Literary Dictionaries Research Articles

Lexico-semantic processes in modern scientific texts: from the dynamics of the literary norm to style polymorphism

The article analyzes lexical-semantic processes in modern scientific texts. In the aspect of the literary norm, the activation of rarely used, reactivation of outdated, determinologizing, expansion of the meaning of special, functioning of foreign vocabulary was observed. The word-forming tendencies of the scientific style are highlighted, taking into account the internal laws and potential possibilities of the Ukrainian language. Scientific style, under the influence of the trends of language democratization, expands its own possibilities in the choice of linguistic means, activates the passive fund of the literary dictionary, creates new contextual opportunities for the development of semantic connotations. The main challenges of this sphere of linguistic life are the spread of general negative tendencies of the lexical norm (restriction of word-formation potential, excessive variability, tracing of determinologized nominations and terms) and, as a result, the threat of losing the basic definition of style as a standard of literary language. In the aspect of stylistic norms, excessive expression of texts due to the use of means not typical for scientific language was recorded: colloquialisms, neologisms, ideologues, slangisms, etc. Such processes cause the phenomenon of stylistic polymorphism with the possibility of destroying the established functional capabilities of the language. Keywords: scientific style, scientific text, literary norm, stylistic norm, lexical-semantic processesces, linguistic expression.

A LITERARY ANALYSIS OF LOVE POEMS BY ÖZDEMIR ASAF

Özdemir Asaf is considered one of the most important poets in the Turkish Literature in the twentieth century. He was born on 11th of June, 1923 in Ankara and died on 28th of January 1981 after a life lasted for 57 years. His grave is in AĢiyan Asri in Istanbul. He was famous in the Turkish literature during the republic period especially in National Literature. Although her published several short stories, he was well-known by his poetry that won several prizes and left a great influence among Turkish Nation. One of the best works among Özdemir Asaf’s poetry is Love poems published under the title Lafinia which includes 70 short poems. These poems collected some of his literary works and published them in a book by Paynar Akenci after several years after his death. Lafinia or Love Poems express its scope of importance in a way that reflects its title according to what has been written. The collection of poems were considered of high importance and one of the most well-read and published poems which makes them more brilliant. Literature is an attempt of writing including all discourses that must use a literary diction. In addition, literature has several types such as poetry, novel, short story, and drama. What makes the writings of the poet distinctive is his use of a high level of literary diction. The poetry of the poet is divided into several types like poetry, novel, short story, and drama. The common and unique point of all of his literary writings, as mentioned above, is that they have been written carefully both literary and technical in that period. The poet was considered a simple productive writer by his close use of ordinary daily life language faraway from the difficult academic language. Moreover, he uses the common aesthetic side. By nature, man hives a two-dimensional life. He has two different sides in his life, materialistic and spiritual. Man is materialistic by supporting his life, and spiritual by feelings and emotions. In addition, the psychological aspects that deal with the internal side of man like sadness, happiness, dejection, reproach, ecstasy, anger and surprise are concepts that cannot be completely described and difficult to interpret. Although there were different courses to understand such feelings, the literary interpretation is one of the most essential methods. In fact, poetry is spiritual shows the spiritual effect and it is a deep and sensitive expression of these effects. It is clear in the poetry of our poet by transforming the spiritual air into words through the diction of poetry. Özdemir Asaf is one of professors of poetry which expresses feeling and emotions. The basis of the subject of the research is a literary analysis of the love poems by the poet Özdemir Asaf. He is one of the poets whom we can see their literary style in its powerful meaning in all of the poems. The main subject of our research paper is this concept. We introduce the life of the poet Özdemir Asaf and his literary personality as well as his writings as he is considered one of the important poets in the twentieth century. We will give a detailed interpretation of the book of Love poems – Lafinia in its literary concept by introducing a literary analysis for Love poems of Özdemir Asaf.

АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МОТИВЫ В РОМАНЕ Л. УЛИЦКОЙ «МЕДЕЯ И ЕЕ ДЕТИ» В КОНТЕКСТЕ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКИ

Statement of the problem. This article discusses the impact of gender analysis and axiology on literary criticism due to the high level of scientific globalization, which leads to the replenishment of the literary dictionary with such terms as gender and value orientation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the motive structure of L. Ulitskaya’s novel Medea and Her Children in the aspect of gender analysis, taking into account the values of feminine and masculine types. Comparative, motivational and gender analysis should be singled out as the main methods. The research results are based on the motive analysis. It was revealed that the axiological picture of the world of female and male images recreated in L. Ulitskaya’s novel ‟Medea and Her Children” is almost identical, but has a number of characteristic features, consisting of the image of the main character and the tropes used.

İnsan ruhunun yağmacıları: Edebi travma teorisi bağlamında Abdulrazak Gurnah’ın Gravel Heart romanının bir eleştirisi

Gravel Heart (2017) is the ninth postcolonial novel of Tanzanian-born British novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah who was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature. Being a part of his literary diction, his novel explores in-depth justification of traumatic migrant stories with neurological symptoms like sense of (un)belonging, assimilation, naturalisation, the hybridity of values and norms, and a keen sense of in-betweenness. Born in the postcolonial setting of his hometown, the migrant protagonist is exposed to the material and spiritual confiscations of the western rulers or their representatives which brings about neurotic concerns like an inevitable sense of shame and quilt. It is clear in his novel that his hometown and interpersonal relations were corrupted and abused by the local contributors of the colonial hegemonies. Having a chance to emigrate to England as a seemingly reward for his surrendering at the beginning, the narrator questions his use in such a plundered world even after years of wranglings back in his motherland. In this study, the theme of ‘plunderers of the human spirit’ in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s Gravel Heart will be discussed in terms of literary trauma theory which aims to legitimise trauma narratives by literary devices such as fragmentation, language manipulation, repetition, and intertextuality to extrapolate the meaning arising from extreme traumatic stress within the frame of postcolonial novels

Verbalization of the concept “innovation” in scientific and methodological texts of People’s Republic of China

The article is devoted to verbalization of the concept “innovation” in scientific and methodological texts of People’s Republic of China, in particular in the texts of methodological recommendations, practice programs, educational and training programs of leading Chinese universities. The article analyzes the idea of a concept from the point of view of cognitive linguistics, according to various approaches to its definition, after this analyzing we make a proper definition of a concept. The concept “innovation”, different views on its interpretation by Ukrainian, European and Chinese researchers are analyzed in detail. For this, various types of explanatory and literary dictionaries, of Ukrainian, British and Chinese prominent researchers and their research papers were used in this article. The core of the concept “innovation” and its components were analyzed. It was determined that the concept of “innovation” in the texts of scientific and methodical materials mostly verbalized with the help of hieroglyphs of创新. Examples of the concept of “innovation” verbalization in scientific and methodical texts of Chinese universities in various combinations were given. The main components of the concept, such as innovation, creativity, novelty and uniqueness were characterized. The main ways of verbalizing the components of innovation and their role in understanding of the concept meaning are shown. A brief analysis of the pedagogic innovation 教育方法 was presented. Quantitative indicators for an objective analysis of the methods of verbalizing the concept of “innovation” and its components were shown in a tabular format. The choice of methodical texts for training students in universities of China, as the basis of our research, was made due to their authority among leading Chinese and world universities and their significant contribution to innovation in education. Their qualitative language could improve language skills and make understanding of the concept of “innovation” clearer. The characteristics of linguistic ways of verbalizing the concept “innovation” and its components will be useful for choosing a translation strategy during scientific and methodical texts translation.

Tamil Literary dictionaries - the need and uses of Encyclopedia

Though Tamil is recognised as the world’s oldest language, its a matter of great concern that there aren’t persistent efforts to create and maintain Tamil language dictionaries. While there have been many instances right from the sangam era in creating dictionaries and encyclopedia, they haven’t been continually updated to refine, remove errors or to add in the developments to the language by way of new words introduced. With English being used as the main language across the board, it’s important to have well maintained dictionaries and encyclopedia without which there will be no growth of the language. This paper traces the history of Tamil language dictionaries, about the pioneers and their attempts to bring out encyclopedia in various fields and emphasises the need to create a comprehensive dictionary and encyclopedia, update it yearly and the need to make it a mandatory subject of study in schools.

The image of the poet Mihai Eminescu in the literary dictionaries

Mihai Eminescu is known as the Romanian national poet, the most important writer of the XIXͭʰ century in Romanian literature, whose writings have been intensely interpreted since his poetic debut. Therefore, this paper proposes a study of the way the literary dictionaries build the image of “the national poet”. This identity construct is significant to our investigation because it influences the interpretation of the poet figure through history. In order to have a wider view of the problem, we consulted a series of literary dictionaries and, also, dictionaries for students use to see how the figure of Eminescu is taught in schools. Moreover, we did not put aside foreign dictionaries, which bring a more objective perspective to the issue. The majority of Romanian dictionaries alter the poet’s portrait in favor of a “national construct”, created partly by the use of rhetoric figures. Another way of composing him a deformed image is accomplished by writing subjective and opaque interpretation of his poems. Consequently, such hermeneutics focuses on developing a myth that reflects mainly the way Romanians as nation want to be recognized and remembered.

СФОРМИРОВАННОСТЬ ЧИТАТЕЛЬСКОЙ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ, ПРОФИЛЯ «НАЧАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ»

Introduction. Today, reading is one of the language activities that consists not only of transforming letters into sounds. It is one of the meta-subject skills, which affect learning success. One of the priority objectives set in the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education is to create the necessary level of reading competence in junior students. Consequently, the level of reading competence in students, i.e., future primary school teachers, should be high. The study aims to identify the level of reading competence in first-year students of the specialty ‘Pedagogical education’ (44.03.01) majoring in Primary education. The objectives of the research are to carry out a theoretical analysis of the reading competence issue, identify criteria for reading competence formation in first-year students, identify their levels of reading competence, and propose tasks to develop reading competence in first-year students. Materials and methods. The paper is devoted to the analysis of reading competence in the first-year students majoring in Primary Education. The paper presents the results of the tasks completed by first-year students. Students’ results were analyzed according to the criteria of efficiency, flexibility, maturity, and activity. Results of the study. The analysis has indicated that, in general, reading competence in the students is at the average level. According to the criteria of ‘efficiency’ (a high level of understanding the information read), ‘flexibility’ (the ability to change reading strategies), and ‘maturity’ (the ability to switch from one form of information presentation to another), the students are mainly at a medium and low level. In our opinion, this is because many students do not have a well-developed ability to carefully read information, and identify the essentials. According to the criterion ‘activity’ (the ability to use the information obtained from reading), more than half of the first-year students showed a low level, which indicates that they are not able to analyze and express their thoughts on what they read. Based on monitoring of reading competence in the first-year students of specialty Pedagogical Education (44.03.01) majoring in Primary Education, we have developed and proposed tasks aimed at building reading competence. These, in particular, include keeping a literary dictionary; keeping a reader’s diary; analyzing literary works for children; self-analyzing of reading the literary works for children, with their systematization by the time of writing, themes, genres; a compilation of chronological tables on the development of children’s literature in Russia, and others. Conclusion. The paper proposes constant monitoring of reading competence, which will provide an objective picture of reading competence in students and the identification of factors affecting the quality of reading skills. Keywords: competence, reading competence, federal state educational standard of primary general education, formation of reading competence.

Corpo infectado/corpus infectado: aids, narrativa e metáforas oportunistas

Resumo: A constante presença do corpo nas narrativas de aids (e a consequente problematização do seu status ontológico) é apenas uma recorrência temática, ou estaria ligada a processos metafóricos e alegóricos que apontam para uma discussão para além da corporeidade humana? Mais do que isso, constantes em todas as narrativas de aids são a urdidura que confronta, simultaneamente, uma micropolítica do desejo, relacionada ao exercício ascético com a construção do si mesmo através da dicção literária (não raro extrapolando os limites entre ficção e biografia), e uma preocupação com os compromissos do discurso literário com a vida política e social de seus respectivos países de origem.

Recepção do neorrealismo literário português no ambiente checo da Checoslováquia através das traduções

The article tries to map Czech-Portuguese relations and the reception of Portuguese neorealist literature in the Czech environment from the 1950s until nowadays through the analysis of literary dictionaries, texts for higher education and especially the epilogues of books translated from this artistic current.

“Intermedialism” as a category of literary studies and mediology

The article is devoted to theoretical problems of the interaction of arts and the term "intermedialism", which has certain amorphous features. The causes of attention to intermedial aspects of culture in the last decade are explained. In particular, it is a question of weakening of the cognitive function of literature and, accordingly, enhancing its aesthetic component and the development of hybrid genres. The study of intermedial aspects actualizes the study of literature in general. In the literary dictionary the term "intermedialism" was first introduced by Oge A. Hansen-Leo in 1983. The structure of this concept, the word-building aspect are analyzed. In modern mediology the phenomenon of art is considered at the level of other semiotic entities, so the work of art is a media, mediator, ingot of information and a quiz. The positions of M. Maklyueen and L. Elström are given. The terms "interaction of arts", "synthesis of arts", "interpenetration of arts" have exhausted their lexical potential, faced with the specifics of new types of creativity (for example, net art, street art), although they are still actively used in art studies studios. The correlation between the concepts of "intermedialism" and "intertextuality" is outlined. The definitions of "intermedialism", interpretation of the interaction of art by Y. Lotman, Y. Kristeva, A. Hansen-Löve, N. Tishunina, V. Prozalova and other researchers are given. The definition of V. Prozalova is considered to be the most adequate (intermedialism – “is a way of correlating artistic phenomena, the presence in artistic works of elements transposed from other forms of art"). Attention to the fact that "intermedialism" is also a methodology of literary analysis is drawn. The example of the new Ukrainian literature shows the extremes of the index of intermedialism: the works of T. Shevchenko, the end of the XIX – early of the XX century, 20-30 years of the twentieth century, the epoch of the sixties, the era of postmodernism. The reasons for the writers’ appeal to other types of art are explained: the universalism of the artistic thinking of T. Shevchenko, the image of the Subject in modernism, the rapid development of arts in Ukraine after the revolution of 1917 and others. It is concluded that in the modern era the term "intermedialism" is relevant because the person of the XXI century is influenced by many media, is intermedial in the broadest sense of the word.

Художественное воплощение русского национально-культурного концепта РЕКА в творчестве М. Ю. Лермонтова

The author’s individual artistic expression of the concept of RIVER in the artistic world of M. Yu. Lermontov is considered. The aim of the research is a complex philological (linguistic and literary) analysis of the RIVER concept in the Russian national conceptual sphere through the prism of its aesthetic transformation in M. Yu. Lermontov’s works. The materials of the research are the data of lexicographical sources - the main etymological, explanatory and special dictionaries of the Russian language, and the texts of poetic and prose works by M. Yu. Lermontov. The research is based on the method of linguocognitive analysis of culturally significant concepts in the system of language and on the method of literary analysis of “toposes” as landscape elements, acting as integral principles of the organization of the total artistic world of the author. It is shown that Lermontov’s RIVER topos as a whole correlates with the meanings that are characteristic of the corresponding concept in the Russian national language consciousness, but the greatest relevance for the artistic world of Lermontov have values associated with the idea of the border, the boundary, as well as the idea of time, the idea of life and its course, the idea of death. The practical significance of the study is that its main results can be used in the teaching of cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, the basics of conceptual analysis, theory of literature, history of Russian literature, as well as in the practice of compiling dictionaries of a new type - dictionaries of concepts (including educational), linguistic and cultural thesauruses and literary dictionaries of “toposes” of Russian literature.

Towards the Understanding of the Concepts “Modernity,” “Modernism” and “Avant-Gardism” in (Post)-Soviet and German Literary Theory (An Attempt of Terminological Unification)

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The Concept of Nature in the Poetry of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost: A Comparative Study

This research aims to investigate the different meanings for the term “nature”. Moreover, it seeks to identify the major similarities and differences in the use of nature in the poetry of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost. Since this research is theoretical in nature, it depends primarily on reviewing already published works on the topic. The researchers consulted a significant number of published references on the topic as well as specialized literary dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and the internet. The research concludes that the term “nature” has not always had the same meaning or carries the same level of significance. Also, the concept of nature in British literature should be studied, not only as it was employed by English romantic poets, but also as it was used by authors before and after the English Romantic Movement in order to see if nature was used in the same way. Moreover, scholars and literary critics should also research the concept of nature as used in the United States of America before and after Robert frost. Finally, the use of nature in poetry that reflects meditation under the influence of the bible should be explored especially that composed by early colonial poets.

THE GENRE OF DRAMA IN THE WORKS OF A.N. OSTROVSKY

Most literary dictionaries define “drama” as a play unfolding in social settings where the conflict does not have a tragic ending. Tragedy unlike drama was formed as a genre full of large-scale public and social conflicts which ended with a catastrophic demise of the main character. Ostrovsky sees drama as a genre where it is possible to encompass elements of drama and tragedy but in such a way that dramatic episodes do not overshadow the plot as they lack catastrophic undertones. Tragic ending of plays symbolize the fact that the characters are exempt from their passions and tribulations. Ostrovsky’s dramas show complex relationships of people, their interaction, behaviour, variety of character types. He demonstrates reality full of dynamism, various events, emotions and psychological dramas. The article also discloses the process of evolution of this genre and main modifications of dramas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-3-22

About non-direct discourse: another look at its parameters in Latin

In the domain of non-direct discourse, which extends over the variety of modes of reporting, Free Indirect Discourse (FID) takes up a significant part. The formal properties of this mode, a mix of Indirect Discourse (ID) and Direct Discourse (DD) properties conveying the stance of a figure other than the narrator, have been an object of heterogeneous research since the turn of the 19th century with regard to modern European literary diction, but were looked into only sporadically and partially for Greek and Latin. Here an attempt is presented at establishing the pertinent features – grammatical, lexical, synsemantic, and text-structuring – of each of the subtypes of the Latin FID via data gleaned from historiography, epic poetry, speeches, and letters. Poorly stocked with indexicals, both referential and non-referential, and consequently relatively infrequent in Latin, this mode of reporting is counterbalanced by traditional rhetorical patterns that enable a “dual voice” in literary texts. The present delineation of framing and transitions from mode to mode, of grammatical shifts and of DD elements imported into FID, at the same time narrows down the domain of full-fledged Latin oratio obliqua.

Booye Joye Moolian by Roodaki: the analysis and criticism of three tales in the biographies of persian literature

Tales are among the literary genres (fiction) and nowadays are called short short story but with some slight differences. The term tale, as used in literary dictionaries, refers to the biographies, saints and the realities of the society from the language of animals (fable). During the present paper, the term tale refers to a small literary work which deals with the life story of poets, their poems, and the evolutionary process of their thoughts and ideas written by the biographers and historians in the form of poets’ biographies and historical and literary books. Roodaki is among the poets that a lot of tales have been written about his poetry and personal characteristics. The present paper investigates three tales regarding his known poem: Booye Joye Moolian.

The Palgrave literary dictionary of Tennyson

The Palgrave literary dictionary of Tennyson

Manifestaciones programáticas en la sátira latina medieval

When a medieval Latin poet composed a satire, he had an important amount of theoretical material about this special literary Roman genre at his disposal. Theoretical precepts were formed on the basis of the opinions of Roman scholars, literary dictionaries, encyclopaedias, scholia about Roman satirists, and the literary programmatic expositions made by the Roman poets themselves: Lucilius, Horatius, Persius and Juvenalis. Programmatic expositions are a basic element in the composition of medieval Latin satire and not a mere label for this literary genre.

Henry Flower Writes a Story

Henry Flower Writes a Story Horst Breuer (bio) I "Henry Flower" is Leopold Bloom's assumed pen name and literary persona in Ulysses. He adopts it in a clandestine correspondence and carries around a visiting card with the name on it. Hitherto, commentators on the novel believed that no piece of writing by this wonderfully gifted man of letters survived, but they are wrong. They have overlooked a whole episode in Joyce's novel—"Eumaeus." I contend that the episode is narrated by none other than this fabulous author. Henry Flower's contribution to early-twentieth-century journalism, essayism, and belletristic writing is the epitome of a characteristically outmoded, thoughtless, sloppy style of writing, which Joyce, the radical modernist, rightly resented and ridiculed—and occasionally reproduced with ironic relish. "Make it new," Ezra Pound's battle cry for a vigorous, precise, graphic literary style, is the programmatic antidote to Henry Flower's pseudo-elegant, inflated logorrhea.1 Unlike Ernest Hemingway, who did away with all unnecessary adjectives and qualifiers, Joyce takes an entirely different approach to exposing the outworn, pre-modernist literary stance in this episode of Ulysses—not by rejecting but by mimicking it. In many sections of Ulysses, the author delights in irreverently amalgamating bits and pieces of "high" and "low" literature and culture, as is proper for an encyclopedic representation of Dublin's everyday life. "Eumaeus" is the shattering parody of what half-educated characters such as Leopold Bloom might consider a dazzlingly clever literary diction. My hypothesis is that Henry Flower's florid rhetoric is behind the episode in question. II "Eumaeus" is an ingenious compilation of almost every stylistic atrocity the author could imagine, a demonstration piece of bad writing. Its rhetoric is pretentious, long-winded, cliché-ridden, insincere—in every way, the reverse of the young Joyce's artistic ideal of exact observation, radical honesty, and terse expression in "a style of [End Page 87] scrupulous meanness" (LettersII 134).2 Stanislaus Joyce refers to the language of "Eumaeus" as "flabby Dublin journalese, with its weak effort to be witty," admiring the "almost unlimited adaptability" of his brother's writing, though regretting its increasing lack of poetic beauty (LettersIII 58). Most of the earlier critics seem to have disregarded the burlesque aspect of the narrative strategy of the episode and found little of interest in it. For many years, this section was understood as a tiresome piece of imitative writing, meant to match the late hour of the day and the fatigue of the main characters. A. Walton Litz writes of the "failure of the Eumaeus episode," and S. L. Goldberg calls it "one of the weakest sections of the book."3 This conception has undergone a marked revision in more recent years. Joycean commentators seem now to draw considerable enjoyment from the episode and its purposefully wordy and elaborate phrasings. It is found to be "a very funny chapter" by Marilyn French and "a brilliant exercise in comic obfuscation" by Zack Bowen.4 An important step towards recognition of the stylistic profile of the episode is made by Hugh Kenner, who notes the "Bloomian" quality of the narrative and points out the context of Leopold Bloom's literary ambitions and fantasies.5 A number of other critics have followed this approach,6 which is also the basis of the present contribution. The rhetorical hallmark of "Eumaeus" is a dissonant mixture of slang, attempted witticisms, would-be elegant and educated expressions, a vast number of idioms and formulas that have become trite, and sclerotic clichés, as well as countless verbosities, redundancies, linguistic stuffings, and puffed-up phrases. The worn-out quality of the language is indicated by the classification Joyce chose for the episode's "technic," according to his famous schema—"Narrative (old)."7 The overall manner of "Eumaeus" is one of pretended wit, rhetorical boasting, and attempted in-group jargon, conveying the cumulative impression of vulgarity, vacuity, and a general lack of truthfulness, self-knowledge, and identity. This jarring and insincere quality of the text is confirmed by the factual story that can be deduced from the episode. Although Stephen Dedalus (the "noctambulist"—U 17.930) may be bored and tired, Leopold Bloom...