Literary Biography Research Articles

Nuestros amigos los biógrafos Una genealogía de amores literarios

La autora de este artículo se interesa en pensar sobre una tradición emergente de biografías literarias en América Latina: biografías escritas por escritores actuales (1985 - 2016) que cuentan la vida de otros escritores contemporáneos (la producción biográfica de siete novelistas: Osvaldo Baigorria, Ricardo Strafacce, Fernando Vallejo, Carlos María Domínguez, Jorge Edwards, Santiago Roncagliolo y Rafael Gumucio). Específicamente, se propone analizar el proceso de construcción de una tradición, a partir de los lazos emocionales que unen a ciertos escritores con otros y que sirven de motivos para contar vidas ajenas. Entre biógrafo y biografiado (relación singular que responde a los contextos y procedimientos particulares de cada caso) se traza una línea de contigüidad fundada en la admiración literaria cuyos efectos son los de la contaminación, el contagio, la transferencia. Dos vidas se tensionan en la escritura y constituyen un espacio imaginario amoroso que pone en juego mecanismos y operaciones para apropiarse de recuerdos ajenos.

Three Preludes for piano by G. Gershwin in the context of the composer’s instrumental creativity

Three Preludes for piano by G. Gershwin in the context of the composer’s instrumental creativity

‘What happened to the truth is not recorded’: Anticipating the Shift from Postmodern Consumer Culture to Post-Truth in Julian Barnes’s Flaubert’s Parrot

This paper will explore the concept of “fakeness” in Julian Barnes’ Flaubert’s Parrot. Defining “fake” as something “formed by or adapted to an artificial or conventional standard,” I will show how Barnes’ novel exposes the “fakeness” of historical knowledge. Utilizing Linda Hutcheon’s theories regarding postmodern literature—as well has Hayden White’s theories regarding historiography—I will analyze how Flaubert’s Parrot fakes literary biography, historical documents, academic conventions, female voices, and even the novel itself. This paper shows how Flaubert’s Parrot exposes the weaknesses in our understanding of history, as well as our willingness to believe in problematic historical narratives. More than this, my paper will show how Barnes’ novel ultimately succumbs to the narrative conventionality that it claims to subvert—illustrating how it is impossible to escape factitious conventions if one wants to impart a sense of meaning. Flaubert’s Parrot serves as a case study within the fields of deconstruction, narrative theory, and historiography—showing how problematic historical accounts can easily mime conventional academic standards and be readily accepted by readers. My study of Flaubert’s Parrot is particularly relevant with regard to our “Post-Truth” political era, as it shows how the quest to include multiple truths in the historical narrative can be taken advantage of in order to include lies. Flaubert’s Parrot emphasizes Linda Hutcheon’s claim that our understanding of history is based upon unreliable “traces” and “relics,” and is susceptible to being radically altered by the addition or subtraction of historical “relics” (Hutcheon 119). Although Flaubert’s Parrot problematizes our system of historical knowledge, its ultimate submission to the conventional novel form shows that it may be impossible to escape from the factitious conventions that shape our modes of knowledge.

Великая война и сибирская память: Георгий Вяткин в американской поэтической антологии 1916 года

The essay is dedicated to a rather extraordinary episode in the literary biography of the Siberian poet Georgy Vyatkin (1885–1938), when one of his poems was translated by the American social worker Alice Stone Blackwell (1857–1950) and published in 1916 in the magazine “The Russian Review.” The authors carefully reconstruct political and ideological contexts of this publication, directly linked to the United States’ entry into the Great War. They pay special attention to the literary and social activities of Alice Stone Blackwell. They discuss what place Vyatkin’s poem “To the Descendants’ took in Vyatkin’s literary biography in the time of the Great War. In 1914 he became a front-line correspondent for the Kharkov newspaper “Utro.” By 1915 he was drafted as a “ratnik” (soldier) by the army, and further served as an assistant within the medical and nutritional detachment under the command of another poet, Sasha Chernyi (Alexander Glikberg; 1880‒1932). Throughout the Great War, Vyatkin created an œuvre of literary works in verse and prose, which also includes his poem “To Descendants,” that was published in the magazine “Europe’s Messenger” and translated into English. Vyatkin revised some of his war poems after the Revolution, and adapted them to the circum- stances of the Civil War, from the perspective of the “White” press. At the same time, he became the Secretary of the War Archives Commission, which was created in 1918 under the leadership of the folklorist Ivan Ulyanov (1876–1937), who collected evidence of the modern memory of the Great War.

ДВЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ ДЕТСТВА В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ И РУССКОЙ ПОЭЗИИ XVIII–XIX ВВ.

G. R. Derzhavin with his famous Ode on the birth of a future Emperor 1779 became in the Russian poetry of a new epoch the pioneer of Childhood and children theme. The poet except the rossoist topic of Childhood as clear headsprings innovatively revealed a different concept of Childhood as a School (educational) in the episode of fairies gifts who give a child – a future tsar both exceptional abilities and knowledge. Derzhavin outstripped an English poet W. Blake who also touched upon the topic of Childhood and children in his poetic cycles of 1789–1794. The article also discusses the motif of Childhood and children on the material of English (W. Blake and W. Wordsworth) and Russian (N. A. Neckrasov) poetry of the XX c. W. Blake’s cycles («The songs of virginity» (1789) and «The songs of experience» (1794) as well as W. Wordsworth’s cycles «Preludes» and his «Ode.News on immortality coming from early childhood memories» (1803–1807) give the images of children and childhood in the context of nature as a leading principle of Romanticism: a child with his initial natural piety as a real headspring of a man – a pure angel but a sage already. In the Russian poetry of the XIX c. N. A. Neckrasov as well as W.Blake and W. Wordsworth in England turned to the images and motifs of children and Childhood through his whole literary biography («Childhood», «On the Volga. Valezhnikov’s childhood», «A schoolboy» and so on).

С.Н. Дурылин о Валерии Брюсове

The report considers the perception of V.Ya. Bryusov by S.N. Durylin. The report is based on the book “In One’s Own Corner”, a newspaper article “Silhouettes. Valery Bryusov” and Durilin`s letters to Ellis and I.N. Rozanov. In private recordings “In One’s Own Corner” Durylin, concerning the writers, usually distinguished their “author” and “human” hypostases due to the specifics of his aesthetic program. The author shows that Bryusov’s poems first enchanted Durylin with the sharpness of their revolutionary spirit, and then attracted him with their passion and openness to the “abyss” characteristic of Symbolism as a whole. Durylin highly valued Bryusov’s Symbolist activity. However, his personality evoked conflicting feelings and did not yield to unambiguous characteristics. The most accurate expression of Bryusov’s complex personality for Durilin was his portrait by Vrubel. Mystical stories about the artists who worked on the portraits of Bryusov were recorded by Durylin and substantiate his unspoken direct attitude towards him: the connection of the demonic principle with a literary biography. The report also shows the stability of Bryusov's literary reputation, which significantly influenced Durylin in his early youth.

Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness by Jonathan Kramnick

Reviewed by: Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness by Jonathan Kramnick Regina Janes Jonathan Kramnick. Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness. Chicago: Chicago, 2018. Pp. x + 198. $25.00 Ecology? Consciousness? I wanted this book to be a shoo-in for the Gauss, kicking away the literary biographies that always win, restoring literary criticism to a place on university press lists and on the touted university-for-a-day lecture circuits. Its claim is large: literary studies have a disciplinary contribution to make to understanding consciousness, including the “hard problem.” How can the brain, a mass of matter, produce the experience of consciousness? Why does it persist in propagating fictions, the falser the better? Alas, the argumentation is too subtle and the appropriation of other disciplinary perspectives too tactful to elevate our discipline by its bootstraps. (In the event, Paper Minds made the Gauss short list, but lost to a biography of Lorraine Hansberry.) A collection of essays rather than unified argument, Paper Minds embraces new models of perception that move perception “out of our heads” (Alva Noe’s phrase) into a transaction between a whole body and the world, making consciousness something we do rather than something we have. Elevating form, it enacts the open-endedness of literary enquiry, toying with the changing stories neuroscientists and novelists tell about our minds. Two elegant and rigorous essays defend the methodological status quo in literary studies, and a strong account of the “hard problem” of consciousness introduces modern novelists (McEwan and McCarthy) interpreted as reframing consciousness as bodily process. For Scriblerians, Cowper’s sofa in “The Task” turns into a James J. Gibson “affordance,” viz. “a Newtonian object in space,” that may be climbed or sat or rested on if one is a creature of a particular shape, able to turn knee-high physical objects into the affordance called “a seat,” a.k.a. bench, chair, stool, sofa, or low wall, used to sit rather than to kneel or squat. Affordances are specific both to culture and species. For a cat, sofas afford a scratching post, for bugs nesting areas or food. More generally, an affordance is “an external [End Page 85] phenomenon covered by the laws of nature and a potential for action held from a point of view,” not unlike a sonnet or a couplet. In the chapter “Presence of Mind,” direct perception confronts a “representational interface,” the dominant eighteenth-century empiricist model. Hobbes represents external objects as aggressive, pressing themselves on the sense organs to create a phantasm of the object, while Locke posits a litter of images in a camera obscura, and Hume cuts us off from objects altogether. The dialectical opposition turns up in Addison’s astonishingly elegant and supple account of vision “as a diffusive kind of touch” (reminding us what an extraordinary stylist Addison was); Berkeley’s more worried version; and Reid’s contorted, but vigorous, insistence that the mind really perceives what is there. Addisonian vision reaches out to bring things close and delights in the fluctuations of novelty: objects are “ever in Motion, and sliding away from beneath the Eye of the Beholder.” Thomson’s persuasive tactile vision invites to feeling curvature, and Sterne in his black coat looks through a window at yellow, green, and blue, longing to be there, somewhere, with a gris-set. Like his starling, Sterne wants out—to the there that is there. “On Beauty and Being at Home” returns to an elegant act of literary criticism on Defoe, performed first in the introduction, over the ambiguity of “handsome” (attractive) and “handy” (close to hand). Crusoe begins his journal only when he has created the conditions for his “paper mind”: putting his mind down on paper once he possesses a “handsome” arrangement of his materials and living space. Aesthetics as action or craft, in georgic, Cyder, Swift, Jonathan Richardson, Hogarth, and Cowper, is contrasted with Shaftes-bury’s and Granville’s aesthetics of spectatorship. Denham’s “Cooper’s Hill” is mined for its creation of a poem like its world, adding to a whole rather than representing an original from which it derives. Its iconic, traveling couplet exemplifies “almost pure form...

Specifics modeling pictures of childhood I. Zhylenko, P. Tychyna, N. Surovtseva, V. Symonenko and V. Stus in a biographical novel in the short stories «Rainbow in the Sieve» by M. Pavlenko

The purpose of the article is to trace the ways of constructing paintings of the childhood of Ukrainian writers of the ХХ century (Dmytro Pavlychko, Nadiya Surovtseva, Vasyl Symonenko, Vasyl Stus, Iryna Zhylenko) on the material of a biographical novel in the short stories «Rainbow in the Sieve» by Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, scientist, teacher Maryna Pavlenko. The relevance of the study is determined by the search for new perspectives on the coverage of childhood in the biographical literature. Particular attention is paid to the features of the author’s expression in the text. An attempt is made to analyze the informative value of story headings. The factors of influence on personality formation and ways of their reproduction in the novel are analyzed. Generalizations are made to delineate national and cultural identification of characters. The textual expression of the ideological and artistic dominants of the poetic and artistic world of the main characters of the stories is traced. Literary techniques of character characteristics (elements of portraiture, character creation) are revealed. The comparative-historical, typological, structural-functional, biographical methods are applied.

Крестники Достоевского

The article, based on archival sources, provides new information about two godchildren of F.M. Dostoevsky: Platon Milyukov (with clarification of the name, date and place of his baptism) and Grigoriy Snitkin (the fact of the writer's participation in the baptism has not yet been noted in the biographical literature). Two authentic metric records found in the Central State Archive of Saint Petersburg are put into scientific circulation, allowing to supplement or correct the information contained in the “Chronicle of the life and work” of the writer. The attraction of documentary sources (stored in the Russian State Historical Archive of service and form lists), analysis of the preserved epistolary, reference and biographical literature allowed to attempt to systematize all available data about Grigoriy Ivanovich Snitkin and for the first time to make a biographical reference about his person, native nephew of Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevsky and godson of the writer – thus adding information about F.M. Dostoevsky’s family circle.

A Companion to Literary Biography by Richard Bradford

A Companion to Literary Biography by Richard Bradford

Deconstruction as a strategy for creating an alternative biography (based on P. Yatsenko’s novel «Nechui. Nemov. Nebach»)

The research is determined by the transformation of worldview and ideology focuses in the modern national self-identification as well as by the need in generalizing specific processes of reformatting the canonic forms of literary biography. P. Yatsenko’s steampunk novel “Nechui. Nemov. Nebach” forms the basis for the analysis of the way the deconstructive strategy of the alternative biography creation is put into practice. The author’s concept proves to correlate with J. Derrida’s ideas about the denial of the universal source of literary meaning and about the transference of the sense-making centre within the aesthetic object. The concept of the decentralized structure (“free play”), implemented in P. Yatsenko’s novel, leads to the replacement, transformation, and transference of sense-bearing and formal text components. The play strategies of visualization, employed in the novel’s paratext, along with elements of alternativeness manifest the change in the polarity of the traditional binary oppositions and denial of the authoritative centre, which is characteristic of deconstruction. The integrity of Nechui-Levytskyi’s biography, which is realized in P. Yatsenko’s novel through the general worldview and ideological-and-aesthetic context, acquires other centres owing to the devices of structure deconstruction, such as romantic, ideological, adventure-and-mystery, humour-and-farce, religious, symbolic, and axiological centres.

Памяти Герцена. На полях журнала «Русское богатство»

The paper examines the history of the phrase “in memory of Herzen”, which became the title of a number of journalistic and poetic works. The origin of this formula and the reasons for its transfer from the days of memory (anniversaries of death) to the birthdays of A.I. Herzen are found out. The study of this story allows determining the historical significance of the article by the founder of this tradition, A.G. Gornfeld, whose legacy has not yet received an adequate assessment in the literary history. In the course of the study, the author clarifies and refines the literary biographies of other authors who also used this formula: the practically unknown “populist” poet S. Ivanov-Raikov and the “social democratic” publicist N.N. Kuzmin. The reconstruction allows seeing the real role of the article “In Memory of Herzen” by V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, the value of which in the 1940 –1970s was unlawfully exaggerated, as a result of which the historical perspective in the study of many literary phenomena and, first of all, the assessment of A.I. Herzen’s activities were distorted. All this leads to an adequate interpretation of N. Korzhavin's poem dedicated to the topic, which for many generations has been the ideological key to describing the place of A.I. Herzen in the social and literary movement of the 19th century. At the end of the paper, it is concluded that the historical, cultural and literary heritage acquires significance only in the context of modernity, but politics and journalism seek to unfold the legacy of the past in their specific pragmatic interests, and even history seeks to see a lesson in the past, although addressing it not to a particular group of people, but to the modernity as a whole. Literature does not have such pragmatic interests, but it attracts modern human with the charm of the personality of past centuries, and that’s what makes its irreplaceable significance.

Из материалов к биографии Вадима Баяна: письма к Федору Сологубу и Ан. Н. Чеботаревской (вступительная статья, подготовка текста и комментарии А. В. Крусанова и Т. В. Мисникевич)

The article presents the letters of the poet Vadim Bayan (Vladimir Ivanovich Sidorov; 1888–1966), remembered mostly in connection with the literary biography of V. V. Mayakovsky, to the prominent symbolist writer Fyodor Sologub and his wife An. N. Chebotarevskaya. The letters outline the psychological portrait of a provincial amateur writer, who tries to penetrate the circle of the metropolitan literary elite, as well as document the nuances of the relationships between the various lite rary groups in 1913–1914.

Ian Donaldson (1935–2020)

Ian Donaldson (1935–2020) R. S. White, Martin Butler, and David McInnis Click for larger view View full resolution Ian Donaldson, FBA FRSE FAHA, was a much-valued member of the Parergon International Editorial Board and foundation Chairman of the Advisory Board for the ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions. After graduating from Trinity College, University of Melbourne (BA Honours, 1957), and Magdalen and Merton Colleges, Oxford (BA 1961, MA 1964), Ian began his career as Fellow and Lecturer in English at Wadham College, Oxford (1962–1969). At a remarkably young age, he was elected chair of the Oxford English Faculty, and later in his career he became chair of the Cambridge English Faculty (1999–2001), a possibly unique double honour at these august universities with their ancient rivalry. Perhaps only a courteous and diplomatic Australian could manage to satisfy both. In 1969 Ian returned to Australia as Professor of English at the Australian National University (1969–1991), and with apparent inevitability rapidly became Head of Department. A change which was to be prophetic in his career came in 1974, on Ian’s appointment as founding Director of the Humanities Research Centre at the Australian National University, a post which he held until 1990, and then again from 2004 to 2007. In a kind of interregnum he returned to teaching English, first from 1991–95 holding the Regius Professorship of Rhetoric and English Literature at Edinburgh University (1991–95; Head of Department, 1992–94; [End Page xiii] Director, Postgraduate School, 1992). This was a position which, he pointed out with bemusement, was an appointment made by the monarch personally, and was the oldest such chair in the world (instituted 1762 as the Regius Chair in Rhetoric and Belles Lettres). Then in 1995–2002 he moved to Cambridge as Grace 1 Professor of English at Cambridge University and Fellow of King’s College (1995–2002). His experience at the HRC in Canberra richly qualified him to set up a similar research environment as the Founding Director, Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities, Cambridge University (2001–03) which is still thriving, despite its apparent train wreck acronym, CRASSH. Returning to Australia, Ian became Honorary Professorial Fellow in the School of Culture and Communication, University of Melbourne (2007–20), where he continued to research and supervise postgraduates. He was elected President of the Australian Humanities Academy (2007–09). Some of his experiences as a life-long research administrator and leader in the Humanities were drawn together in Taking Stock: The Humanities in Australian Life since 1968, edited with Mark Finnane (The University of Western Australia Publishing, 2012). Through his contribution on the Advisory Board for the interdisciplinary ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions (2011–17), he exerted continuing influence on the Humanities globally. It was a remarkable career, unrivalled in sustained prestige, peer admiration and research leadership. Ian Donaldson’s primary research field was Renaissance literature, and he was the undisputed world expert on the poet and playwright, Ben Jonson. He was chosen to edit authoritative editions, Ben Jonson: Poems (1975) and Ben Jonson (Oxford Authors, 1985). Those who work in early modern literature will know how massive and comprehensive was Jonson’s oeuvre and how significant he was in his age. Amongst Ian’s monographs were The World Upside-Down: Comedy from Jonson to Fielding (1970), The Rapes of Lucretia: A Myth and its Transformations (1982), and Jonson’s Magic Houses: Essays in Interpretation (1997). He wrote entries on Jonson and others for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, as well as many articles on a variety of topics, including insightful essays on Shakespeare. His own long-awaited and superbly readable biography, Ben Jonson: A Life (2011), hailed as erudite and definitive in historical and literary coverage, was short-listed for the James Tait Black Biography Prize and the H. W. Fisher Best First Biography Prize in 2012. Ian’s musings on the difficulties and craft of literary biography appeared in various essays and in his co-edited book, Shaping Lives: Reflections on Biography (1992), as well as a short monograph The Death of the Author and the Lives of the Poets...

Два письма Амфитеатровых П.Н. Краснову: Окончание проекта

Journalist, prose writer, playwright Alexander Amfiteatrov and Ataman of the Great Don Army General Petr Krasnov, the author of numerous novels and short stories, belonged to the older generation of Russian émigré writers. Amfiteatrov lived in Italy, and Krasnov in Paris, and they communicated by mail. Their correspondence that began in 1927 lasted more than 10 years, until Amfiteatrov’s death. The previously published large complex of their letters contains not only significant additions to the literary biography of correspondents, but also an important information on the political, social, and literary history of the Russian Abroad in the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, Krasnov’s letters are only a small part of the huge Amfiteatrov émigré collection, researched by the author of this publication in collaboration with Oleg Korostelev with plans to devote several books of the Amfiteatrov volume in the academic series “Literary Heritage” to these materials. This publication presents two recently discovered letters to Krasnov, written by Amfiteatrov himself and by his widow, reporting on her efforts to collect a book in her husband's memory during the outbreak of World War II.

Ancient Biography: Identity through Lives by ed. by Francis Cairns and Trevor Luke

Reviewed by: Ancient Biography: Identity through Lives by ed. by Francis Cairns and Trevor Luke Øivind Andersen (bio) Ancient Biography: Identity through Lives Francis Cairns and Trevor Luke, editors Papers of the Langford Latin Seminar 17, ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 55, Francis Cairns, 2018, xiv + 310 pp. ISBN 9780995461215, $75.00 hardcover. The volume's title might lead potential readers to expect the book to provide a general introduction to or overview of biographical literature from classical antiquity, especially the genre of Lives, the Greek bios and the Latin vita. For that, however, [End Page 464] non-classicists (and classicists as well) should turn to Tomas Hägg's magisterial The Art of Biography in Antiquity (Cambridge UP, 2012), to which the editors of this volume duly refer in the very first sentence of their preface. Under the umbrella of the book's title, the editors offer a rich collection of widely different contributions on various topics and with varying focus. They may all, however, lay claim to dealing somehow with the broader issue of "biographical writing and identity," or "the use of lives in the literary construction of both group and individual identities" (vii, viii), which is the stated overall theme of the volume. The book originates in the 2015 Langford International Colloquium at Florida State University, Narrating Lives: Biography and Identity in Antiquity. The original papers have been revised and expanded, and the collection has been fortified with further contributions from invited scholars. The thirteen papers range all over antiquity from Pindar and the Lives of the Greek poets to the Alexander Romance and late Platonists. They are neatly distributed across the book's four sections: "Biography and Cultural Identity," "Biography and Power," "Biography, Identity and Religion," and—in a shift from thematic to chronological criteria—"Greek Lives under Roman Rule." It is not always obvious why a paper is placed in the section where we find it, naturally enough perhaps given the shared focus on identity. I will make brief mention of each contribution, highlighting some. Right at the outset, Flore Kimmel-Clauzet, in "Pindar, 'Lover of Athens': Dithyramb fr. 76 and the Biographical Tradition," discusses in an exemplary manner how the Theban poet's famous praise of Athens—"O gleaming and violet-crowned and celebrated in song, / Bulwark of Greece, glorious Athens, divine city"—places Pindar in the middle between the two rival cities: Thebes, his birthplace, and Athens, which, so the story goes, paid the fine imposed on him by the Thebans and more or less appropriated the poet by honoring him in other ways as well. Both the several ancient Lives of Pindar and the biographical tradition apart from the lives embellish and negotiate this conflict in various ways, thus forging Pindar's poetic identity. One could, I presume, also say "political" identity. Kimmel-Clauzet already made her mark with her 2013 book (in French) of the lives and especially the deaths of Greek poets. The following paper, by Rex Stem, may be seen as an offshoot of his 2012 book on The Political Biographies of Cornelius Nepos. In his contribution to this volume, he demonstrates convincingly how the Roman biographer Nepos in his Lives of the Foreign Generals counteracts Roman cultural bias by displaying exemplary non-Romans. David Rohrbacher, whose The Play of Allusion in the Historia Augusta appeared in 2016, comes to grips with ethnographic and religious aspects of the late Roman biographical collection Historia Augusta. He makes the case for the work's allusive and playful character when it comes to ethnography and religion. We note that this "bizarre and untrustworthy" work is "not really a biographical collection at all" (53, 56). The section "Biography and Power" opens with an attempt by Marcaline Boyd to vindicate the second-century CE military writer Polyaenus's version of the Greek tyrant Polycrates's rise to power against the account of the much older Herodotus. [End Page 465] Alexander Skufca illuminates how Nepos in his chapters on the lives of the tyrants Dion and Timoleon explicitly and implicitly evaluates tyranny, and shows how Timoleon is able to learn by (bad) example and do better than his somewhat older colleague. The...

Historiography on the �Siberian� Period of Mikhail Bakunin (1857-1861): A Critical Discourse

paper critically reviews the available scientific and biographical literature, which examines the four-year period of social activity of the Russian thinker and opposition politician Mikhail Bakunin in Siberia during the “thaw” of the late 1850s and early 1860s. purpose of the study is to provide critical perspectives on the myths of historiography that interfere with the reconstruction of Mr. Bakunin’s “Siberian period.” Thus, the author of the article aims to achieve the restoration of Mikhail Bakunin’s place and role in the public life of Russia in those times. In particular, the author refutes the myth that the “great rebel” was allegedly in a voluntary self-isolation during that period of his life. In addition, the dubious source of this historiographical version is critically analyzed, dating back to Mikhail Katkov, a very famous ideologist of imperial conservatism. author argues that the Katkov’s legend turned into a toolbox of official communist historiography, and then it was reproduced virtually unchanged in publications of the Soviet era until the collapse of the dominant regime. First of all, the author proposes to radically rethink the false conception of the Siberian period of Mikhail Bakunin that has become entrenched in historical literature. Second, the author considers it necessary to justify the redirection of the copyright affiliation of some sources of radical revolutionary journalism in 1860-1861 to Mikhail Bakunin, including the famous Letters (1860) to the editorial office of the Russian emigrant newspaper The Bell. Based on the methodology of textual content analysis of the keywords inherent in this journalistic message and similar letters from Mr. Bakunin from Siberia, the author formulates the main conclusion: the real author of this appeal at that moment could be only the closest friend and associate of Alexander Herzen, i.e., Mr. Bakunin himself.

The Sauer Tree in Time and Place

The Sauer Tree in Time and Place1 Kent Mathewson, Ashley L. Allen, Audrey Grismore, Mariano Lagos, Jessica Rose Simms, and Brett Spencer carl O. Sauer's Latin Americanist genealogical tree provides a prime example of what can be learned and discerned from assembling an academic family tree. The tree comprises Sauer's Latin Americanist PhD descendants. The record is, for the most part, recoverable. Once the basic tree has been assembled, a variety of other questions can be asked, attributes can be distinguished, and connections can be established. These include favored regional locations where research has been done, and areas where research is sparse or absent. Similarly, there are clear shifts in research foci, methodology, and epistemological orientations over time that can be charted and commented on. Overall, this assemblage of Sauer-associated researchers and their doctoral research provides one of the larger tableaux of Latin Americanist geography's history since the 1920s, including its personalities and development, and offers some indications of where the geography is headed. The construction of academic genealogical trees is largely an exercise or enterprise that awaits historians of geography. While biographical literature on individual geographers, both monographic and article-length, is considerable, and some figures have been singled out for particular attention, work on collectivities associated with individuals is almost non-existent. There is a modest literature on departmental histories, usually in-house documents or book chapters or journal articles in special issues. It would seem that prosopographical work (collective biographical studies) in the history of geography is a promising new arena. Constructing academic "family trees" or genealogies is the logical place to start. It is widely accepted that Sauer inspired and directed a school (the "Berkeley school") with common epistemological and methodological groundings in cultural-historical approaches and perspectives, and with a preponderant regional focus [End Page 84] on Latin America. The extent to which this is empirically validated can be determined from the data on the tree. Similarly, the extent to which subsequent generations have either adhered to or diverged from the ideal types (topics, regions, periods) that Sauer's own work represents can be charted. The "total" Carl O. Sauer academic genealogical tree comprises all of the PhD graduates in geography (first generation) that Sauer supervised over four decades (1923-1967), and their students, and so on, now unfolding into the sixth generation. At present, over 1,000 dissertators have places on the "total tree." However, this figure may be an undercount by as much as 10 to 15 percent. We have relied primarily on ProQuest's data bank, which mainly provides U.S. dissertation information. For the most part, dissertations directed by Sauer legatees at universities outside the U.S., especially in Latin America, have yet to be identified and placed on the tree. Sauer had thirty-seven PhD graduates in geography at Berkeley, and one, Darrell Haug Davis, at the University of Michigan. Of Sauer's thirty-eight PhD students, half, or nineteen, pursued dissertation topics involving Latin America (15) or the Caribbean (4). The common perception is that Sauer's students, and their subsequent descendants, primarily focused on Latin America. However, this turns out to be something of a misconception. Preliminary compilation and tabulation of dissertation data on the "total" Sauer tree suggests that, at most, one third (about 320) of the dissertations fall into the Latin America and the Caribbean category. North America based dissertations are actually the largest group, with about 380 dissertations. About seventy dissertations lack a regional focus, about sixty treat sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia and Europe about fifty each. North Africa and the Middle East are the scenes of about twenty-five dissertations, East Asia of about twenty, and Southeast Asia and Australia/New Zealand/Oceania of about fifteen each. Russia, Central Asia, and the global scope have about five dissertations each. Once the total tree is completely filled-out, it is likely to constitute the largest number of academic advisee "descendants" of any North American geographer. Quite possibly, it is also the largest in the history of geography. Although Latin Americanist dissertations represent less than half of those on the total tree, they almost certainly constitute the largest...

“GENERALS DON’T CRY...”: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE DEFEAT OF THE WHITE MOVEMENT

Purpose of study: The purpose of this research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the military-strategic, ideological and theoretical, foreign policy and socioeconomic reasons for the defeat of the White movement.
 Methodology: The methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity with the involvement of archival material, documentary sources, memoirs and biographical literature.
 Result: The main message of the article is to show the lack of unanimity and coordination in the actions of the internal and external forces of counter-revolution during the Russian Civil War. Significant attention is paid to the characterization and estimation of the military and ideological leaders of the counter-revolution, such as A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel, I.P. Romanovsky and G.V. Florovsky, V.V. Shulgin.
 Originality/Novelty: The authors conclude by defining the main peculiarities of the historical development of Russia which contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War and led to the complete failure of the White Guard.

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛИ ПЕРЕД ВИКЛИКАМИ ІСТОРІЇ: «ПОМСТА ПЕРШОДРУКАРЯ» СТАНІСЛАВА РОСОВЕЦЬКОГО ЯК УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКИЙ РОМАН

Since mid-twentieth century the academic novel has been treated in English literary criticism as a separate literary genre centered on the life of professors. Often the action takes place on and outside of campus, revealing the professors’ private concerns. Satire is a characteristic feature of academic novels, which usually drives the action. In these novels university appears as a “microcosm of society at large.” Even though the academic novel is an emerging genre in Ukrainian literature, there are texts which fall into this category. In the article the author analyzes “The Revenge of the Printer” by Stanislav Rosovetskyj as academic fiction. The novel has two plot lines, one of which is set in late 1580s in the times of Ivan Fedorov, another is set in the summer of 1991. The plot lines are joined by the setting, which is St. Onuphrius Monastery in Lviv, which in the twentieth century was turned into the museum of book-printing. The novel has the following features of the academic fiction: the main setting and the object of satire is theIvanFedorovMuseum, a cloistered institution like the university campus; the protagonist Shalva Bukviani is an academic and a professor of history facing the choice to leave the institution or to conform to the changing ideology. Collectively, these characteristics allow to define the main theme as the role of individual in the times of historical turmoil. Special attention is paid to the image of Fedorov, whose life in the novel is portrayed as a literary biography, based on research of contemporary Ukrainian historians alternative to the Soviet narrative. Due to the image of Fedorov as “Renaissance man” in the novel, the image of contemporary scholar appears as Sick Soul (M. Andryczyk), “a small Soviet man” unable to engage in protection of cultural heritage in the time of sociopolitical change.