Litchi Fruit Research Articles

A Micro-Damage Detection Method of Litchi Fruit Using Hyperspectral Imaging Technology.

The non-destructive testing of litchi fruit is of great significance to the fresh-keeping, storage and transportation of harvested litchis. To achieve quick and accurate micro-damage detection, a non-destructive grading test method for litchi fruits was studied using 400–1000 nm hyperspectral imaging technology. The Huaizhi litchi was chosen in this study, and the hyperspectral data average for the region of interest (ROI) of litchi fruit was extracted for spectral data analysis. Then the hyperspectral data samples of fresh and micro-damaged litchi fruits were selected, and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to establish a prediction model for the realization of qualitative analysis for litchis with different qualities. For the external validation set, the mean per-type recall and precision were 94.10% and 93.95%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the sensitive wavelength for recognition of litchi quality characteristics, with the results of wavelengths corresponding to the local extremum for the weight coefficient of PC3, i.e., 694, 725 and 798 nm. Then the single-band images corresponding to each sensitive wavelength were analyzed. Finally, the 7-dimension features of the PC3 image were extracted using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Through image processing, least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) modeling was conducted to classify the different qualities of litchis. The model was validated using the experiment data, and the average accuracy of the validation set was 93.75%, while the external validation set was 95%. The results indicate the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging technology in litchi postpartum non-destructive detection and classification.

Adsorption and desorption of potentially toxic metals on modified biosorbents through new green grafting process.

Six lignocellulosic waste-derived biosorbents [cantaloupe peel (CAN), pine cone (PC), litchi fruit peel (LP), annona squamosal (AS), bamboo shoot (BS), and sugarcane bagasse (SB)] were selected as low-cost and renewable materials to prepare chemically modified biosorbent. The modified biosorbent was prepared through a newer carboxyl groups-grafting process onto the biosorbent's surface using acrylic acid. The results showed that the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of biosorbents increased by approximately 66.3-104% aftermodified. The modified biosorbent exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions than the pristine biosorbent. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qomax) of both pristine and modified biosorbents toward three metal ions (Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) followed the decreasing order: CAN > PC > LP > AS > BS > SB. The preference ranking of three metal ions on the pristine and modified biosorbents (mmol/kg) was generally in the order: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+. Among these biosorbents, cantaloupe peel exhibited an excellent adsorption affinity to metal cations compared to the five others. The Qomax values of modified and pristine cantaloupe peels were ordered as follows: 143.2 and 81.1mg/g for Pb2+ adsorption, > 45.4 and 30.4mg/g for Cd2+ adsorption, > 33.1 and 23.5mg/g for Cu2+ adsorption. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the removal efficiency of Pb2+ by modified CAN was maintained at around 70%. The ion exchange played a determining role in adsorption mechanism. It can be concluded that modified cantaloupe peel can serve as a newer and promising biosorbent with a high adsorption capacity to various potentially toxic metals.

Identification and expression profile analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase gene family in Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) is a key enzyme that regulates sucrose biosynthesis in plants. SPS is encoded by different gene families which display differential expression patterns and functional divergence. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of SPS gene families have been performed in Arabidopsis, rice, and sugarcane, but a comprehensive analysis of the SPS gene family in Litchi chinensis Sonn. has not yet been reported. In the current study, four SPS gene (LcSPS1, LcSPS2, LcSPS3, and LcSPS4) were isolated from litchi. The genomic organization analysis indicated the four litchi SPS genes have very similar exon-intron structures. Phylogenetic tree showed LcSPS1-4 were grouped into different SPS families (LcSPS1 and LcSPS2 in A family, LcSPS3 in B family, and LcSPS4 in C family). LcSPS1 and LcSPS4 were strongly expressed in the flowers, while LcSPS3 most expressed in mature leaves. RT-qPCR results showed that LcSPS genes expressed differentially during aril development between cultivars with different hexose/sucrose ratios. A higher level of expression of LcSPS genes was detected in Wuheli, which accumulates higher sucrose in the aril at mature. The tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression of LcSPS1-4 genes uncovered in this study increase our understanding of the important roles played by these genes in litchi fruits.

Antifungal Activity of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds against Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Peronophythora litchii.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a commercially important fruit but its production and quality are restricted by litchi downy blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronophythora litchii Chen. Volatile substances produced by a biocontrol antinomycetes Streptomyces fimicarius BWL-H1 could inhibited P. litchii growth and development both in vitro and in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assay. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from BWL-H1 resulted in severe damage to the endomembrane system and cell wall of P. litchii cells in vitro and abnormal morphology of appressoria, as well as deformed new hyphae in infection process. VOCs could suppress mycelial growth, sporulation, while with no obvious effect on sporangia germination. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometric analyses, 32 VOCs were identified from S. fimicarius BWL-H1, the most abundant of which was phenylethyl alcohol. Eight VOCs, including phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl phenylacetate, methyl anthranilate, α-copaene, caryophyllene, humulene, methyl salicylate and 4-ethylphenol, that are commercially available, were purchased and their bioactivity was tested individually. Except for humulene, the other seven tested volatile compounds shown strong inhibitory activity against mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangia germination and germ-tube growth of P. litchii. Especially, 4-ethylphenol showed the highest inhibitory effect on sporulation at a very low concentration of 2 µL/L. Overall, our results provided a better understanding of the mode of action of volatiles from BWL-H1 on P. litchii, and showed that volatiles from BWL-H1 have the potential for control of postharvest litchi downy blight.

The preference choices of Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) for litchi based on its host surface characteristics and volatiles

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley is a host-specific pest of Litchi chinensis and Euphoria longan. Here, we demonstrated that C. sinensis has evolved special physical and chemical mechanisms for host plant location that enable it to survive and reproduce. Females favored laying their eggs on the convex surface of litchi fruit that had particular volatile characteristics. Experiments using a H-type olfactometer showed that female C. sinensis were attracted to litchi flowers, tender shoots, immature fruits, and mature fruits, with the highest attraction rate to mature fruits (74.67 ± 2.31%). There were no significant differences in the attraction of male C. sinensis to different litchi tissues. Further oviposition preference tests using the pericarp, pulp, and seeds of mature litchi fruits revealed that female C. sinensis prefer to lay their eggs on the pericarp. Litchi volatiles were found to be important in attracting C. sinensis to fruits for oviposition. Analysis of volatiles from different litchi tissues by HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 31 similar volatiles, some of which may be important in the oviposition preference choices of C. sinensis on litchi fruit.

Effects of a novel chitosan formulation treatment on quality attributes and storage behavior of harvested litchi fruit

The effects of Kadozan (a novel chitosan formulation) treatment on physiological attribute, nutritional quality and storage behavior of harvested “Wuye” litchi fruit were studied. Compared with control litchis, Kadozan treatment significantly decreased fruit respiration rate, retarded the increase of pericarp cell membrane permeability, maintained higher contents of anthocyanins and flavonoids and higher values of L∗, a∗ and b∗ in litchi pericarp, and reduced the decreases of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C contents in litchi pulp, maintaining better quality of litchis. Furthermore, Kadozan treatment decreased browning index and disease index of litchis, kept higher rate of commercially acceptable fruit, and reduced fruit weight loss, showing better storage behavior of litchis under ambient temperature. The optimal Kadozan treatment for litchis was the 1:100 (VKadozan: VKadozan + Water) dilution, which might be a promising method for keeping quality and prolonging shelf-life of harvested “Wuye” litchi fruit.

Ca Distribution Pattern in Litchi Fruit and Pedicel and Impact of Ca Channel Inhibitor, La3.

Calcium (Ca) deficiency in fruit causes various physiological disorders leading to quality loss. However, disorders related to Ca deficiency are not simply caused by a shortage of calcium supply. Ca distribution is also an important relation. This study examined Ca distribution pattern in fruit and pedicel in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and the influence of Ca channel inhibitor La3+ on fruit Ca uptake and distribution. In situ distribution of Ca in the phloem and xylem tissues of the pedicel was visualized by Ca mapping with X-ray microanalyzer. Ca2+ analogy Sr2+ was used to trace Ca2+ transport pathway to fruit as well as distribution pattern. The results showed Ca was more distributed in the pericarp, especially the distal part. Ca level in the bark/phloem was always significantly higher than in the xylem and increased with stem age, suggesting constant influx of Ca into the phloem from the xylem. La3+ increased the ratio of Ca in the xylem to that in the bark in the pedicel and significantly reduced Ca accumulation by 55.6% in fruit, suggesting influx of Ca into the symplast was involved in fruit Ca uptake. Sr2+ introduced from fruit stalk was found to be transported to fruit through the phloem as Sr was largely distributed in the phloem, and fruit stalk girdling significantly reduced Sr accumulation in the pericarp. Ca mapping across the pedicel revealed Ca-rich sites in the parenchyma cells in the phloem and along the cambium, where abundant Ca oxalate crystals were found. The results suggested extensive influx of Ca from xylem/apoplast pathway into the phloem/symplast pathway in the pedicel, which enables phloem/symplast pathway to contribute a considerable part to Ca uptake in litchi fruit.

Effect of generally regarded as safe (Gras) chemical treatments on the quality of litchi during storage

Pericarp browning of litchi is the most important problem which takes place rapidly after harvest and reduces the commercial acceptability and shelf-life of fruit. To study the combine effect of Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) chemicals on the litchi fruits, the combinational treatments with sodium hypochlorite (0.2%) + KMS (0.5%), sodium hypochlorite (0.2%) + KMS (0.6%), sodium hypochlorite (0.2%) + sodium chlorite (0.05%), and sodium hypochlorite (0.2%) + sodium chlorite (0.06%) by the immersion method were given to Shahi litchi fruits. The treated fruits were packed in punnets and stored at 2oC and 90–95% relative humidity. In general, all treatments significantly reduced pericarp browning. The most remarkable effect was obtained with sodium hypochlorite (0.2%) in combination with KMS (0.5%) followed by sodium chlorite (0.05%), which was effective in delaying anthocyanin degradation, polyphenol oxidase activity and weight loss as well as retaining higher amounts of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and phenolic content in fruits. The combinational treatment of sodium hypochlorite and KMS (0.5%) was able to extend shelf life up to 25 days and could be used as cost-effective alternative method to reduce pericarp browning and fruit quality deterioration of litchi during low temperature storage.

Identification and phylogenetic analysis of fruit borer species of litchi using DNA barcode sequences

Fruit borers are the major insect pests of litchi in humid orchard conditions at the time of fruit ripening in Indian subcontinent. The major constraint faced in formulating any management strategies against the borer is the difficulty in identification of the correct species. The litchi fruit borer has low intraspecific variation among the existing borer populations. Molecular approaches have been used to identify various species. In the present study, partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences were used to understand the phylogenetic relationship among borer complex, and assess their usefulness to identify and classify unknown borer species collected from litchi orchards. All together, 150 specimens of litchi fruit borer from Bihar and Jharkhand were examined and 2 morphologically similar moths of each genus were used for further analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that the intraspecific and interspecific variations ranged from zero to 10.0% and 4.4 to 20.3%, respectively among fruit borer complex. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the borers specimen used in this study clustered in to distinct species-groups designated as Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley, C. litchiella Bradley, Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower and Gatesclarkeana spp. Higher intraspecific genetic variation was observed in Conopomorpha species complex as compared to Cryptophlebia species complex. Present study has clearly demonstrated that DNA barcoding is an efficient and accurate method for identification of coexists of borer complex infestation in litchi fruits. Hence, this approach can play important role in formulating viable pest management strategies.

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Contents in Litchi and Pomelo Fruit Peel

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Contents in Litchi and Pomelo Fruit Peel

Mechanical damage caused by fruit-to-fruit impact of litchis

Mechanical damage of litchi fruits caused by impact is a major problem for mechanical harvesting. During a shaking harvesting process, the impact between fruits is almost inevitable. Thus, it is necessary to study the characteristics of fruit-to-fruit impact of litchis. Impact tests were conducted between an upper specimen and a lower specimen on an impact device with Yuhebao and Guiwei variety of litchis. The modulus of elasticity of fruits after impact was measured with a tester to determine the damage of the fruits. Three impact times and four impact speeds were used in the tests. The results show that with impact speed = 2.8 m/s, 15-times impact caused significant damage to the fruits, while 5-times may only cause slightly damage. When the impact speed decreased to 0.98 m/s, no significant damage was observed after 15-times impact for Yuhebao litchis. Therefore, increase impact times or impact speed may cause more damage to the fruits. However, when the impact times or the impact speed were lower enough, damage may be very slight or even not happen.

A modified mean deviation threshold function based on fast Fourier transform and its application in litchi rest storage life recognition using an electronic nose

Since gas sensor drift is a main limitation for the application of an electronic nose, and a reference standard is necessary for shelf management of litchi fruit, a modified mean deviation threshold function based on fast Fourier transform (MDFF–FFT) for electronic nose drift elimination and a new concept the rest storage life (RSL) for litchi fruit shelf situation evaluation have been constructed in this study. Three commonly used threshold acquisition methods, unbiased estimator, fixed threshold, and mini-max principle were evaluated to instead of selecting threshold value randomly for present MDFF–FFT. A PEN3 portable electronic nose was applied to recognize the RSL of litchi during storage across room temperature (RT), refrigerator environment (RE) and controlled-atmosphere (CA) environments. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to compare the RSL classification effect, recognition accuracy, and predict ability of litchi stored in the three environments based on electronic nose with the drift elimination of different threshold acquisition methods using MDTF–FFT. The results showed that an electronic nose has the potential to recognize the RSL of litchi stored in different environments. Unbiased estimator method can provide better threshold than other threshold acquisition methods for MDTF–FFT. After drift elimination by unbiased estimator method combined with MDTF–FFT, litchi RSL can be classified, recognized and predicted by electronic nose effectively, the accuracy of which was higher than control (no drift elimination) and drift elimination with other methods.

Transcriptome profiling of Litchi chinensis pericarp in response to exogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in Litchi chinensis is promoted by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and inhibited by exogenous N-(2-chloro-pyridin-4-yl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) application. However, the mechanisms by which ABA or CPPU regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis are still unclear. To understand the global molecular events of these physiological changes, transcriptome profiling was analyzed in L. chinensis cv. Feizixiao pericarps after 0, 10, and 20 days of exogenous ABA (25 mg/L ABA) and CPPU (4 mg/L) treatment using RNA-seq. Compared with the control, a total of 579 and 827 genes were differently expressed [|log2 fold change| ≥ 1 and P value ≤ 0.005] in ABA- and CPPU-treated pericarp, respectively. Exogenous ABA up-regulated the expressions of genes involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis, including PAL, C4H, CHS, CHI, DFR, LDOX, and GTs. In contrast, exogenous CPPU induced genes related to carbon metabolism, amino acids biosynthesis, and photosynthesis, and down-regulated genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Comparison of transcriptomes in responses to individual treatments with ABA or CPPU revealed that there were cooperative and antagonistic interplay between ABA and cytokinins in litchi fruit ripening. ABA treatment had no significant effect on the genes related to chlorophyll catabolism. On the other hand, CPPU treatment significantly increased the expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes and inhibited the expression of chlorophyll degradation gene (SGR). In addition, ABA and CPPU treatment also affected gene expression in other plant hormone signaling pathways, such as auxin, GA, and ethylene, forming a complex network to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study provides a valuable overview of global molecular events for studying the mechanisms by which ABA and cytokinins influence anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi and other fruit trees enriched with anthocyanins.

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging with varied gas combinations and treatment on the quality of minimally-processed litchi fruits

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging with varied gas combinations and treatment on the quality of minimally-processed litchi fruits

The recognition of litchi clusters and the calculation of picking point in a nocturnal natural environment

In a natural environment, the recognition of ripe litchi and calculation of the picking point are always difficult problems for a picking robot. In this study, a visual system for litchi image acquisition is built and a method of nocturnal litchi recognition and a calculation of picking point is proposed. For comparison, images of the same cluster of litchis are captured during the day in a natural environment and during the night using artificial illumination. By analysing colour features of the same litchi image in different colour models, the YIQ colour model is proved to be the model with the best practicability for nocturnal litchi recognition. In this proposed method, the background of the nocturnal image, instead of the litchi fruit and stem, is first removed using an improved fuzzy clustering method (FCM) combining this analysis approach with a one-dimensional random signal histogram. The fruit is then segmented from the stem base using the Otsu algorithm. The Harris corner was used for picking point detection. The change rates of the horizontal and vertical positions between corner points are analysed to identify the picking point. The experiments show that nocturnal litchi recognition accuracy is 93.75% with an average recognition time of 0.516 s. At different depth distances, the highest accuracy for the picking point calculation is 97.5%, while the lowest is 87.5%. The results show the accuracy and feasibility of this method for litchi recognition and picking point calculation during the night. This research provides technical support of visual localisation technology for litchi-picking robots.

Leaf, panicle and fruit blight of litchi (Litchi chinensis) caused by Alternaria alternata in Bihar state, India

India is one of the leading litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) producing countries in the world. A leaf blight on litchi was observed in April 2012 on nursery plants at Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. Light to dark brown necrosis starting from leaf tips resulted in complete drying of leaves. Blighting of panicles and fruits were also noticed during April–June, 2014. Panicles dried out as a result of necrosis, while necrosis of pedicels led to complete drying of the rind of developing fruits. Infected tissues collected from different sites in diseased fields were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and the pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics. The fungus produced greyish-black colonies on PDA with obclavate or obpyriform conidia in chains. Conidia had 1–4 transverse and 0–3 longitudinal septa, and measured 16–40 × 4–13 μm. Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Pathogenicity tests indicated that A. alternata infected and caused blights of the leaves, panicles and fruit of litchi. Alternaria alternata has been reported to cause post-harvest decay of litchi fruit, but this is the first report of A. alternata causing blights of leaves, panicles and fruit in the field.

Integrated management of litchi fruit and shoot borer (Conomorpha sinensis) using insect growth regulators under subtropics of Bihar

A field trial was conducted consecutively for two years at ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi to develop Insect Growth Regulators based (IGRs) approaches for managing the litchi fruit and shoot borer (Conopomorpha sinensis; Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) a major pests of litchi causing economical loss. Studies revealed that T4 - novaluron 10 EC 0.015% recorded least infestation (9.62% and 4.70%) during early and mid stage which is closely followed by T2- diflubenzuron 25 WP 0.03% (9.87% and 5.73%). However, at harvest stage, T2 recorded the lowest borer infestation (12.39%) followed by T4 (13.67%) against highest borer infestation (59.35%) in control. Further, highest reduction of borer infestation over control was noticed in T4 (53.25% and 73.56%) followed by T2 (52.04% and 73.99%) during early stage and mid stage, respectively. At harvest stage, most of the treatments showed more than 75% efficacy on reduction in borer infestation over control. The highest reduction in borer infestation was found in T2 (80.65%) followed by T4 (77.50%). The least infested fruit (2.11 kg/tree) and highest healthy fruit (16.38 kg/tree) was recorded with T2 followed by T1 (14.99 kg/tree), T5 (14.46 kg/tree) and T4 (13.99 kg/tree) against lowest (4.14 kg/tree) in control. Similarly, reduction in fruit infestation over control calculated on weight basis was also highest in T2 (78.77%) followed by T1 (75.79%), T5 (73.85%) and T4 (73.33%).

Recognition and Matching of Clustered Mature Litchi Fruits Using Binocular Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Color Cameras

Recognition and matching of litchi fruits are critical steps for litchi harvesting robots to successfully grasp litchi. However, due to the randomness of litchi growth, such as clustered growth with uncertain number of fruits and random occlusion by leaves, branches and other fruits, the recognition and matching of the fruit become a challenge. Therefore, this study firstly defined mature litchi fruit as three clustered categories. Then an approach for recognition and matching of clustered mature litchi fruit was developed based on litchi color images acquired by binocular charge-coupled device (CCD) color cameras. The approach mainly included three steps: (1) calibration of binocular color cameras and litchi image acquisition; (2) segmentation of litchi fruits using four kinds of supervised classifiers, and recognition of the pre-defined categories of clustered litchi fruit using a pixel threshold method; and (3) matching the recognized clustered fruit using a geometric center-based matching method. The experimental results showed that the proposed recognition method could be robust against the influences of varying illumination and occlusion conditions, and precisely recognize clustered litchi fruit. In the tested 432 clustered litchi fruits, the highest and lowest average recognition rates were 94.17% and 92.00% under sunny back-lighting and partial occlusion, and sunny front-lighting and non-occlusion conditions, respectively. From 50 pairs of tested images, the highest and lowest matching success rates were 97.37% and 91.96% under sunny back-lighting and non-occlusion, and sunny front-lighting and partial occlusion conditions, respectively.

A Method for Identification and Matching of the Picking Point for Mature Litchi under Structural Environment

A method to identify the picking point of the whole mature litchi fruit and its matching method based on binocular stereo vision under the structural environment is proposed in this paper. The mature litchi clusters in the extracted image were segmented by using the improved K-means clustering algorithm. The region of interest (ROI) of the Litchi stems is set based on the characteristics of the center of the litchi fruit region and the minimum circumscribed rectangle. Corner extraction from the main fruit bearing branch of litchi was carried out by Harris algorithm. The customized function of circle distance is used to determine the optimal corner, and then cumulative probability Hough linear detection of the Litchi stems is used to determine the straight line of the picking point. Finally, the two-dimensional pixel coordinates of the picking point are determined. Then the three-dimensional coordinates of litchi picking points are obtained by SGBM stereo matching algorithm. The experimental results show that the matching success rate of picking points can reach 86.63%. It provides the foundation for litchi harvesting robot to pick litchi fruit successful.

Combination of microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for separation and enrichment of pyrethroids residues in Litchi fruit prior to HPLC determination

A novel method for simultaneous determination of pyrethroids residues in Litchi fruit has been developed by HPLC-UV detection using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UADLLME). Extraction conditions of MAE and UADLLME were respectively investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Optimized experimental conditions included 310μL of chlorobenzene as extraction solvent, 1.3mL of ethanol as dispersive solvent and 3min of extraction time for UADLLME. In the case of MAE, extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction time of 4min and solvent-to-materials ratio of 40:1 were adopted. Results demonstrated that the proposed method had good performance with linearity of 0.0050–4.98mg/L, recovery of 83.3–91.5%, RSDs below 5.6% and detection limit (LOD) of 1.15–2.46μg/L for six pyrethroids, offering higher extraction efficiency and larger enrichment factor. MAE-UADLLME provided a sensitive and efficient alternative to determination of trace amounts of pesticides residues in food samples.