Listener Decision Research Articles

BRAND IMAGE, PROMOSI, DAN KEPUTUSAN PENDENGAR (Studi pada PT. Radio Praja Media Swara (Prameswara) FM 103,9 MHZ Lamongan)

Radio is one of the mass media that can be used to disseminate various kinds of information as well as for entertainment. Currently, many radio stations have been established so that each radio station is competing to disseminate a variety of interesting and worthy information to be sold to the public. One way to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage is to establish a good brand image. Equally important for the world of broadcasting is the promotion that broadcasters can do to stay afloat. A strong brand image and promotion that is widely recognized by consumers is a long-term investment for the company. This study aims to determine the effect of brand image and promotion on listener decisions at Radio Prameswara FM 103.9 MHZ Lamongan. This study uses a survey method with data collection using questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression. The results showed that brand image had a positive effect on listeners' decisions. If the brand image is implemented better, it will improve listeners' decisions in choosing radio broadcasting institutions. The promotion has a positive effect on the listener's decision. The existence of good product promotion will influence listeners' thinking and convince listeners in choosing the products offered by radio broadcasters.

Relative contributions of specific frequency bands to the loudness of broadband sounds.

Listeners with normal hearing (NH) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) were asked to compare pairs of noise stimuli and choose the louder noise in each pair. Each noise was made up of 15, two-ERBN (equivalent rectangular bandwidth) wide frequency bands that varied independently over a 12-dB range from one presentation to the next. Mean levels of the bands followed the long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS) or were set to 43, 51, or 59 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The relative contribution of each band to the total loudness of the noise was determined by computing the correlation between the difference in levels for a given band on every trial and the listener's decision on that trial. Weights for SNHL listeners were governed by audibility and the spectrum of the noise stimuli, with bands near the spectral peak of the LTASS noise receiving greatest weight. NH listeners assigned greater weight to the lowest and highest bands, an effect that increased with overall level, but did not assign greater weight to bands near the LTASS peak. Additional loudness-matching and paired-comparison studies using stimuli missing one of the 15 bands showed a significant contribution by the highest band, but properties other than loudness may have contributed to the decisions.

‘Seeing tunes.’ The role of visual gestures in tune interpretation

AbstractOne of the unresolved questions in audiovisual prosody is the relative contribution of acoustic and visual cues to the expression of prosodic meaning. Though the majority of studies on audiovisual prosody have found a complementary mode of processing whereby sight provides relatively weak and redundant information in comparison with strong auditory cues, other work has found that sight provides information more efficiently than hearing. In Catalan, a pitch range contrast in a rising-falling nuclear configuration conveys a difference between a contrastive focus statement and an echo question. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relative contribution of visual cues in conveying this distinction. Twenty native speakers of Central Catalan participated in two identification tasks in which they had to decide between a focus statement and a question interpretation. Experiment 1 used a pitch range auditory continuum combined with two congruent and incongruent videotapes showing the facial gestures that are characteristic of the two pragmatic meanings. Experiment 2 used the same auditory continuum in combination with another continuum for facial gestures produced using a digital image-morphing technique. The responses and reaction times obtained in both experiments revealed a consistent reliance on visual cues in the listener's decisions, but also a consistent effect of the auditory stimulus. We argue that although facial gestures are the most influential elements that Catalan listeners rely on to decide between contrastive focus and echo question interpretations, bimodal integration with the acoustic cues is necessary for perceptual processing to be accurate and fast. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for models of audiovisual processing.

Credibility and determinism in a game of persuasion

This paper studies a game of persuasion. A speaker attempts to persuade a listener to take an action by presenting evidence. Glazer and Rubinstein (2006) showed that when the listener's decision is binary, neither randomization nor commitment have any value for the listener, and commented that the binary nature of the decision was important for the commitment result. In this paper, I show that concavity is the critical assumption for both results: no value to commitment and no value to randomization. Specifically, the key assumption is that the listener's utility function is a concave transformation of the speaker's utility function. This assumption holds vacuously in the binary model. The result that concavity implies credibility allows us to dispense with the assumption that the listener's decision is binary and significantly broadens the scope of the model.

Word Identification in Noise

Speech intelligibility has traditionally been measured by presenting words mixed in noise to listeners for identification at several different signal-to-noise ratios. The words are produced in isolation or in sentence contexts where the predictability of specific items can be varied. Psychometric functions are typically obtained relating signal-to-noise ratio to percent correct recognition. Error analyses are often carried out by examining response confusions to construct similarity spaces for words which reflect their perceptual organisation and acoustic-phonetic similarity. When using these techniques to measure speech discrimination or speech intelligibility in an open-set format, the recognition score obtained reflects the combined influence of both the sensory information encoded in the speech signal as well as the listener's decision process and response biases. Despite this limitation, the procedure has strong face validity as a measure of word recognition performance in normal-hearing listeners as well as other clinical populations which routinely use speech audiometry techniques to diagnose and assess both peripheral and central hearing impairments. All of the major findings and phenomena in the spoken word recognition literature can be demonstrated and explored with this experimental method. This technique continues to provide extremely valuable information about the organisation of words in the mental lexicon and how these sound patterns are accessed from acoustic-phonetic information in the speech signal.

Identification of stops in consonant sequences extracted from continuous speech

At the 114th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, experiments on the listener's ability to identify singleton stop consonants in syllable‐initial and noninitial position, and stops in noninitial homorganic nasal‐stop clusters, were reported. The stimuli, consisting of portions of speech extracted from continuous sentences, were drawn from a corpus of about 3600 sentences spoken by over 450 talkers. This paper further investigates the effect of intervening consonants on the listener's decision. Ten listeners identified stops in clusters with semivowels. With the exception of /dr/ and /tr/ (which were confused primarily with the /ǰ,č/), the listener's performance (96.1% correct) was comparable to that of singleton stops (97.1%). Another group of listeners identified stops preceded by /s/ or /z/. The listener's performance (overall 88.3%) was dependent upon the identity of the fricative and whether or not the stop was in a cluster with the preceding /s/. Results will be compared with singleton stop identification tasks. [Work supported by DARPA under Contract No. N00014‐82‐K‐0727, monitored through the Office of Naval Research.]