gary Snyder's poetry, who is one of the pioneers of beat generation. The first section of the research concerns with Gary Snyder's early life and highlights on his most significant perspectives. The second one is a kind of a critical part, which concerns with eco-critical approach, its roots, concept, and a list of a critical questions which asks by its critics. The third section is the most important one in my opinion, which is the implication of ecological consciousness poetry in Gary Snyder's poems and how he reads this kind of poetry. And last but not least, a conclusion which sums up my perspectives and readings to the ecocriticism in general, and Gary Snyder's poetry in special.
 
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Wharton, Hemingway, and the Advent of Modernism

Wharton, Hemingway, and the Advent of Modernism

Reality Bites

Reality Bites

„Machine Gun of Young Literature” – Fronts of Combat and Cooperation of the Warsaw Artistic Club S (1933–1936)

The article discusses the activity of the Warsaw Artistic Club S which functioned in the years 1933–1936 and was one of the more important (though now largely forgotten) literary initiatives referring to the achievement of the Polish 1920s avant-garde. It looks at the club’s origin, development, sc ope of activity and place in the context of the contemporaneous literary movements. The differences between the views of the club’s leading members prevented the formulation of a common program, and therefore limited its infl uence on the shape of Polish interwar literature.

Semiotic Analysis of Joyce Kilmer’s Poems

This study which is a semiotic analysis of the poems of Joyce Kilmer had discovered through the use of Barth’s Denotation-Connotation Theory the use of both literal and non-literal meanings of some important recurring words in Kilmer’s poems. The recurring words serving as leitmotifs were therefore subjected to semiotic analysis and interpretation. The study did explore, therefore, the signs (visual images in the poems) by giving the signifier and the signified of some word/s as signs. With the Denotation-Connotation of the word, it even led the researcher to a new level of signified – something higher in meaning than the two, connotative still. Moreover, the use of semiotic analysis of the poems even became a tool to= experience side benefits of the study – that is, giving a researcher a cue that Joyce Kilmer's poems revolved around nature, God as thematic content with emotion overflowing in the literary opuses. Thus, with the side benefits, the researcher was even led further to realize that the poet (Joyce Kilmer) belonged to the Romantic Era of the literary movement.

On William Wordsworth’s Ideas about the Language for Poetry——from the Perspective of Esthetic Paradigm Shift

As one of the leading figures in British Romantic Literary Movement, William Wordsworth has not only created abundant famous poems, but also comprehensively expounded his Romantic poetic ideas, which has caused hot debates among his contemporary and later critics. By putting Wordsworth’s poems, his poetic ideas, his contemporary and later critics’ studies into the background of esthetic paradigm shift to observe, it can be concluded that his poems belong to the artefact esthetic paradigm shift, his opinions about the language for poetry belong to the sociological esthetic paradigm shift, the Romantic critics’ philosophical studies on his opinions about the language for poetry belong to the metaphysical esthetic paradigm shift, and the philosophical studies on his opinions about the language for poetry by later non-Romantic critics belong to the later formed theories. It has multiple meanings to apply the theories of esthetic paradigm shift to study Wordsworth’s opinions about the language for poetry: Firstly, it can enrich the studies about his relationship with language; Secondly, it can clear up the features of Classism and Romanticism; Thirdly, it can set up a fourfold model and find out some useful research methods for the study of esthetic paradigm shift; Fourthly, some rules of esthetic paradigm shift can be summed up, which could contribute to the further study on the rules of universal esthetic paradigm shift.

Comparison and political strategy: Internationalism, colonial rule and urban research after Fanon

Debates about comparative method have been at the forefront of English-language urban studies during the last two decades. In one sense, these debates simply derive from and help sustain the crucial labour process of urban research. In other respects, the rise of comparative method to foremost prominence has demonstrated theoretical differences in the field. The heat that some of these debates have occasionally generated (e.g. on scale, global cities, assemblage and planetary urbanisation) alerts us to the political stakes involved in comparison. These range from the micro-political dynamics of knowledge creation to various macrological considerations. In this paper, I deal not only with the political implications of comparative projects, I also raise the question: how do political strategies produce comparative perspectives? After a few observations about comparative debates in urban research and beyond, I zero in on Frantz Fanon’s tricontinental internationalism as a generator of a relational comparative outlook before discussing three intellectual engagements with Fanon’s legacy. These engagements are situated within the creole literary movement in Martinique, Indigenous radicalism in Canada and political anti-racism in mainland France. By highlighting the obstacles that stand in the way of translating Fanon’s internationalism, these engagements also underline the importance of understanding colonial rule and its legacies (including its urban dimension, which Fanon understood under the larger rubric of colonial compartmentalisation) in relationally comparative ways: historically and geographically distinct but inter-linked through broader processes, strategies and intellectual practices.

‘Essentially an American Institution Planted on Foreign Soil’: The American Library in Paris, the Paris Herald, the Paris Tribune and Ex Libris

In 1920, the American Library in Paris (ALP) was incorporated, with the desire to ‘be a somewhat adequate representation of American life and thought’ in the city. This paper will argue that the ALP - an institution established for overseas soldiers in 1918, which became its own entity in 1920 and celebrated a century of service in 2020 - would do more than represent America in the interwar period: it would play a role in shaping American identity as well. Through archival materials, this paper explores the ALP’s representation in the three periodicals most imbricated with its interwar existence: the Paris editions of the Chicago Tribune and the New York Herald, and the little magazine, Ex Libris. I argue that the ALP - in both its physical and psychic forms - was an important site for the formation of transnational American identity in the interwar period, and that it strived to weigh in on conversations about emerging literary movements, including modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. American identity, as the Library represented it, combined national exceptionalism with a true desire for transnational cooperation. It was firmly at home on international soil, and well-versed in the era’s literary debates.

KeesBoterbloemLife in Stalin's Soviet Union. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. 247 pp. £20.69 (pbk), £63 (hbk).

KeesBoterbloemLife in Stalin's Soviet Union. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. 247 pp. £20.69 (pbk), £63 (hbk).

Католицьке відродження в англійській літературі

The article deals with research of the Catholic revival as a remarkable literary movement that amalgamated a number of authors who discussed problems of the Roman Catholicism in the works of various forms – from serious theological apologies to the popular genres like G.K. Chesterton's detective stories. Such Catholic novelists like Evelyn Waugh and Graham Greene appeal to the wide readership and interpret the problem of faith in its complex ambivalence, actuality, psychological depth. Whilst Evelyn Waugh is in search for a solid ground in the Old Faith as an alternative to the modern anarchy and chaos, Graham Greene emphasizes on the faith's conflicting ambiguities and contradictions.

The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Berlin ed. by Andrew J. Webber

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Berlin ed. by Andrew J. Webber Hunter Bivens Webber, Andrew J., ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Berlin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2017. Pp. xvii+279. CDN$101.95 hardcover; CDN$29.95 paperback; US$22.00 ebook. What is the literature of Berlin? Is it literature produced in Berlin? Literature somehow connected with Berlin in the cultural imaginary? Literature that takes place in or portrays the city? Andrew J. Webber’s introduction poses these questions, but frames the volume’s project as the survey of literature that takes Berlin as its object. Berlin is, however, not only a geographical place, but also a space of political, cultural, and historical constellations and uneven temporalities. Berlin is both a kind of “urban laboratory” (3) and a haunting ground for the violence unleashed by modernity, both a cradle of literary modernism and a place of memory, a place of movement and a place in notion. Webber’s introduction uses the Berlin novel par excellence, Alfred Döblin’s 1929 Berlin Alexanderplatz, as an example of how the literature of Berlin serves to portray the city as at once, in Henri Lefebvre’s terms, a “representational space,” where everyday life is negotiated and contested, and “an object of ‘representations of space,’ which are plans and visions for the conceptual organization of the city” (6). Like Döblin’s novel, the literature of Berlin, Webber argues, explores “the tension between a settled sense of place and forms of non-placement” (7), reflecting a city that is, materially, politically, and ideologically always in a state of construction. In this sense, as Yasemin Yildiz points out, Berlin is an essentially “migratory setting,” to quote Murat Aydemir and Alex Rostas, “installing movement within place” (208). The volume strikes a good balance between the settledness and unsettledness of its categories, be it in terms of the intermediality of modernist literature, the unsettling of identities and communities in a transnational or global city, or the palimpsestic, uneven character of temporality and memory in the literature of the postwar and contemporary periods. The contributions provide a useful overview of the literary movements, groupings, identities, and thematics of the archive that it stales out as the literature of Berlin. Moving from relatively chronologically sequential essays of the first half, the volume’s second half offers a series of contributions that map the complicated movements of memory, migration, and identity that shape the cultural imaginary of postwar and contemporary Berlin. Finally, the Companion features two essays by David Barnett and Gerrit-Jan Berendse, respectively, on Berlin’s importance to modern drama and poetry. All in all, this is a useful volume, offering a comprehensive overview of Berlin in the literary imaginary by leading scholars in German Studies. [End Page 425] The volume opens with Matt Erlin’s essay “Literature and Enlightenment,” which already lays out many of the key themes that shape many of the collection’s essays. Emerging as a centre of German and European Enlightenment around the 1780s, Berlin was viewed by contemporaries as a “quintessentially ‘modern’ space,” characterized by rapid change, social progress, and the fluctuations of fashion. Erlin describes Berlin in this period as both a sort of laboratory of Kantian Enlightenment and “as a kind of anthropological training ground, where mew modes of unscripted sociability are seen to foster tolerance as well as the experiential knowledge of man and the world so crucial to the Enlightenment ideal of self-cultivation” (30). An example of such unscripted sociality was the Berlin salon culture of this period, which fostered the specifically “cosmopolitan rationalist” style of figures such as Moses Mendelsohn, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Anna Louisa Karsch, and Friedrich Nicolai. Between 1790 and 1820, this salon culture became an important center of German Romanticism, and Jürgen Barkhoff’s essay “Romantic Sociability, Aesthetics and Politics” helpfully lays out that history and the trajectory from early to late Romanticism against the background of the political context of the Prussian Reforms of 1806 and the cultural nationalism of the Wars of Liberation against Napoleon. The aesthetics of Romanticism became increasingly, if ambiguously, political as it moved from the salons of...

In Tribute to the Kuwaiti Poet Ali Al-Sabti

This is a eulogy of the Kuwaiti poet and writer Ali Hussein Al-Sabti, who died at the age of 86. He was a prominent poet of Kuwait who contributed to the beginnings of the modern poetic movement in Kuwait, writing literary and social stories and articles subsequently published in Kuwaiti and Arab newspapers. He served as a member of the Writers Association and the Journalists Association and wrote for many Kuwaiti newspapers. He also won many awards and honors from authorities and institutions sponsoring poetry and literature, including the Abdulaziz Saud Al-Babtain Prize for Poetic Creativity. The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters mourns this man who enjoyed a busy journey in literary and cultural work marked by elaborate poems and distinguished writings. The death of Al-Sabti, a great poet and writer, marks a loss for the cultural and literary movement in Kuwait.

Literary Historiography as Event: Mihai Iovănel’s History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020

In his essay, Moraru contends that Mihai Iovănel’s 2021 History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020 is a breakthrough in Romanian literary historiography and criticism overall. According to Moraru, the History revisits radically the terms of the Romantic contract that, in Romania and elsewhere, has typically been underwriting modern criticism. A form of critical realism and an exemplar of postmillennial Romanian literary and cultural studies, Iovănel’s book is, in Moraru’s view, not only provocative but also effectively transformative. To gauge the scope and nature of the changes advocated and enacted in the History, this article examines how Iovănel has put together what he calls the “system” of contemporary Romanian literature. Thus, Moraru is less concerned with which writers are included in the book and which are left out, seeking, instead, answers to a series of questions concerning primarily Iovănel’s cultural-materialist and transnational studies-informed methodology. Along the same theoretical, historical, and political lines, Moraru discusses the project’s makeup as well as the strength of the case the History makes for the need to have another look at a range of pre- and post-1990 literary movements, directions, styles, and authors, principally at postmodernism and its competition and successors in the twenty-first century.

Художественный мир поэм Бахтияра Мирзанова

The study aims to determine features of reproduction of various world models in poems by Bakhtiyar Mirzanov, one of the representatives of the early-XX-century Tatar poetry. The article considers the poet’s works in cultural-historical and historical-literary contexts, examines various artistic paradigms influence on the genre poetics. The paper is novel in that it is the first to identify types of world models typical of Bakhtiyar Mirzanov’s poems, within which the images and motifs common to the poet’s entire lyrico-epic creative work are identified. As a result, it is proved that Bakhtiyar Mirzanov’s poems reflect the artistic trends that characterise the literary movement of the era, in which various trends are found, romantic and modernist in particular.

The Odyssey of Eternal Love

The present manuscript is the review of Vakhtang Javakhadze’s long verse/mini-poem – Elegy: Necklace. During the analysis the hermeneutic method of text study, analysis and text research in the prism of literary sociology have been used. The verse is analyzed in view of poetry study too. Elegy: Necklace can be considered as part of long verse or mini-poem genre. When creating it, the author planned to write an elegy, although, the writing process prolonged and the text extended. Everyone agrees that Elegy: Necklace is the start of something new in Georgian poetry. When we speak about literary movement, which one of them the mini-poem belongs to, we presume that it is either postmodernism or neonaturalism. The lyrical “I” is represented as the true “I” and with all the clear and unappealable naturalism tells the story of eternal love, told either by items or life events; either ups or downs. The poem is led by Murman Lebanidze’s poem title – Getting Used to Being Without You! which precisely reflects its main mood; Murman Lebanidze dedicated this poem to his deceased spouse and speaks about struggling to get used to living without her. The “internal dialogue” of the author and his beloved one does not stop and it is spoken about by items, gravestone and in the final part of the poem, the blue dove, as the sign of eternal connection between souls in love, as the symbol of immortal love. For more naturalism slang, barbarism and neologism are used in the poem. It is noteworthy that the poem is conventional or traditional, despite the fact that current poetry mainstream is a verse libre. The poem is distinguished by amazing euphony and tempo-rythm. The poem expresses the unusual humor and irony, which are the signs of Vakhtang Javakhadze’s style. Therefore, here is Vakhtang Javakhadze’s masterpiece – Elegy: Necklace, which is the start of something new in Georgian poetry.

Artistic symbolism of I.Turgenev as a manifestation of romantic spirit of his works

The article considers the artistic symbolism of the writer as a reflection of the literary movement of his work, and analyzes it. The history of the issue on this topic originated a long time ago; it is quite extensive and causes undoubted interest. The peculiarity of the romantic view is associated with the personality of the writer and the inherent deep psychologism, psychophysics of his personality. The symbolic system in the Turgenev’s works is filled with Hegelian ideas about the inextricable relationship between the life of Nature and a man, which the writer adopted and developed. This relationship lies in the field of parallel processes occurring in them. A lot of attention in the work is paid to the forces of inertness and egoism, which, according to the author, are also engines of progress. This whole set of ideas, reflecting the various facets of human being and constituting the basis of the romantic system and the symbolism of his work, gives rise to a significant layer of symbolic details filling his works with a special artistic “sound”, where rich love symbolism has become a separate “ornament”.

Cultural antropophagy today: a semiotic approach to Oswald de Andrade’s theory of culture

Close to the centenary of the Modern Art Week, this paper explores the scenario where sign studies in Brazil found its première. It pays attention to relations of some of these pioneers in semiotics with communities not solely of scholars, but also of vanguard artists, critics and other members of the intelligentsia. Oswald de Andrade reclaims some semiotic features of Tupinambás’s martial rituals to develop the notion of Cultural Antropophagy (C. A.). Supported by the methodological framework of C. S. Peirce and elements from semiotics of culture, this study explores the dialogic situation between the national “spirit” [Volkgeist] and the foreign cultures. According to B. Schnaiderman (1979), the development of semiotic studies in Russia do not as expected begins from division of other scientific programs, but from artistic vanguards and literary movements. Peirce (1931-58) in his writings about Philosophy of Science stressed many times about the social character of scientific activity. Probably endorsed by an evolutionary and semiotic criteria Peirce already had pointed out that science can flourish from other kind of cultural phenomena. Indeed, the analysis focuses Andrade’s Modernist ideas as contributions to awake a kind of “semiotic consciousness” in Brazil. I will argue that the developed idea of C. A. not just worked as the poetic motto of Brazilian Modernists but also as a key concept to an original metacultural theory and a strong factor to the development of sign studies at universities in the State of São Paulo.

Postmodern açıdan Salman Rushdie’nin Utanç adlı romanı

Postmodern fiction, which appeared in a post-World War II period, bears distinctive qualities from other literary movements such as realism and modernism structurally, stylistically and thematically. It can be perceived as a challenge against or attack on fixed language systems, subject matters, narrative style, plot development in the face of modernist and realist quest for meaning in a fragmentary world. One of the principal works of postmodern literature published in 1983, Shame by Salman Rushdie exhibits the best features of a post-modern novel by a style of magic realism by touching some political issues and some significant characters in a turbulent Pakistan in the way of historiographic fiction. Although language seems to reflect real historical events, an imaginative and subjective narrative style betrays its break with reality. Shame deserves being called as ‘a postmodern novel’ in the light of the key characteristics of postmodern fiction such as narrative fragmentation and reflexivity, the decentring of the subject, fictional framing of devices and the plurality of worlds, the displacement of the real by simulacra, magic realism and historiographic metafiction. Therefore, in the novel Shame where the loss of reality and meaning is celebrated rather than lamented, I will try to demonstrate how it is worth the title of “a postmodern novel” by resorting to its comparisons and contrasts with such movements as realism and modernism.

ECOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS POETRY: A STUDY OF GARY SYNDER'S POETRY

Ecological consciousness poetry is considered as a modern literary movement, it has its roots in the west side of the world originated in the United States of America on the second half of 20th century. The concept of nature was the major theme in the Romantic era. On the other hand, eco-writers have their consideration of nature. This research highlighting on one of the most important parts in this movement which is "ecopoetry" by explaining its implications of nature in Gary Snyder's poetry, who is one of the pioneers of beat generation. The first section of the research concerns with Gary Snyder's early life and highlights on his most significant perspectives. The second one is a kind of a critical part, which concerns with eco-critical approach, its roots, concept, and a list of a critical questions which asks by its critics. The third section is the most important one in my opinion, which is the implication of ecological consciousness poetry in Gary Snyder's poems and how he reads this kind of poetry. And last but not least, a conclusion which sums up my perspectives and readings to the ecocriticism in general, and Gary Snyder's poetry in special.
 
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Pirandello: a theory and practice of «humorism»

What defines the special character of Pirandello's works is the fact that he creates his own literary movement, which draws on the duality of theoretical and practical aspects. His own practice led Pirandello to the creation of a theory (‘humorism') that declares analytical dismantling of reality to be the ultimate goal of literature in order to depict the world as a series of illusions devoid of a unifying central idea. Guided by this postulate, Pirandello was close to deconstruction of the tools he used, namely the novel and the play. His reimagining of the novel was less radical: the revision of this form remained incomplete. His reforms of playwriting principles were more advanced, as Pirandello problematised and rejected traditional oppositions — primarily, the opposition of art to reality. In The Mountain Giants [I giganti della montagna], his final and unfinished play, Pirandello attempted to create a myth about art as a medium between the material and the ideal, but, confined to the rules of ‘humorism', he remained trapped by this contradiction.