Liters Of Diesel Research Articles

State-of-Charge Effects on Standalone Solar-Storage Systems in Hot Climates: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia

In this paper, we quantify the economic and environmental implications of operating a standalone photovoltaic-battery system (PVB) while varying the battery’s minimum allowable state of charge (MSOC), the load profile, and simultaneously incorporating ambient temperature effects in hot climates. To that end, Saudi Arabia has been chosen for this case study. Over a project lifetime of 25 years, we find that, contrary to the widely accepted norm of 50% being a reasonable MSOC, a lower MSOC can bestow economic benefits. For example, a MSOC of 20% results in a lower number of batteries required throughout the lifetime of the project—while still meeting demand. For a village of 1000 homes, this translates to a saving of $47 million in net present value. Further, incorporating temperature effects results in deducing more realistic costs that are 125% higher than the ideal scenario (i.e., when temperature is not modeled). This difference stems from underestimating the actual number of batteries needed throughout the project lifetime. Compared to a diesel-powered microgrid, and for a village of 1000 homes, a PVB would, on an annual basis, avoid emitting 5000 tons of carbon and avoid burning 2 million liters of diesel.

Investment analysis of solar energy in a hybrid diesel irrigation pumping system in New South Wales, Australia

Off-grid groundwater cotton irrigators using traditional technologies have had few options to reduce water extraction costs. New options of blending of Alternating Current and Direct Current through an all-in-one soft start converter/controller offer opportunities to lower costs, diversify fuel sources and continuous off-grid power in remote locations. Diesel energy can be replaced by renewable fuel sources through installing an electric submersible pump powered by solar photovoltaic in combination with a diesel generator. An investment analysis using a discounted cashflow over 25 years showed a 23% internal rate of return and payback over 5 years. Benefits of installing a renewable fuel source included lower greenhouse gas emissions per bale of cotton produced and less labour to monitor and service traditional diesel irrigation plant. Emissions calculations reveal a reduction of 26%, or 35 kg CO2e per cotton lint bale, and an abatement of 2665 t/CO2e for the life of the project. The cost of emissions abatement under the Renewable Energy Target to displace almost one million litres of diesel was found to be $31 t CO2e.

The role of waste compaction facility for reducing greenhouse gasses emission of waste transportation

Waste sector contributes on greenhouse gasses (GHGs) including from waste transportation. As it significantly contributes to the total cost, municipality is most concerned on waste transportation. The paper aims to analyze the role of waste compaction facility to reduce the GHGs emission reduction. Through a sampling procedure for 8 consecutively days, total waste collected from the service area to the compaction facility was 122.35 m3 d−1 with waste density of 103.27 kg m−3. In order to transport all amount of waste to final disposal site located about 45 km from central of Bandung City, Indonesia it requires at least 8 trucks for 2 trips with waste density at truck of 200 kg m−3. Waste compaction results the increasing waste density up to 350 kg m−3. Thus, the truck required for waste transportation becomes 4 trucks. By assuming fuel efficiency of 5 km per litre of diesel and using emission factor published by DEFRA of UK (2.67 kg CO2 eq. per litre), it is found that total GHG emission reduction due to operational of waste compaction is 40% (from 720.9 into 432.54 kg CO2 eq. daily). In fact, the GHGs emission is reduced more when considering the traffic jam along way to final disposal site.

Production of Fuels From High Density Polyethylene and Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Wastes via Pyrolysis Methods (Research Note)

The composition of fuel production per litre from polyethylene waste via pyrolysis was determined through thermal degradation. Compositions of fuels from high density polyethylene/low density polyethylene (HDPE/LDPE) pyrolysis were naphta, gasoline, and active carbon as residues. The pyrolysis process was carried out at 450-621°C without any catalyst and quantitative analysis method was conducted by using GC-MS. The product of 5 kg pyrolysis HDPE are 3.25 litres of naphta; 0.85 litre of gasoline; 0.325 litre of diesel fuel; and 18.06 grams of active carbon. Then the product of 5 kg pyrolysis LDPE are 0.5 litres of naphta; 2.9 litres of gasoline; 0,1 litre of diesel fuel; and 19 grams of active carbon.

Evaluation of CO2 emissions from railway resurfacing maintenance activities

This paper is the world first to investigate the CO2 impact of railway resurfacing in ballasted track bed maintenance. Railway resurfacing is an important routine maintenance activity that restores track geometry to ensure safety, reliability and utility of the asset. This study consisted of an extensive field data collection from resurfacing machineries (diesel-engine tamping machines, ballast regulators and ballast stabilisers) including travel distances, working distances, fuel consumption and construction methodologies. Fuel consumption was converted to a kg CO2/m using the embodied energies of diesel. Analyses showed that tamping machines emitted the highest CO2 emissions of the resurfacing machineries, followed by ballast regulators and ballast stabilisers respectively. Tamping machines processed 4.25 m of track per litre of diesel, ballast regulators processed 6.51 m of track per litre of diesel and ballast stabilisers processed 10.61 m of track per litre of diesel. The results were then compared to previous studies and a rigorous parametric study was carried out to consider long-term resurfacing CO2 emissions on Australian railway track. The outcome of this study is unprecedented and it enables track engineers and construction managers to critically plan strategic rail maintenance and to develop environmental-friendly policies for track geometry and alignment restoration.

Das Ende der Dieselsubvention: Verteilungseffekte einer CO2-basierten Energiesteuerreform

This study analyses the effects of a revenue and technology neutral energy tax reform with tax rates based on CO2 emissions for households in Germany. The reform leads to an abolition of the current diesel subsidy, raising the price per litre of diesel by 19 cents and reducing it for petrol by 12 cents. The authors illustrate the socioeconomic differences between winners and losers and identify a progressive distributional effect with a tax relief for the majority. Even though most families benefit, the share of losers is disproportionately high. Households with eco-friendlier means of transportation benefit.

English

The reported work was motivated by the energy needs in the Mauritania region and the utility of the search features of a software system, named HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources), for feasibility analysis of a hybrid power generation system (HS) for the Mauritanian northern coast. This study analyzed a sample of the available wind resources to meet the energy needs of these localities, using the HOMER software with the aim to search for the best possible configuration. A configuration was sought through this work which is considered with less intermittence in the system. In addition, given the relationship noted in the study between the influence of the average wind speed and the price of diesel in liters, it was also suggested to highlight configurations that exclude storage or that may decrease the size of the fuel. This, as a supplementary feature, also allowed, for example, to justify the additional cost generated by the insertion of the diesel group. In this context, five (5) values are given for the study of the price sensitivity of the liter of diesel; these values are proposed as follows: 1.05 $/L (current), 1.08, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 $/L (Maximum price). In another way, to carry out the sensitivity analysis through simulations that take into account the average wind speed, the values retained (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 m/s (maximum speed)) to deepen the study of the behavior of configurations by HOMER software. Finally, we must remember the number of kilowatt-hours produced that may seem insignificant to the country's energy production capacity, but these few tens or hundreds of kilowatt-hours can revive all the hope of the localities of the Mauritanian northern coast. In short, we report here some interesting findings as a result of the search carried out of resources using the HOMER system. Key words: HOMER software, hybrid system, wind, kilowatt-hours (kWh) price, sensitivity analysis.

Development of a 30Kg Aluminium Oil-Fired Crucible Furnace Using Locally Sourced Materials

A crucible furnace is a piece of equipment used in the foundry industry for melting metals for casting operations. This research work focuses on the design of a 30-kilogram capacity aluminium crucible furnace that is fired with diesel fuel. The furnace drum has an overall combustion capacity of 0.1404m3. It is fitted with a chimney to allow for the easy escape of combustion gases. The air blower discharges air into the furnace at the rate of 0.3m3/s with an air/fuel ratio of 400:1. The aluminium crucible furnace is designed to consume 4 litres of diesel fuel with a rating of 139000kJ/gallon which is required to completely melt 30-kilogram of aluminium over a period of 18 min. The designed operation temperature range of the aluminium crucible furnace is 500°C to 800°C. The cost of the aluminium crucible furnace is one hundred and eighty-two thousand nine hundred naira (N182, 900.00).

Assessment of the Logistic System of Fuel Life Cycle Using the LCA Method

Abstract This paper presents the logistic system of fuel life cycle, covering diesel oil and the mixture of rapeseed oil and butanol (2:3 ratio), using the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. This method is a technique in the field of management processes with a view to assessing the potential environmental hazards. Our intention was to compare the energy consumption needed to produce each of the test fuels and emissions of selected substances generated during ithe production process. The study involved 10,000 liters of diesel and the same amount of rapeseed oil and butanol mixture (2:3 ratio). On the basis of measurements the following results were obtained. To produce a functional unit of diesel oil (i.e. 10,000 liters) it is necessary to extract 58.8 m3 of crude oil. The entire life cycle covering the consumption of 10,000 liters of diesel consumes 475.668 GJ of energy and causes the emission to air of the following substances: 235.376 kg of COx, 944.921 kg of NOx, 83.287 kg of SOx. In the ease of a functional unit, to produce a mixture of rapeseed oil and butanol (2:3 ratio) 10,000 kg of rapeseed and 20,350 kg of straw should be used. The entire life cycle of 10,000 liters of a mixture of rapeseed oil and butyl alcohol (2:3 ratio) absorbs 370.616 GJ of energy, while emitting the following air pollutants: 105.14832 kg of COx, 920.03124 kg of NOx, 0.162 kg of SOx. Analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is oil refining which is the most energy-intensive and polluting process in the life cycle of diesel. The process consumes 41.4 GJ of energy, and causes a significant emission of sulfur oxides (50 kg). In the production of fuel that is a mixture of rapeseed oil and butyl alcohol (2:3 ratio), rape production is the most energy-intensive manufacturing process is (absorbs 53.856 GJ of energy). This is due to the long operation time of the farm tractor and combine harvester. The operation of these machines leads also to the emission of a significant amount of pollution in the form of COx (2.664 kg) and NOx (23.31 kg).

A Nuclear Renewable Oil Shale System for Economic Dispatchable Low-Carbon Electricity and Liquid Fuels

The authors propose the development of a Nuclear Renewable Oil Shale System (NROSS) to economically provide dispatchable electricity and liquid fossil fuels with low carbon dioxide emissions. High-capital-cost low-operating-cost nuclear, wind, and solar systems operate at full capacity. When excess electricity production causes low electricity prices, heat from the light water reactors (LWRs) and excess electricity from wind and solar systems produce shale oil.Oil shale contains kerogen, a solid organic material trapped in sedimentary shale, which upon slow heating is converted into a high-quality light crude oil. Recoverable oil in U.S. oil shale deposits exceeds conventional global oil reserves. Oil shale is preheated using heat (delivered as steam) from LWRs to about 220°C and then further heated using electricity from the LWRs and the electric grid to raise shale temperatures to ~370°C to decompose kerogen into light crude oil, natural gas, and char.The NROSS results in a zero-carbon electricity grid. The NROSS process of converting kerogen to light crude oil results in lower greenhouse gas emissions per liter of diesel or gasoline than other methods of producing liquid fossil fuels. The full use of capital-intensive generating assets minimizes total costs. Large oil shale deposits exist around the world, including in the western United States (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming), China, and Europe (the Baltic states, Sweden, and western Russia).

Global analysis of the techno-economic potential of renewable energy hybrid systems on small islands

Globally, small islands below 100,000 inhabitants represent a large number of diesel based mini-grids. With volatile fossil fuel costs which are most likely to increase in the long-run and competitive renewable energy technologies the introduction of such sustainable power generation system seems a viable and environmental friendly option. Nevertheless the implementation of renewable energies on small islands is quite low based on high transaction costs and missing knowledge according to the market potential.Our work provides a global overview on the small island landscape showing the respective population, economic activity, energy demand, and fuel costs for almost 1800 islands with approximately 20 million inhabitants currently supplied by 15GW of diesel plants. Based on these parameters a detailed techno-economic assessment of the potential integration of solar PV, wind power, and battery storage into the power supply system was performed for each island. The focus on solar and wind was set due to the lack of data on hydro and geothermal potential for a global island study. It revealed that almost 7.5GW of photovoltaic and 14GW of wind power could be economically installed and operated on these islands reducing the GHG-emissions and fuel consumption by approximately 50%. In total numbers more than 20 million tons of GHG emissions can be reduced by avoiding the burning of 7.8 billion liters of diesel per year. Cost savings of around 9 USDct/kWh occur on average by implementing these capacities combined with 5.8GWh of battery storage. This detailed techno-economic evaluation of renewable energies enables policy makers and investors to facilitate the implementation of clean energy supply systems on small islands. To accelerate the implementation of this enormous potential we give specific policy recommendations such as the introduction of proper regulations.

Agricultural Tractor Selection: A Hybrid and Multi-Attribute Approach

Usually, agricultural tractor investments are assessed using traditional economic techniques that only involve financial attributes, resulting in reductionist evaluations. However, tractors have qualitative and quantitative attributes that must be simultaneously integrated into the evaluation process. This article reports a hybrid and multi-attribute approach to assessing a set of agricultural tractors based on AHP-TOPSIS. To identify the attributes in the model, a survey including eighteen attributes was given to agricultural machinery salesmen and farmers for determining their importance. The list of attributes was presented to a decision group for a case of study, and their importance was estimated using AHP and integrated into the TOPSIS technique. In this case, one tractor was selected from a set of six alternatives, integrating six attributes in the model: initial cost, annual maintenance cost, liters of diesel per hour, safety of the operator, maintainability and after-sale customer service offered by the supplier. Based on the results obtained, the model can be considered easy to apply and to have good acceptance among farmers and salesmen, as there are no special software requirements for the application.

Analisis Pengelolaan Lingkungan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Batu Ampar - PT. Smart Tbk. Dalam Implementasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil

Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) is a standard system of sustainable palm oil plantations in Indonesia are economically viable, socially viable and environmentally friendly which is compulsory in accordance with the regulations. This study aims to analyze the environmental management performance in palm oil mill Batu Ampar and formulate the performance optimization based on the ISPO requirements. The evaluation shows that the company can meet the 38 indicators related to environmental management with some of the achievements include utilization of renewable energy sources that generate energy by 5.0664 million KWh, amounting to 1,677,615.89 liters of diesel fuel savings, reduction in CO2 emissions by 70.63 Kg / ton CPO, chemical fertilizers worth saving Rp.5.750.080,00 / ha / year. The optimization strategy for continuous improvement which is based on the SWOT analysis include: the selection of accredited laboratories, improve the performance of Waste Water Treatment Plant, planned to construct methane capture, optimizing the utilization of solid waste, optimizing the reduction of hazardous waste, provide input in determining government policy, and training routine related to environmental management to improve the competence of personnel. Keywords: environmental management, optimization, performance, sustainable

End-user centred infrastructure operation: towards integrated end-use service delivery

Reliable provision of water, energy and transportation, all supplied through infrastructure, is necessary for the most basic human and economic development to occur. Such development however, is not enabled by specific end-use products (e.g. litres of water, kWh of electricity, litres of diesel and petrol), or by infrastructure itself (i.e. the systems of energy, transport, digital information, water, waste and flood protection assets), but rather through the infrastructure end-use services (e.g. hygiene, thermal comfort, communication, or accessibility).The present form of infrastructure operation consists of supply systems provisioning unconstrained demand of end-use products, with larger consumption volumes corresponding to higher economic revenue. Providing infrastructure capacity to meet unmanaged growing demand is ultimately unsustainable, both in environmental and economic terms. Past research has focused on physical infrastructure assets on the one hand, and sustainable consumption and production on the other, often neglecting infrastructure end-use services. An important priority for sustainable infrastructure operation is therefore to analyse the infrastructure end-use service demands, and the variety of end-users’ wants and behaviours.This paper outlines the key aspects of an end-user and service-centred approach to infrastructure operation. It starts with an overview of relevant research areas and literature. It then describes the infrastructure end-use services provided by different infrastructure streams quantitatively, with the UK domestic sector as an illustration. Subsequently, insights into infrastructure integration at the end-user level are presented. Finally, the infrastructure end-use service perspective is described as a holistic framework for intervention: understanding technological changes in context, acting directly on end-use demand, and including social implications of service-based solutions.

The economic feasibility of renewable energy for off-grid mining deployment

As renewable energy technologies emerge, it is important to determine the economic feasibility of introducing such technologies at mines. We present a case study of a mine in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, where extreme climatic conditions exist. It was determined that nearly 47,500L of diesel could be saved annually during the exploration phase with the proposed installations applied in the residential facility of the mine. This represents a savings of approximately 10% in diesel consumption relative to the base case. Solar thermal technologies also were considered for the residential facility, with a payback period of approximately 5 months. Simple energy efficiency strategies can have a payback period as short as 2.3 months. Reductions in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are estimated at 25% by pursuing the proposed efficiency strategies. If the mining company invests in wind turbines for the processing plant, approximately 35 million litres of diesel could be saved annually during the extraction phase. In addition, 9.7% of the carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced during the exploration phase and 50% during the extraction phase by utilizing renewable energy sources.

Efficiency of Portable Electronic Vulcanizer

This research was aimed at finding out the efficiency of the portable electronic vulcanizer. The old vulcanizing equipment was upgraded to save time, investment, manpower and to eliminate the problem of gas emission in vulcanization. The study also determined the accurate temperature setting and duration of vulcanizing process using electronic vulcanizer which eliminated the problem of gas emission produced by the conventional (gas fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of diesel fuel and/or 2.331 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of petrol into the atmosphere. In constructing this vulcanizer, a letter G body configuration made of GI pipe with 31.5 cm long lag bolt with some electronic parts were installed, like the analog temperature gauge, digital timer, relay, LED, buzzer, switch, and heating element. Specifically, the product is divided into three components: base or body, control panel board and the heating unit. The effectiveness level of the equipment was tested utilizing five different temperatures at a constant and variable time. For Class A gum, the best temperature which bonded the gum exactly to the rubber tire was 60℃ in 1 minute while Class B gum was bonded at 60℃ in 2 minutes. The rate of energy consumed by the electronic vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 0.0757 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for Class B gum was Php 0.15 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for conventional vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 1.08 with an efficiency of 43.38% and for Class B gum was Php 1.52, with an efficiency of 78.08%. The study revealed that more tires could be vulcanized in a short period of time, therefore providing greater income over time. It is also environment-friendly since it does not emit carbon dioxide as compared to the conventional vulcanizing.

Performance of a Large-Scale Medical Waste Incinerator in a Referral Hospital

The aim of the study was to analyze the performance of large scale incinerator installed in a referral hospital. The study involved weighing and loading infectious waste of different composition (sharps and other waste), recording temperatures in the primary and secondary chamber with time, fuel used and collecting and weighing the bottom ash for 65 days. The analysis shows that the incinerator on average uses 362 L/day (45 L/h) to incinerate 945 kg of medical waste (40.8 kg/day of sharps waste and 904 kg/day of other waste), generating 51.2 kg of ash daily. The observed fuel consumption rate was too high necessitating corrective action. The average weight reduction was 94.6%. The study shows that the average sharps waste composition for medical waste incinerated was 4.3% and other waste was 95.7%. The incinerator capacity ranged between 100 and 130 kg/h. The fuel effectiveness ranged between 2.0 and 3.0 liters of diesel per kg of waste incinerated. The fuel effectiveness increased linearly with total waste incinerated and incinerator capacity, respectively, depending on the fuel consumption rate.

Influence of test fuel properties and composition on UNECE R101 CO2 and fuel economy valuation

AbstractCO2 emission and fuel consumption of passenger cars is now assessed by using a simplistic procedure measuring the emission during a test performed without any control of the fuel properties and computing the fuel consumption through an unsophisticated formula. As pump gasoline and diesel fuels are refinery products mixture of many different hydrocarbons, and in case of gasoline may also contain a significant amount of oxygenates, the fuel properties, including the density, carbon and energy content may strongly vary from one pump fuel to the other. Being the specific test fuels carefully selected by the car manufacturers and everything but randomly chosen pump fuels, the claimed CO2 emission and fuel economy figures may differ largely from the certification values. I show from the analysis of the 2014 UK government data for 2358 diesel and 2103 petrol vehicles how same volumes of only theoretically same pump fuels used during the certification test by the cars manufacturers unfortunately do not produce the same carbon dioxide emission, and very likely do not have the same energy content. The CO2 emission per liter of diesel fuel is shown to oscillate froma maximum of 3049 g to a minimum of 2125 g, with an average of 2625 g, froma +16.13% to a -19.06% of the average. TheCO2 emission per liter of petrol fuel is shown to oscillate even more from a maximum of 3735 g to a minimum of 1767 g with an average of 2327 g, from a +60.48% to a -24.05% of the average. The proposed solution is to center the assessment on the energy demand by measuring with accuracy the mass of fuel consumed and the fuel properties of the test fuel starting from the lower heating. The corrected fuel consumption and the corrected carbon dioxide emission to mention from the test are then computed by using pure hydrocarbon reference fuels for diesel and petrol having a given lower heating value and a given hydrocarbon composition. Alternatively, exactly the same test fuel should be used by all the manufacturers.

Energy Self-Sufficiency of Semi-Mechanized Oil Palm Processing: A Case Study of Bayelsa Palm Mill, Elebele, Nigeria

The study was designed to assess the energy requirement, biomass generation and the contribution of biomass in oil palm processing from1 tonne of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) by a semi-mechanized palm oil processing mill in Nigeria. The energy required for the extract oil from fresh fruit was measured at the Bayelsa Palm Mill, Elebele, Nigeria. The average weight of FFB was 13.5 kg. The mass balance of FFB during processing is 26.0 % empty fruit bunch (EFB), 1.5 % chaff, 18.5% nut, 30.0 % palm press fibre (PPF), 14.0% moisture and 10.0% crude palm oil (CPO).The biomass generated during the processing of CPO from 1 tonne of FFB is 259.0 kg (EFB), 301.9 kg (PPF) and 14.8 kg (chaff). Of these, only 234.9 kg of EFB was utilized as fuel for boiling, while 1.85 liters of diesel was used to power generator for stripping, digestion/pressing and fiber separation. Majority of the biomass generated were un-utilized. About 40% of the potential energy in the biomass was utilized by the mills, while the rest was disposed by open combustion. The total energy utilized for the processing of FFB is 4291.39 MJ/ tonne. Of these, biomass fuel accounted for 97.5%, while fossil fuel supplied the remaining 2.5%. We conclude that the excess biomass can be converted into liquid fuel via pyrolysis and/or gasification and used for digestion purposes to attain 100% energy self-sufficiency to prevent air quality impacts associated with the open air combustion of excess biomass. Other potential biofuel that could be generated from oil palm waste biomass include solid (briquette), liquid (bioethanol, bio-methanol, bio-oil) and gaseous fuel (biogas, bio-hydrogen).

RETRACTED: Energy direct inputs and greenhouse gas emissions of the main industrial trawl fishery of Brazil

This study provides first-time estimates of direct fuel inputs and greenhouse gas emissions produced by the trawl fishing fleet operating off southeastern and southern Brazil. Analyzed data comprised vessel characteristics, landings, fishing areas and trawling duration of 10,144 fishing operations monitored in Santa Catarina State from 2003 to 2011. Three main fishing strategies were differentiated: 'shrimp trawling', 'slope trawling' and 'pair trawling'. Jointly these operations burned over 9.1 million liters of diesel to land 342.3 million kilograms of fish and shellfish. Annually, 0.023-0.031 l were consumed for every kg of catch landed. Because all fishing strategies relied on multispecific catches to raise total incomes, estimates of fuel use intensity were generally low but increased 200-900% if only nominal targets were considered. In nine years, trawling operations emitted 6.69 GgC to the atmosphere, between 2300 and 3300 tons CO2 per year.