Literal Values Research Articles

An instance of Satisfiability Problem learnt with Instance based, Decision trees, Naive Bayes

Though it is not recommended for mining the data sets produced by any closed-form solution, our approach is very much aiming at the standard satisfiability (SAT) or assignment problem in terms of searching for the existence of learning models and their performance using machine learning algorithms. Here we claim that we do not apply the analytical or theoretical method in the sense it is not based on conventional or well-established minimization rules or circuit synthesis in mind but the application of computational codes for prediction for the given Boolean circuits. The main objectives are to get classification on mapping Boolean literal values to some predefined functional output and to get maximum accuracy of such classifiers. Here we have enumerated the results up to 20 bits majority operator as an instance for constructing the learning models based on machine learning algorithms. The similarity and significance of the results are shown and thus it may open the possibility for extensibility and generalizability to other types of Boolean circuits. The maximum average performance is found to be 80.72% of accuracy and 74.81% of precision based on the selected set of classifiers.

Ahl al-Hadis and Ahl al-Ra’y (A Polemic of Domination Dynamics on Hadith)

In the horizon of Hadith study, two major streams have different thoughts on hadith interpretation, namely Ahl Al-Hadith and Ahl Al-Ra'y. Ahl Al-Hadith views hadith, based on their theoretical framework construction, as literal values while Ahl Al Ra’y, based on their knowledge, perceived hadith as contextual values. The difference in their paradigms has often put them in clashes and conflicts both on the ideological and practical levels. This study attempts to shed some light on the domination dynamics that often occur between them through historical investigation. A qualitative-interpretative method and a historical approach are applied to gain the needed data. The results show that both Ahl Al-Hadith and Ahl Al-Ra'y have existed since the time of the Prophet, the Shahaba, and the Tabi'in. In all three eras, Ahl Al-Ra'y was found more dominant than Ahl Al-Hadith. Meanwhile, Ahl Al-Hadith was recorded as dominant at the time of Imam Al-Syafi'i and during the documentation of hadiths into books. Based on these findings, it becomes clear that each of these two streams becomes a continuity base for others. Therefore, despite the domination dynamics that often occur between them, the relations of both are not addressed as antagonistic relations that nullify each other but are addressed as complementing and strengthening each other

Mining Expressive Rules in Knowledge Graphs

We describe RuDiK, an algorithm and a system for mining declarative rules over RDF knowledge graphs (KGs). RuDiK can discover rules expressing both positive relationships between KG elements, e.g., “if two persons share at least one parent, they are likely to be siblings,” and negative patterns identifying data contradictions, e.g., “if two persons are married, one cannot be the child of the other” or “the birth year for a person cannot be bigger than her graduation year.” While the first kind of rules identify new facts in the KG, the second kind enables the detection of incorrect triples and the generation of (training) negative examples for learning algorithms. High-quality rules are also critical for any reasoning task involving the KGs. Our approach increases the expressive power of the supported rule language w.r.t. the existing systems. RuDiK discovers rules containing (i) comparisons among literal values and (ii) selection conditions with constants. Richer rules increase the accuracy and the coverage over the facts in the KG for the task at hand. This is achieved with aggressive pruning of the search space and with disk-based algorithms, which enable the execution of the system in commodity machines. Also, RuDiK is robust to errors and missing data in the input graph. It discovers approximate rules with a measure of support that is aware of the quality issues. Our experimental evaluation with real-world KGs shows that RuDiK does better than existing solutions in terms of scalability and that it can identify effective rules for different target applications.

Predicative Names

This paper argues that proper names may have literal non-referential truth-conditional values, thereby undermining the notion of semantic reference.

RDF-F: RDF Datatype inFerring Framework

In the context of RDF document matching/integration, the datatype information, which is related to literal objects, is an important aspect to be analyzed in order to better determine similar RDF documents. In this paper, we present an RDF Datatype in Ferring Framework, called RDF-F, which provides two independent datatype inference processes: 1) a four-step process consisting of (i) a predicate information analysis (i.e., deduce the datatype from existing range property), (ii) an analysis of the object value itself by a pattern-matching process (i.e., recognize the object lexical space), (iii) a semantic analysis of the predicate name and its context, and (iv) generalization of Numeric and Binary datatypes to ensure the integration; and 2) a non-ambiguous lexical-space-matching process, where literal values are inferred by the modification of their representation, following new lexical spaces. We evaluated the performance and the accuracy of both processes with datasets from DBpedia. Results show that the execution time of both indicators is linear and their accuracy can increase up to 97.10 and 99.30%, respectively.

A Butlerian Reading of Ernest Hemingway's Personality and his Works

This study aims at analyzing Hemingway's selected novels and short stories in order to discover their common ground in terms of the masochistic properties. The overriding questions concerning this paper will center on the multiple ways in which Hemingway's sexual fluidity contribute to the formation of the masochistic behavior in his writings and also the degree to which masochistic properties contributed to the aesthetic and literal values of his writings. This paper concentrates on the specific elements of masochism which pertain most to the texts, including symbiosis/separation dichotomy (closely related to the theme of humiliation), fetishism, pain, violence and death. The author wishes to unveil the oft-hidden submissive and feminine characteristics of the masculine characters that abound in Hemingway’s writings.

Linking Heterogeneous Data in the Semantic Web Using Scalable and Domain-Independent Candidate Selection

Due to the decentralized nature of the Semantic Web, the same real-world entity may be described in various data sources with different ontologies and assigned syntactically distinct identifiers. In order to facilitate data utilization and consumption in the Semantic Web, without compromising the freedom of people to publish their data, one critical problem is to appropriately interlink such heterogeneous data. This interlinking process is sometimes referred to as Entity Matching , i.e., finding which identifiers refer to the same real-world entity. In this paper, we propose two candidate selection algorithms to improve the scalability of entity matching systems. First of all, we propose HistSim that utilizes the matching histories of the instances to prune instance pairs that are not sufficiently similar to the same pool of other instances. A sigmoid function based thresholding method is proposed to automatically adjust the threshold for such commonality on-the-fly. Furthermore, we propose DisNGram that selects candidate instance pairs by computing a character-level similarity metric on discriminating literal values that are chosen using domain-independent unsupervised learning. Instances are indexed on the chosen predicates’ literal values to enable efficient look-up for similar instances. Finally, in order to be able to handle heterogeneous datasets with a large number of predicates, a mechanism for automatically determining predicate comparability is proposed. We evaluate our two candidate selection algorithms against six state-of-the-art systems on three Semantic Web datasets, and demonstrate that our proposed algorithms frequently outperform state-of-the-art systems on F1-score and runtime.

Lessons learned from adapting the Darwin Core vocabulary standard for use in RDF

The Darwin Core vocabulary is widely used to transmit biodiversity data in the form of simple text files. In order to support expression of biodiversity data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF), a guide was created as a non-normative addition to the Darwin Core standard. This paper describes the major issues that were addressed in the creation of the guide, particularly problems related to adapting terms designed to have literal values for use with IRI references. By making it possi- ble to express millions of existing records as RDF, the guide is an important step towards enabling the biodiversity informatics community to participate in broader Linked Data and Semantic Web efforts.

A common core for information modeling in the Industrial Internet of Things

Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) faces a fragmentation of interfaces along information modeling formats, communication protocols and service interfaces. This increasingly hinders interoperability and changeability in the IIoT. To overcome this challenge, we propose a technology-independent common core for information modeling in the IIoT. It consists of a minimal type system for literal data values, an addressing and identification scheme based on Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI), the use of both key-value associations and relational references to combine resource-oriented and semantic information modeling, and a set of core relational predicates for object-oriented information modeling. Exemplary mappings of popular IIoT information modeling formats are provided to demonstrate the generality and representational power of the proposed common core.

Decorum and the Meanings of Materials in Triumphal Architecture of Republican Rome

In Decorum and the Meanings of Materials in Triumphal Architecture of Republican Rome, Maggie L. Popkin argues that the literal and figurative values of materials in republican triumphal architecture stemmed from complex interactions among patron, architect, audience, and sociohistorical context. Several case studies—the Temple of Fortuna Equestris, the Porticus Metelli, the Round Temple on the Tiber, and Temple B in the Area Sacra di Largo Argentina—demonstrate that the juxtaposition of multiple materials, changing historical circumstances, and new groups of viewers resulted in constantly shifting meanings of materials in republican architecture. The Roman notion of decorum helps explain the shifting uses and valuations of materials. Factors such as the monument’s patron, the event that sparked its construction, its location, the monument type, the availability of materials, and the intended audiences affected the choice of materials and their intended and perceived meanings, which had rich conceptual and imaginative potential to evoke Roman conquest, piety, and spectacle.

Image-Based Literal Node Matching for Linked Data Integration

This paper proposes a method of identifying and aggregating literal nodes that have the same meaning in Linked Open Data (LOD) in order to facilitate cross-domain search. LOD has a graph structure in which most nodes are represented by Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), and thus LOD sets are connected and searched through different domains.However, 5% of the values are literal values (strings without URI) even in a de facto hub of LOD, DBpedia. In SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) queries, we need to rely on regular expression to match and trace the literal nodes. Therefore, we propose a novel method, in which part of the LOD graph structure is regarded as a block image, and then the matching is calculated by image features of LOD. In experiments, we created about 30,000 literal pairs from a Japanese music category of DBpedia Japanese and Freebase, and confirmed that the proposed method determines literal identity with F-measure of 76.1-85.0%.

Novel method to measure the soil clay’s permeability by laser interferometry

In this study, we’ll present a new method to measure the permeability of clay soils (or infiltration rate) by laser interferometry. The device is a modified Michelson interferometer. Indeed on the movable mirror is glued a clay sample in the form of a parallelepiped, dried, of length L, height H and shaped to retain the drops of water on its surface to control water’s content .When injecting a volume of distilled water (a few drops) to the surface of the sample, it swells and moves the mirror, then we can measure the swelling depending on the depth of a clay soil and its permeability. Therefore we measure time that takes water to reach a depth of Z and we determine the infiltration rate: V=6μm/s ± 3% in concordance with literal values included between 2,8 and 13,9μm/s in clayey silt. For this comparison, we used the study of the characterization of the clay fraction to our sample by XRD.

Datatype evolution on RDF ontologies

Semantic web ontologies are not static but evolve as the understanding of the domain or the domain itself grows or evolves. This evolution is usually independent of the ontological instance descriptions which are stored in knowledge bases KBs. Therefore, the effects of an ontology update on instance descriptions which are migrated to a new ontology version should be studied. In this paper, we are interested in the effects of the migration of literal-valued instance triples of an RDF KB to a new ontology version. Note that the datatype of the property of such an instance description may have evolved in the new ontology version, e.g., from integer to decimal or from float to double. We manage the quality of these migrated instance triples and design flexible interactive methods through which the curator of the KB can intervene to correct the 'inaccuracies' of the literal values that are incurred by the migration process. In addition, specialised algorithms are presented, which are highly efficient, since their time and space complexity is linear with respect to the size of the literal-valued instance triples of the KB. Our work is particularly important to e-science applications that are commonly curated and have many datatype properties.

A 50‐year high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis over France with the Safran system

AbstractThe assessment of regional climate change requires the development of reference long‐term retrospective meteorological datasets. This article presents an 8‐km‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis over France performed with the the Safran‐gauge‐based analysis system for the period 1958–2008. Climatological features of the Safran 50‐year analysis—long‐term mean values, inter‐annual and seasonal variability—are first presented for all computed variables: rainfall, snowfall, mean air temperature, specific humidity, wind speed and solar and infrared radiation. The spatial patterns of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature are compared with another spatialization method, and the temporal consistency of the reanalysis is assessed through various validation experiments with both dependent and independent data. These experiments demonstrate the overall robustness of the Safran reanalysis and the improvement of its quality with time, in connection with the sharp increase in the observation network density that occurred in the 1990s. They also show the differentiated sensitivity of variables to the number of available ground observations, with precipitation and air temperature being the more robust ones. The comparison of trends from the reanalysis with those from homogenized series finally shows that if spatial patterns are globally consistent with both approaches, care must be taken when using literal values from the reanalysis and corresponding statistical significance in climate change detection studies. The Safran 50‐year atmospheric reanalysis constitutes a long‐term forcing datasets for land surface schemes and thus enables the simulation of the past 50 years of water resources over France. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

FramerD: Representing knowledge in the large

Content-aware media applications require rich, interconnected descriptions of media content. FramerD is an object-oriented database developed at the MIT Media Laboratory to support just such descriptions in a scalable and distributed manner. Conventional databases, even the newer object-oriented ones, focus mostly on data structures whose components are scalar or literal values, rather than references to other objects. FramerD is optimized to support objects that have components consisting of references to other objects in an environment where the storage of and the operations over the objects are distributed over local- and wide-area networks. This paper discusses the design, implementation, and performance of FramerD, and sketches some current applications of the system.

On the Proper Interpretation of Residualized Interaction Means in Analysis of Variance: A Reply to Rosnow and Rosenthal

According to Rosnow and Rosenthal the correct interpretation of an interaction in an analysis of variance necessarily involves examining the residual means after removing the lower order effects from the original cell means. They make two errors in their analysis of the residual means. First, they incorrectly interpret the negative residual means as literal negative values. The signs of the residual means actually indicate relative differences between the residual means. Second, since the residual interaction means of a 2 × 2 interaction always form a symmetric, crossed interaction pattern, their interpretation incorrectly suggests that all 2 × 2 interactions are symmetrically crossed. That is not the case. The crossed interaction for the residual means indicates that the change within one level of a factor is relatively less than the change within the other level of that factor. Therefore, the form of the underlying interaction cannot be inferred from the residual interaction means alone. Contrary to Rosnow and Rosenthal's suggestion, the residual interaction means have limited usefulness in interpreting interactions.

ON THE PROPER INTERPRETATION OF RESIDUALIZED INTERACTION MEANS IN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: A REPLY TO ROSNOW AND ROSENTHAL

According to Rosnow and Rosenthal the correct interpretation of an interaction in an analysis of variance necessarily involves examining the residual means after removing the lower order effects from the original cell means. They make two errors in their analysis of the residual means. First, they incorrectly interpret the negative residual means as literal negative values. The signs of the residual means actually indicate relative differences between the residual means. Second, since the residual interaction means of a 2 × 2 interaction always form a symmetric, crossed interaction pattern, their interpretation incorrectly suggests that all 2 × 2 interactions are symmetrically crossed. That is not the case. The crossed interaction for the residual means indicates that the change within one level of a factor is relatively less than the change within the other level of that factor. Therefore, the form of the underlying interaction cannot be inferred from the residual interaction means alone. Contrary to Rosnow and Rosenthal's suggestion, the residual interaction means have limited usefulness in interpreting interactions.