Literal Comprehension Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) in Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) in enhancing students’ reading comprehension. Pre-experimental research was applied in the form of one group pre-test/post-test design to understand the influence of CSR on the students’ reading comprehension. Study participants included 30 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in their second semester of study in the English Department of a West Java private university. This sampling was determined through purposive sampling. The data for the research question of this study was collected through two test instruments - a pre-test and a post-test - with each consisting of 50 questions in each test in the form of multiple choice and observation. Both tests contained questions based on the five indicators of Barrett's taxonomy: literal comprehension, reorganization, inferential comprehension, evaluation, and appreciation. The study applied a gain-score calculation in which the average N-gain score is 61.38. The results showed that the Sig. (2-tailed) value was 0.000 <0.05. Therefore, based on the decision-making criteria, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between learning outcomes in the pre-test data and post-test data. This means that the implementation of CSR is quite effective in enhancing the students’ reading comprehension competence.

The Comparative Study of Narrative Comprehension in Children according to Interactive Reading Strategies with Adults

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adult’s three reading strategies, eliciting questions, non-eliciting questions, and comments, on the narrative comprehension of typically developing children (TD) compared to vocabulary delayed children (VD) in order to find out the most effective reading strategy for children’s narrative comprehension. Methods: A total of 39 TD and 14 VD children aged 4-to 6-years old were randomly placed in groups using one of three reading strategies and then given two types of narrative comprehension tasks (literal comprehension, inferential comprehension) after a storybook reading session. Results: First, for literal comprehension, the main effects were found to be statistically significant in both the VD and TD children’s groups and reading strategies. And the interaction of reading strategies between child groups was found to be statistically significant. For the literal comprehension task, eliciting questions were found to be the most effective reading strategy for TD children, whereas non-eliciting was found to be the most effective for VD children. Secondly, for the inferential comprehension task, neither the main effect nor the interaction of the reading strategies between child groups was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that the three reading strategies are effective in literal comprehension in both child groups. Among three strategies, eliciting questions will be the most helpful for TD children, while non-eliciting questions will be the most helpful for VD children. The study can further provide essential information for developing book reading intervention protocols that can enhance children’s narrative comprehension.

Using Extending Concept Through Learning Activity To Improve Students Reading Comprehension In Terms Of Literal Comprehension

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of ECOLA technique can improve students' reading comprehension in terms of literal comprehension at MA Al-Hidayah Lemoa. This research applied Pre-Experimental design by using Quantitative approach. The population of this stu dy were MA Al-Hidayah Lemoa students consisting of 17 students. Then, the sample of this study is class X taken using total sampling technique consisting of 17 students. The data collection process with pre-test and post-test using multiple choice by analyzing the data using SPSS. The results of the study found that the use of the ECOLA technique in the learning process to improve students' reading comprehension in terms of literal comprehension was considered effective based on the data obtained where the average value of the pre-test was 48.82 and the post-test was 85.88. It can be seen that the average value of the post-test is higher than the average value of the pre-test. And proven again from the results of the "paired sample test" analysis using SPSS with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. Based on the decision making, if the significance value is smaller than 0.05, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the ECOLA technique can improve students' reading comprehension in terms of literal comprehension.

USING SUGGESTOPEDIA METHOD IN READING COMPREHENSION

This research aimed to know whether Suggestopedia as Method can improve students reading comprehension especially at literal comprehension (main idea) and interpretative comprehension (conclusion) in the Second Grade Students of Madrasah Aliyah Guppi Samata. The researcher applied Pre-Experimental method with use one group pre-test and post-test design and collected data by giving pre-test and post-test. The sample for this research was Class XI of Madrasah Aliyah Guppi Samata that consisted of 15 students. The sample was taken by using Purposive Sampling Technique. The researcher wanted to know the students’ ability in reading comprehension so that, the researcher found that too much students when pre-test got poor score. The improvement of the students’ literal comprehension by using Suggestopedia Method at Second Grade of Madrasah Aliyah Guppi Samata was good. Suggestopedia method brings good effect in reading comprehension because with using Suggestopedia, the students be active, relax, and not afraid in the class, the students’ can improve reading skill, and can help students to stimulate good mental condition. Meanwhile, the improvement of the students’ interpretative comprehension by using Suggestopedia Method at Second Grade of Madrasah Aliyah Guppi Samata was good. The effect of suggestopedia method in reading comprehension in term of interpretative comprehension help students to stimulate students’ good mental condition before the students’ answer the questions.

Students' Reading Comprehension in Relation to Learning Style: A Case Study at SMA Insan Cendekia

This research aims to find out whether or not the use of the six thinking hats strategy improves the students’ writing ability. The research was conducted to determine students' reading comprehension levels based on each learning style. This research is a qualitative descriptive method. The subject of this research were students of in second year student at SMA Insan Cendekia. The instruments used in this research were reading comprehension test, The VARK 8.0 questionnaire, and interview. The results of the reading comprehension test, the researcher used two level in reading comprehension. They are literal comprehension level and inferential comprehension level. The results showed that students with Visual learning style has a problem on inferential level, auditory learning style with inferential and literal level, read/write face a problem with inferential and literal, and kinesthetic learning style experiences problem both with literal and inferential level.

INCREASING THE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION OF REPORT TEXT WITH SOCRATIVE APPLICATION

This research aims to find out the increasing of students reading comprehension of report text by using Socrative Application, especially on literal comprehension and interpretive comprehension in 10th grade students of SMA Negeri 14 Makassar.The research applied Pre-Experimental Method using one group pre-test and post-test research and collect data through pre-test and post-test instruments. The sample in this study was X MIPA 4 SMA Negeri 14 Makassar which amounted to 36 students. Samples was taken by using the Purposive Sampling Technique. The data obtained was also analyzed using SPSS Application version 25. Based on the research findings, before utilizing the advantages of the Socrative Application, namely ease of use, educational benefits or instant feedback, and quiz format and assessment of student mean score on literal comprehension is 49.4 and interpretive comprehension is 41.6. After utilizing the advantages of the Socrative Application the average student on literal comprehension becomes 70, while for interpretive comprehension is 51.2. The occurrence of this significant increase in literal comprehension is due to the advantages of the Socrative Application which can increase students' literal comprehension while the absence of significant increase in students' interpretive comprehension occurs due to the difficulty of students inrking conclusions on the Socrative Application.Therefore, based on these results, it is recommended to use Socrative Application at reading comprehension, especially in literal comprehension.

THE EFFECT OF USING WATTPAD APPLICATION IN IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION OF THE TENTH GRADE AT SMA NEGERI 9 MAKASSAR

This research aimed to find out whether the effect of using Wattpad in Improving students’ Reading Comprehension or not at Tenth Grade Students of SMA Negeri 9 Makassar. This research used quantitative research with a pre-experimental approach. The researcher gave pre-test to students, and then the researcher gave the students’ treatment using Wattpad Application. After treatment is given, researcher gives the students’ post-test. The population in this study were students of the class X SMA Negeri 9 Makassar. The sample of this research was the students of the class X.7, included 29 students. The sample was taken by Purposive Sampling. The result showed that the t-test value was higher than the t-table value. The t-test value of reading comprehension in terms of Literal Comprehension was higher than the t-table (14.75>2.04841), and the t-test value in terms of Interpretative comprehension was higher than the t-table (15.17>2.04841). The t-test of the indicators in the students' Reading Comprehension skills t-test produced a result that was higher than the t-table (29.92>2.04841). It was concluded that the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted. It means that using the Wattpad application was effective to improve students’ reading comprehension.

Perbandingan kompetensi literal dan apresiatif siswa kelas iv sd dalam memahami isi teks fiksi

<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><em>. Understanding the content of reading text is one of the language skills included in reading skills. This study aims to describe the ability of fourth grade students in understanding the contents of fictional texts in terms of Barrett's taxonomy theory, developed by focusing on literal comprehension and appreciation comprehension. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects in this study were fourth grade students and fourth grade teachers at Soropadan Elementary School. The data collection used in this research was observation, tests, interviews with fourth grade students and fourth grade teachers, and document studies. The data analysis technique in this study used the interactive data analysis technique of the Miles and Huberman model. Data validity testing technique uses source and technique triangulation. The results of this study show that the percentage obtained on the literal understanding comprehension is 91.35% and 35.79% on the appreciation comprehension. The results of the study show that students perform better in literal comprehension than in appreciation comprehension.</em>

English Prospective Teachers' Views on Using Poetry to Enhance Reading Skills

Exploring the role of poetry in language education, this study seeks to understand its impact on reading skills from the perspective of EFL students preparing to become English teachers. With the increasing globalization of English, the techniques for teaching and enhancing its comprehension are evolving. Poetry, with its rhythmic and metaphorical nuances, offers a unique avenue to tap into this development. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the research engaged ninety-one English Language Education program participants. The findings reveal multifaceted benefits: a significant majority viewed poetry as an avenue for vocabulary enhancement, emphasizing its rich and varied lexicon. Others associated poetry with improvements in literal comprehension, attributing this to the layered meanings often found in poems. The attributes of critical thinking, interpretation of figurative language, grammar refinement, and reading fluency were also highlighted, reflecting poetry's comprehensive influence on reading dimensions. These insights underscore the pedagogical value of poetry in language development, suggesting that integrating authentic poetic materials not only enriches the language repertoire but also amplifies the depth and relevance of the learning experience for students.

Effect of Active Breaks on reading comprehension in a foreign language

The aim of the present study was to find out whether Active-Breaks (AB) improve the three levels of reading comprehension in a foreign language which could be a determining variable in the academic success of the implementation of CLIL programmes. This study involved a total of 50 healthy students [n=25: Control Condition (CC), and n= 25: Active-Break Condition (ABC)] from one secondary school in the Region of Andalucía (Spain). To investigate the acute effects of an AB on reading comprehension in a foreign language, those in the CC were asked to maintain their ordinary routines, while those in the ABC modified their class by introducing ten minutes of exercise. After that both groups complete a reading comprehension test. Significant different were found in both question of literal comprehension, p=0.03, d=0.38, p=0.001, d=0.11, and in both question of inferential comprehension, p=.003, d=0.35, p=0.03, d=0.47. Crucially, in both question of evaluation, p=0.26, d=0.20, p=0.41, d=0.40, no significant difference was appreciated. The present study demonstrated that overall student’s reading comprehension in a foreign language improves after of AB of 10 min (compared with CC) and concretely, improve the efficiency in question of literal comprehension and inferential comprehension.

The Impact of Reading Modalities and Text Types on Reading in School-Age Children: An Eye-Tracking Study

This study examined the eye movement patterns of 317 elementary students across reading conditions (audio-assisted reading (AR) and reading-only (R)) and text types (fiction and non-fiction) and identified eye movement parameters that predict their literal comprehension (LC) and inferential comprehension (IC). Participants, randomly assigned to either reading condition and either text type, answered questions assessing their LC and IC. Average fixation duration (AFD), total fixation duration (TFD), and scanpath length were used as eye movement parameters. The main effects of age were observed on all parameters, along with interaction effects between age and reading condition on TFD and scanpath length. These results indicate that children employ different reading strategies, depending on reading modalities and text types. When controlling for age, TFD had a positive impact on the LC of both text types in the AR, while in the R, it had a negative effect on the IC of both text types. Longer scanpaths predicted the IC of fiction in the AR; the LC and IC of non-fiction under the AR; and the LC of non-fiction within the R. AFD had a negative influence on the IC of fiction in the AR, as well as on the LC and IC of non-fiction in the AR, and the LC of non-fiction under the R. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate reading strategies, based on reading modality and text type, to enhance reading comprehension. This study offers guidance for educators when providing reading instruction to school-age children.

USING DIRECTIONAL TRACKING STRATEGY IN IMPROVE STUDENT’S READING COMPREHENSION

This study sought to determine whether using a directional tracking strategy, which concentrated on level reading comprehension and included literal reading comprehension in terms of the primary idea and supporting notion, improved students' reading comprehension. The study was applicable pre-experimental research using pre- and post-text for one group. The researcher employed the entire sampling approach. 29 students from class XI of IPS Sma Al Jameah Pattuku served as the research sample. In both the pre-test and post-test, the researcher employed reading test practise as an instrument. The research findings indicated that directional tracking strategies can enhance students' comprehension of what they read. It was demonstrated by the fact that the pre-mean test's score, which was 65.36 and was rated as fair, improved by 21.05% to 79.12 and was rated as good. As a result, the student's reading comprehension in terms of the primary idea and supporting idea improved. Literal comprehension is the end result of improvement. The study discovered that (20.34%) had a higher value than (21.77%). This figure indicates that there was an improvement between the student's pre-test and post-test results. The application of the directional tracking strategy to enhance students' reading comprehension in the SMA Eleventh Grade was found to be effective. The Al Jameah Pattuku.

Bradbury’s Little Philosophies: Enhancing Middle and High School Literacy with the Thematic Analysis Model

In its measurement of American students over the last thirty years, the National Assessment of Educational Progress has shown that performance related to reading comprehension and literacy continues to decline, with nearly a third of students now failing to meet basic literacy proficiency. This article proposes a new model for thematic analysis to improve literacy-based outcomes amongst intermediate and secondary students. Through an examination of five Ray Bradbury short stories, the author shows how this model can be used to move students beyond literal comprehension while enhancing their ability to skillfully analyze and interpret the subtextual elements of stories in order to create thematic statements that reveal the hidden meaning of a text.

Measuring the Impact of E-Portfolio Assessment on the Moroccan Undergraduate EFL Students’ Reading Skill at the University of Moulay Ismail: A Case Study

<p><em>Motivated by the conviction that formative assessment can foster positive changes in reading instruction, this study seeks to investigate the impact of e-portfolio as a formative assessment tool, on the reading skill of semester two EFL students at the Department of English Studies in Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Morocco. A pre-posttest experimental design is adopted in this study. The sample of the study consists of thirty-two students who are randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental group with a number of sixteen respondents who have received an e-portfolio assessment and a control group of sixteen participants who had traditional standardized testing. The two groups received different assessment methods but had similar reading comprehension instruction. A reading proficiency Test was administered to the comparative groups on two occasions before and after the experiment. The reading proficiency test constitutes of three multilevel tasks of Literal, Inferential, and Evaluative comprehension. The test scores serve as criteria for statistical comparisons between the comparative groups. The results show that the experimental group demonstrated improved reading comprehension in all three tasks, whereas the control group upgraded only in the literal comprehension task. Overall results of the current study are consistent with past research that provides support for the use of e-portfolio to assess and monitor students’ reading proficiency. The findings and conclusions derived from the present study can serve as a starting point for such an assessment to take place. Decision-makers and teachers can thus promote the use of e-portfolios in language teaching and learning as a formative assessment.</em></p>

Fluency and comprehension revealed by 4th grade students from a public school

This article aims to present performance levels in reading fluency, considering the speed, accuracy and prosody segments in order to establish the relationship of these segments to the literal and inferential comprehension of narrative text by 54 students of the 4th year of teaching fundamental. The results show that speed and precision are related to literal comprehension, but prosody is the segment that is statistically significantly related to literal and inferential comprehension, and the procedures adopted in this study can help monitor fluency skills

Short- and long-term effects of a strategy intervention on school students’ text comprehension

ABSTRACT Strategy interventions have been found to support students’ text comprehension, but little is known about the sustainability of these effects. This study examined short- and long-term effects of a strategy intervention on students’ vocabulary and text comprehension at the literal, inferential and evaluative levels. A pretest, posttest, and retention test design with experimental and control conditions was used. Ninety-nine six-graders from six Estonian schools were examined while using vocabulary and text comprehension tests. Comprehension strategies were taught in an experimental condition by Estonian-language teachers during a three-month intervention. The group-level analysis indicated short-term improvements in all skills when strategies were taught. The long-term effect was found in literal and inferential comprehension with continual improvements in literal comprehension. For the students in the control condition, short- and long-term improvements were detected in literal text comprehension. The individual-level analysis revealed three vocabulary and text comprehension profile groups: Average High, Average Low, and Low Combined. In the experimental condition, students from every profile group benefited from the intervention. In the control condition, enhancements were seen in the students in the Average High profile group. Thus, the explicit teaching of comprehension strategies supports students in becoming aware of using multiple comprehension strategies, despite individual differences.

Fluency and reading comprehension as a performance indicator in the 3rd year of elementary school.

to verify whether fluency and reading comprehension vary throughout the third year of elementary school and can be used as performance indicators in reading. this is a prospective longitudinal study. 53 children participated in the study, regardless of gender. Four assessments were carried out throughout the year, using the LEPIC software to record the reading made by the children, recording reading errors, as well as the answers to questions regarding comprehension. there was an evolution of reading fluency and literal comprehension throughout the tests, but not in inferential comprehension. reading fluency and literal comprehension are good performance indicators in the third year of elementary school.

A fluência e compreensão leitora como indicador de desempenho no 3o ano do Ensino Fundamental

ABSTRACT Purpose to verify whether fluency and reading comprehension vary throughout the third year of elementary school and can be used as performance indicators in reading. Methods this is a prospective longitudinal study. 53 children participated in the study, regardless of gender. Four assessments were carried out throughout the year, using the LEPIC software to record the reading made by the children, recording reading errors, as well as the answers to questions regarding comprehension. Results there was an evolution of reading fluency and literal comprehension throughout the tests, but not in inferential comprehension. Conclusion reading fluency and literal comprehension are good performance indicators in the third year of elementary school.

Students’ perceptions on learning independence: how self-regulated learning strategy helps?

This study aims to determine the effects of a self-regulated learning strategy on students’ independence in Literal Reading education. Literal Reading is an educational course working on literal comprehension and assigned to 2nd semester students. This experiment was carried out using a self-regulated learning strategy with the phases; (1) Forethought and Planning phase, (2) Performance Monitoring phase, and (3) Self-Reflection phase. 120 students were selected as participants, with a case study and experimental diary conducted to observe the implementation of the utilized strategy. A questionnaire was distributed to these participants, to determine the patterns by which the self-regulated learning strategy helped in developing independent students. The results showed; (1) The implementation of the learning strategy emphasized goal settings, learning journal completions, and lecturers' feedback reviews, (2) Most students positively perceived the self-regulated learning strategy, by exhibiting some independent characteristics, such as academic goal setting, learning process monitoring, and self-evaluation. These indicated that the self-regulated strategy influenced the development of students' learning Independence.

Analisis minat baca dan motivasi dalam kemampuan membaca pemahaman literal pada teks cerita narasi pada peserta didik kelas V sekolah dasar

<p class="Abstract">The aims of this study were to: (1) describe students' reading interest in reading literal comprehension of narrative texts, (2) describe students' learning motivation in reading literal comprehension of narrative texts. The research design used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The research was carried out at SDN 1 Pantirejo Sragen. The subject of this research was 5<sup>th</sup> grade students wihich had 13 students. Collecting data using questionnaires, observations, tests, and interviews. The validity of the data used is a triangulation technique with data analysis using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The results of the research conducted showed that: (1) students' reading interest and motivation in reading comprehension skills were different and not the same, (2) students' reading interest and learning motivation were related to their literal reading comprehension skills.</p>