Literature Books Research Articles

Early American Literature Book Prize for 2023

Early American Literature Book Prize for 2023

출판기념회 보도기사 분석을 통한 일제강점기 출판 활동 연구

This study empirically analyzed 63 ‘publication ceremony’ reported in 142 articles in the Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo from 1928 to 1940. The findings of this study are as follows: first, the first ‘publication ceremony’ was reported in June 28, 1928, and the number of publication commemorative meetings increased from 1937 to 1939. First, the first publication anniversary coverage was reported in June 1928, with a sharp increase in coverage after 1937. Second, the coverage of publication anniversaries was mainly centered on literary books, and the types of articles were divided into pre-publication articles announcing the contents of the meeting and post-publication articles showing photos of the meeting. Third, the main elements of publication ceremony are characterized by various changes based on 1937. Before 1937, the purpose of publishing anniversary events was to bring together writers and social organizations, but they gradually changed into publisher-centered events. As a result, the publication celebrations of this period are characterized by the social relations and context of writers, authors, and intellectuals surrounding books, and the publishing activities based on them.

Exploration of Shariah Non-Compliant Risk: Evidence from Indonesia

Sharia non-compliance is a peculiar risk that Islamic financial institutions must face. This study aims to explore and analyse the presence of Sharia non-compliant risk in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a descriptive normative legal research method with a qualitative approach, using related literature books and journals. The study's data was obtained from religious courts in Indonesia and Sharia committee data from the annual reports of Indonesian Islamic banks. The study results concluded that some Sharia non-compliance risk cases in Indonesia need serious attention from the Islamic financial industry. The Sharia non-compliance cases are dominated by default in Shariah. Therefore, the study urges maximization of the role of the Sharia committee and the development of the nation's literacy of Islamic economics and finance. The study comes with recommendations for policymakers and carries some limitations for future studies in Shariah non-compliant risk.

Assistance in Stock Opname System Management in Goods Inventory at PT Mega Niaga Sejahtera

This Community Service aims to provide training and understanding of inventory stock taking system management through a three-month mentoring program from May to July 2023 at PT Mega Niaga Sejahtera. The methodology employed in this report is a qualitative descriptive method involving direct observation, practical implementation, and interviews with the Partner, along with references from journals, theses, and literature books. The results of the Community Service revealed discrepancies in the stock taking outcomes in June 2023 due to the improper implementation of company procedures and recording systems. Hence, there is a need for enhanced supervision of inventory recording systems in accordance with company standards. Regular daily recording and conducting stock taking with minimal discrepancies during implementation are crucial to ensuring accurate financial reporting. Timely execution of stock taking will facilitate adherence to predetermined schedules, yielding swift and accurate data through an application linked to the system, enhancing financial accountability.

Pengaruh Konservatisme Akuntansi dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Peringkat Obligasi pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to test whether accounting conservatism and company size affect bond ratings in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. This type of research is quantitative research using secondary data. The sample in this study were banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and ranked by PT PEFINDO as many as 21 companies. Data collection techniques in this study are observation data, literature books, journals and articles. The data analysis used in this research is panel data regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that accounting conservatism has no effect while company size affects the bond rating of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

Environmental Design of Indonesian Cultural Background on Creative Design Incubation of 'Legacy of Moksha'

Indonesia has an almost countless number of cultures, making it one of the countries with thousands of cultures and their diversity. Seeing this fact, it is quite unfortunate that Indonesian people at this time do not respect their own culture, and far prefer culture from abroad. This is due to the existence of globalization which makes it easier for information to enter rapidly, especially in the field of creative media and entertainment which is one of the negative effects for Indonesian culture, namely local culture which is shifted by foreign culture. It is hoped that this project will be able to compete with this problem by creating a creative concept based on Indonesian culture, to introduce and re-creating love for Indonesian culture, through a more interesting and creative video game concept. Therefore, a plan to create a creative concept that will be the base for creating a creative media, that is expected to attract Indonesian people's interest in their own culture. Some methods such as literature study, documentation study, and surveys are used, which are based on several sources such as literature books, articles, journals, and the results of past research that has been done before. The data obtained will be a guide for making a concept book, which will be the final result of designing the Legacy of Moksha game concept.
 Keywords: indonesian; culture; intellectual product property; concept art; environment; design

SISTEM PERTAHANAN UDARA BERLAPIS DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN PERPINNDAHAN IBUKOTA NUSANTARA (IKN)

The relocation of the Ibu Kota Nusantara is based on regulations contained in Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital. With the transfer of the Ibu Kota Nusantara, there will be threats from military threats, non-military threats, and hybrid threats. Therefore, Indonesia needs to form a defense strategy so that it is able to prevent the threats. The purpose of writing this manuscript is to provide advice and input to the TNI and TNI AU in determining further policies in terms of defense strategies to deal with air threats in order to ensure the security of the Ibu Kota Nusantara. The method used in the preparation of this manuscript using a qualitative descriptive method, collect data and information that is useful as supporting facts in research writing. The data collection technique used was through literature study from various literature books, laws and regulations, and internet media to be used as references. In order to deal with air threats in the context of ensuring the security of the Ibu Kota Nusantara, an air defense posture is needed which is built and developed in accordance with the implemented defense strategy. Through a good national air defense strategy, it is hoped that it will be able to deter threats that exist in Ibukota Nusantara (IKN).

Globalisasi dan Pembelajaran Sosial-Emosional Berbasis Pendidikan Islam

The reseacrh aims to develop the concept of social-emotional learning based on Islamic education in order to enhance students' social and emotional intelligence in Islamic educational institutions in light of difficulties with globalization. The research uses a qualitative approach with library research. Data collection through literature searches was obtained from primary data sources, namely the Qur'an and books of interpretation, and secondary data, namely from various literature books, journals, and other research results relevant to the theme. Data analysis techniques use descriptive and interpretive content analysis which is carried out by reading and reviewing/analyzing the data sources collected. The research results found that the concept of social-emotional learning is based on the main character principles of the characters described in Q.S. al-Aḥzāb/33: 35 as Ten Excellent Characteristics which can be developed into a Social-Emotional Learning program curriculum for students in Islamic educational institutions. The concept of social emotional learning based on Islamic education with specifications on the character concept explained in Q.S. al-Aḥzāb/33: 35 is a catalyst for the development of character education which can be developed in further research to be implemented.

Gender Equality in Law Number 4 of 2019 Concerning Midwifery as a Fulfillment of Citizens' Constitutional Rights

Legal protection of human rights (HAM) is sought to avoid discriminatory acts, especially the midwifery sector as the fulfillment of basic rights inherent and protected by the constitution as stipulated in article 27 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which states that every citizen has the right to work and a decent living for humanity. Thus violating the right to obtain work between men and women is a violation of human rights. However, Law Number 4 of 2019 Concerning Midwifery contains elements of discrimination in the midwifery profession, where men cannot become midwives, only limited to becoming obstetricians. Meanwhile, women have the freedom to choose to become midwives or obstetricians. The discrimination contained in the Midwifery Law needs to be analyzed from the perspective of the 1945 Constitution, as well as comparing regulations with the Netherlands to be able to describe the problem in depth. This research uses a normative-empirical legal method, which is a research method that will be studied combining 2 elements, namely normative legal elements and empirical legal elements. Normative law is based on literature data such as books in legal science literature, doctrines or expert opinions, scientific papers, articles, and journals, legislation and internet pages related to the problems in this study with author that can be accounted for. Empirical law is carried out based on field data as the main data source, which is generated through interviews with several informants related to the problems in this study. The results show that the formation of Law Number 4 of 2019 concerning Midwifery is considered contrary to some of the contents of the articles contained in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and the development of midwifery regulations in Indonesia needs to follow the example of the Netherlands by continuing to make men able to work as midwives, provided that the patient's consent is obtained.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM JAMINAN HAK TANGGUNGAN ATAS SERTIFIKAT HAK PAKAI DI ATAS HAK MILIK PERORANGAN TERKAIT PENOLAKAN PEMBIAYAAN OLEH PERBANKAN.

Seeing the increasing focus on the economic sector, it requires a guarantee rights institution that is able to provide legal certainty. In the UUHT, land rights can be made into mortgages, property rights, business use rights, building use rights and use rights over state land, while PP 18 of 2021 explains usufructuary rights can be used as collateral for mortgage rights. In the phenomenon that occurs, usufructuary rights over individual rights experience rejection by the banking system when they are used as collateral for mortgage rights. Based on these problems, the formulation of the problem is how to implement guarantees for usufructuary certificates over individual property rights related to refusal of financing by banks and how legal certainty guarantees mortgage rights over usufructuary certificates over individual property rights related to refusal of financing by banks. The theory used is Legal Certainty from Gustav Radbruch and Satrio's Guarantee Law Theory. The method used in this study is normative juridical research, namely library law research or secondary data with sources of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, supported by interviews. The research approach used is the statutory approach, conceptual approach, analytical approach and case approach, and legal material collection techniques are carried out by identifying and inventorying positive legal rules, literature books, journals and other sources of legal materials. For technical analysis of legal material, it is carried out by means of legal interpretation (interpretation) of grammatical interpretation and systematic interpretation and methods of legal construction. The results of research on usufructuary rights on individual land cannot be encumbered with mortgage rights, this makes it ambiguous between the UUHT and PP 18 of 2021. There needs to be an affirmation in PP 18 of 2021 as well as the guarantee of usufructuary rights so that they can be in line with UUHT

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN NOTARIS TERHADAP COVERNOTE YANG DIBUATNYA DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT

The use of notary covernotes in credit agreements can cause bank losses in the event of default while the process of binding mortgage rights has not been completed. This study raised two formulations of the problem, namely how the legal consequences of the use of cover notes on credit agreements? and what about the legal responsibility of Notaries related covernote in credit agreements?, using the theory of legal consequences and the theory of professional ethics of notaries. The method used in this study with this type of research juridical normative legal research literature or secondary data with sources of legal materials primary, secondary, tertiary and supported interview. The research approach used is legal approach, case approach, conceptual approach and analytical approach. Legal material collection techniques performed by identifying and intervening in the rule of Law positive, literature books, journals and other sources of legal materials. For technical analysis legal material is carried out by the interpretation of grammatical laws and methods construction of a legal analogy. The results showed that the legality of Covernote cannot be considered as an authentic deed in accordance with the authority of notary officials in making authentic deeds, because Covernote does not meet the requirements set forth in Article 1868 of the Civil Code. Covernote is not part of the law provided for in the law, it is only a practice or custom that develops in the performance of Notarial duties. The factors that encourage a notary to issue a Covernote are usually related to the unfinished work related to the duties and authority of the notary to issue an authentic deed. Covernote is used as a notification that the customer's land letters of credit application are still in the process of certification, royalty process, reverse name, or breakdown process if they have been certified. For example, in the application for a credit agreement, application for a building permit (IMB), application for a decree of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham), management of Rights applications, and others. The notary's responsibility related to the Covernote he made is related to the Supreme Court decision number 181/PDT/2019/PT MKS. The notary is responsible in the event that the Covernote is not implemented in accordance with the contents of the Covernote, and the notary may be subject to civil penalties in the form of reimbursement of costs, damages, and interest due to which the notary must pay to the party who suffered losses due to the violation. This is a form of Notarial responsibility in compensating for losses suffered by the injured party

TANGGUNG JAWAB NOTARIS ATAS DOKUMEN DIBAWAH TANGAN YANG DIBERI TANDA (WAARMERKING) YANG TANDA TANGANNYA DIPALSUKAN OLEH PARA PIHAK.

This study aims to explore the responsibilities of notaries in relation to documents under signed hands (waarmerking), particularly in contexts where signatures on such documents are forged by the parties. where tried to answer the question, "What is the responsibility of the notary in cases where the signature on the document under the hand forged by the parties?"That the notary has legal responsibility for the validity of the signature on the document and can be held liable if it is confirmed that the signature was forged. This hypothesis also aims to explore the steps or procedures that can be taken by notaries to prevent and overcome cases of false signatures on documents under a signed hand (waarmerking). The research methodology employed in this study is normative juridical research, which combines interviews with library law research utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The research approach encompasses the Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach, and Case Approach. The technique used to gather legal materials involves identifying and cataloging positive legal rules, literature books, journals, and other relevant legal sources. The analysis of legal materials involves legal interpretation, systematic interpretation, and legal construction methods. In the process of waarmerking documents under falsified hands, the notary acts as a witness who only confirms the agreement of the parties and records it on the deed he books, without being responsible for the content of the document or the authenticity of the signature. Even if the signature on the document turns out to be fake, criminal liability cannot be imposed on the Notary as a public official, since the notary does not have the authority to review the validity or invalidity of the handwritten document submitted to him. In terms of legal certainty, waarmerking by a notary aims to ensure that the legal acts recorded are in accordance with the actual legal requirements, even if the authenticity of the documents is later proven to be false. The principle of" geen bevoegdheid zonder veraantwoordelijkheid " asserts that there is no authority without liability, however, in this case, the notary does not have the authority to review the authenticity of the documents submitted by the parties facing him

The Company's Workforce Development Strategy By Aligning Human Resource Investment

This research discusses the crucial role of Human Resources (HR) and workforce development strategies as investments that support the long-term success of organizations. HR is considered not only as a resource, but also as human capital that can provide a return on investment for the Company. The method used in this study is literature review by analyzing literature books, scientific articles, and other related sources. The results showed that HR development is not only tactical but also strategic, covering philosophies, policies, programs, practices, and processes that are in line with the company's vision and mission.This research provides an in-depth understanding of the importance of human capital investment and workforce development strategies to achieve long-term excellence for organizations. This abstract provides a foundation for organizational leaders, HR practitioners, and related parties to optimize HR investments to achieve long-term success.

Khaled Hosseini’s Judgment in the Kite Runner Towards Pashtun and Hazara Identities

This study aims to analyze Khaled Hossein’s judgment in <em>The Kite Runner</em> towards Pashtun and Hazara identities from different angles, and has achieved the real image of two highlighted identities in <em>The Kite Runner</em>. In the novel, in most events, or scenes the Pashtun identity is massively exaggerated and stereotyped as racist, cruel, uncivilized, savage, and prejudiced throughout the novel. Whereas, Hazarz's identity is depicted as helpless, poor, discriminated, inferiors, and victims of Pashtun's mastery. For this purpose, the research is conducted qualitatively. Qualitative is based on library research, which involves the step-by-step process used to gather information from different relevant literary books. The findings of the study show all the events that have been described in the novel might not been found in the real society of Afghanistan, but some have been described by Khaled Hosseini in the novel are accurate. The study intends to analyze and elucidate the above derogations and propaganda about both highlighted (Pashtun and Hazara) identities by Hosseini in <em>The Kite Runner </em>through the text.

Antecedents of Competitive Advantage and Its Consequences on Business Performance

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are one of the popular economy sectors that play an important role in advancing Indonesia's economy. The high number of MSMEs in Indonesia certainly increases the competition among MSMEs. Thus, to survive, MSMEs need continuous improvement in their Business Performance. This study aims to analyze the antecedents of competitive advantage and their consequences for business performance moderated by live streaming commerce. The method of writing scientific articles is by using qualitative methods and literature studies or library research. Reviewing theories and reviewing literature books that are in accordance with the theories discussed. The results of this study indicate that Entrepreneurial marketing has a positive and significant effect on business performance. E-commerce adoption has a positive and significant effect on business performance. Entrepreneurial marketing has a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage. E-commerce adoption has a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage. Competitive advantage has a positive and significant effect on business performance. Live streaming commerce moderates the influence of entrepreneurial marketing on business performance. Live streaming commerce moderates the effect of e-commerce adoption on business performance. Competitive advantage mediates the effect of entrepreneurial marketing on business performance. Competitive advantage mediates the effect of e-commerce adoption on business performance.

A Cross-Domain Recommender System for Literary Books Using Multi-Head Self-Attention Interaction and Knowledge Transfer Learning

Existing book recommendation methods often overlook the rich information contained in the comment text, which can limit their effectiveness. Therefore, a cross-domain recommender system for literary books that leverages multi-head self-attention interaction and knowledge transfer learning is proposed. Firstly, the BERT model is employed to obtain word vectors, and CNN is used to extract user and project features. Then, higher-level features are captured through the fusion of multi-head self-attention and addition pooling. Finally, knowledge transfer learning is introduced to conduct joint modeling between different domains by simultaneously extracting domain-specific features and shared features between domains. On the Amazon dataset, the proposed model achieved MAE and MSE of 0.801 and 1.058 in the “movie-book” recommendation task and 0.787 and 0.805 in the “music-book” recommendation task, respectively. This performance is significantly superior to other advanced recommendation models. Moreover, the proposed model also has good universality on the Chinese dataset.

CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A FORMAÇÃO DO LEITOR LITERÁRIO POR MEIO DO LIVRO DE IMAGEM

This article is an excerpt from a Master's degree research, whose main objective was to understand the contribution of picture books to the formation of young readers of Children's Literature. Thus, its content contains some lines from one of the Dialogical Meetings held between the researcher and an illustrator about the gestation process of one of her works – Max Emiliano – with the intention of reading the illustrations towards a more in-depth understanding of the narrative present in the image book. To achieve this purpose, the methodology used was the analysis of a work based on dialogue with the illustrator and comparison with the theoretical framework of the philosophy of language with the thoughts of some researchers of Literature and illustrated books. As a result, teaching how to read images/illustrations at school, through Children's Literature books, contributes to the formation of readers from a young age, as it sensitively and aesthetically broadens their perspective. This process of attributing meanings to the image tends to expand throughout life as a result of each person's reading and imagery experiences and favors a more complete formation and development of the literary reader's understanding.

Ecological Consciousness in the Children’s Literatures: One Small Hop, The Leaf Detective, and One Plastic Bag

Humans and nature are two things that cannot be separated. Humans take natural resources to fulfill their needs. In this modern era, the motive of humans to exploit nature is no longer just to fulfill their needs but also to gain profit for themselves. The fact that destruction of nature and the depletion of natural resources will threaten the lives of future generations. Therefore, efforts are needed to educate people, especially the next generation, about protecting and preserving nature. This research will examine ecological consciousness in three children's literature books: One Small Hop, The Leaf Detective, and One Plastic Bag. One Small Hop. There are two objectives in this study. The first objective is to describe the ecological consciousness portrayed in One Small Hop, The Leaf Detective, and One Plastic Bag. The second objective is to identify the ways ecological consciousness is portrayed in One Small Hop, The Leaf Detective, and One Plastic Bag. The researcher uses the library method to help the analysis of this research. The primary source of this study is three children's literature entitled One Small Hop by Madelyn Rosenberg (2021), The Leaf Detective by Heather Lang (2021), and One Plastic Bag by Miranda Paul (2015). The secondary sources are taken from Ecocriticism books, children's literature books, as well as various journals and articles related to eco-consciousness through children's literature. The ecocriticism approach is used in this study to connect literature and the physical environment. To find out the ecological consciousness, the researcher uses the ecological consciousness theory proposed by Bannan-Watts (2009) and Chang (2002). This study concludes that ecological consciousness depicted in those three children’s literature is understanding the essence of nature, showing concern for the condition of nature, understanding the interdependence between living beings and nature, and knowing the ways nature speaks. Ecological consciousness can be depicted through the character’s actions, speech, and the author’s comments. Children's literature can be used as a tool to encourage young readers to build their relational proximity to nature, raise their awareness of climate change issues, and invite them to engage in environmental activities. This is done through the aforementioned kinds and depiction strategies of ecological consciousness.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM EKSEKUSI JAMINAN PERORANGAN (PERSONAL GUARANTEE) ATAS PENYELESAIAN KREDIT MACET BANK MELALUI PERANGKAT KEPAILITAN

Aspects of legal certainty in the context of the execution of personal guarantee against the settlement of bad loans through the institution of bankruptcy. The main focus of the study was to analyze the legal framework that governs the process of execution of guarantees of individuals when banks face bad debts and decide to use the bankruptcy mechanism. Through a legal approach and comparative analysis, this study highlights the obstacles that may arise in ensuring legal certainty in this process, as well as the implications for the parties involved, this study raises the issue of how the limitation of the individual guarantor (Personal Guarantee) to be responsible for the settlement of bad debts secured debtors and how the legal certainty of the execution of the guarantee of individuals (Personal Guarantee) on the settlement of bad debts through the bank insolvency institution?using Gustav Radburch's theory of legal certainty and Hans Kelsen's theory of legal responsibility. The research methodology employed in this study is normative juridical research, which combines interviews with library law research utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The research approach encompasses the Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach, and Case Approach. The technique used to gather legal materials involves identifying and cataloging positive legal rules, literature books, journals, and other relevant legal sources. The analysis of legal materials involves legal interpretation, systematic interpretation, and legal construction methods. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah Personal Guarantee bertanggung jawab atas pembayaran hutang kepada Kreditur jika Debitur wanprestasi, dan pertanggungjawaban tersebut terpenuhi selama Personal Guarantee mampu. Jika tidak mampu lagi, seperti saat harta sudah habis atau pailit, langkah selanjutnya adalah menunjuk penanggung baru atau mengganti dengan jaminan kebendaan. The result of this study is that the Personal Guarantee is responsible for the payment of debts to creditors if the debtor defaults, and the responsibility is fulfilled as long as the Personal Guarantee is capable. In case of incapacity, such as when the property is exhausted or insolvent, the next step is to appoint a new insurer or replace it with a material guarantee and the Personal Guarantee liability can be distinguished: which does not renounce its privileges, allows demands or execution after the debtor's property has been confiscated or sold for payment of the debtor's debt; while waiving its privileges, it allows creditors to demand accountability or direct execution of the Personal Guarantee and the position of the Personal Guarantee can change like a debtor when the debtor it guarantees defaults, allowing the Personal Guarantee to be terminated by bankruptcy under certain conditions. Through this bankruptcy institution, creditors can demand Personal Guarantee liability in the settlement of bad debts of secured debtors. This provides legal certainty for creditors

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI AHLI WARIS ATAS WASIAT YANG DIBATALKAN OLEH PENGADILAN TERKAIT PENYELESAIAN PENGEMBALIAN BEA PEROLEHAN HAK ATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN

Heirs in civil inheritance there are two divisions, namely heirs because of the law and the heirs because of the will. According To Article 875 The civil code states that a Will is a deed that contains a person's statement of what he wants to happen after he died, and by which it can be revoked, but the phenomenon which occurred deed of will canceled by the court resulted in return BPHTB, for the formulation of the problem in this study how is the implementation of the settlement of bphtb returns on grants testaments annulled by the court and how the legal protection for canceled heirs related to the settlement of bphtb returns already paid. The theory used in this study is legal protection theory and absolute tax liability theory. The method used in this study with this type of research juridical normative legal research literature or secondary data with sources of legal materials primary, secondary, tertiary and supported interview. The research approach used is legal approach, case approach, conceptual approach and analytical approach. Legal material collection techniques performed by identifying and intervening in the rule of Law positive, literature books, journals and other sources of legal materials. For technical analysis legal material is carried out by the interpretation of grammatical laws and methods construction of a legal analogy. The results of this study concluded that BPHTB imposed on the inheritance of land and/or buildings since the signing of the deed of testament grant, in accordance with law No. 21 of 1997 and No. 20 of 2000. After the conversion of BPHTB into local taxes, Article 90 paragraph 1 letter d in law No. 28 of 2009 regulates this. Local regulations, such as Perda DKI Jakarta No. 18 of 2010, reflects this principle. However, its practical application is complicated. If the tax payment is made at the signing of the Testamentary deed of grant, the recipient of the inheritance cannot transfer ownership of the land until the tax is paid, causing obstacles to the implementation of the rule and and the Civil Code provides legal protection for heirs who receive an inheritance through a will grant deed. Article 875 describes a will as a revocable statement of will. Revocation of a will, in accordance with Article 992, can only be made through a new Will with a notarial deed confirming partial or complete revocation. Article 944 describes the tacit revocation by means of a new Will as opposed to the old one. However, if the new Will is void, it is only as a notarial deed. The principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda states that a valid agreement binds the party that makes it with sanctions if it is violated in order to maintain justice