List Of Synonyms Research Articles

Bemisia tabaci

<i>Bemisia tabaci</i>

The World List of Cycads

A list of the 305 currently recognized cycad species is given, along with citations of the original place of publication and the location of type specimens when known. Included in the list are currently recognized infraspecific taxa, brief geographical ranges, and a partial list of synonyms for each taxon.

‘Misidentifications’ in fungal DNA sequence databanks

Bridge et al. (2003) draw attention to the problem of DNA sequences published in GenBank being attributed to incorrectly named organisms. The problem of wrongly attributed data is well-known in biology, and the need to deposit voucher material in public collections has been repeatedly advocated (Hawksworth, 1984; Agerer et al., 2000; Ward et al., 2001; Tehler et al., 2003). With the largest tree of fungal sequences so far published, comprising 1551 rRNA SSU sequences from across the whole kingdom Fungi, comes the salutary warning that ‘we have found numerous obvious misidentifications, misspellings and outdated names in the data set’ (Tehler et al., 2003). The point could have been well-made by compiling references to published reports where voucher cultures and specimens had been re-examined and found to be wrongly named. However, Bridge et al. (2003) took a different approach by comparing deposited sequences and seeking to find evidence of errors because of sequence mismatches. They did not examine voucher material, nor did they cite the published papers in which the sequences they picked out were discussed. I have undertaken studies on taxa referred to Phoma (Hawksworth, 1981; Hawksworth & Cole, 2004), and it is quickly apparent that the paper has been written with little knowledge of this genus. Some species are known to be anamorphs of Leptosphaeria, so is it likely to be wrong that P. herbarum (actually the type species of the genus) comes out close to that? However, the comment that this Phoma has its ‘closest matches to mixed Leptosphaeria/Paraphaeosphaeria species’ is also worrying in that Leptosphaeria and Paraphaeosphaeria are quite distinct and placed in different families (Eriksson et al., 2003). Further, I disagree that anything that comes out in Dothideomycetes is automatically viewed as wrong, when the teleomorph of many Phoma species is Didymella, a genus of Dothideomycetes (as is Leptosphaeria). Similarly, the hyphomycete genus Epicoccum is well-recognized as a synanamorph (i.e. an additional asexual stage) of Phoma. These points are clear in the seminal overview of the genus by Boerema (1997). It is common practice in mycology for authors to use phrases such as ‘Phoma-like’ for anamorphs where anamorphic fungi share some characters of that genus, particularly pycnidial thin-walled conidiomata with short to rounded conidiogenous cells, and simple hyaline conidia, but are recognized as probably not being congeneric with P. herbarum. The use of such a phrase is not a ‘misidentification’, but simply reflects the current state of knowledge and a responsible reluctance to introduce additional scientific names without appropriately detailed studies. I would not want to comment in detail on the other examples featured, but in the case of Hypoxylon numerous species have extensive lists of synonyms and it is not evident whether the names used for the deposited strains were checked against the ones adopted in the monograph of Ju & Rogers (1996). Further, I am aware that the situation in Amanita is complex, with many genotypes occurring within single species (Sawyer et al., 2003), and other names being found to have been applied to cryptic but evidently distinct taxa (Oda et al., 2002). I am also concerned that seeming mismatches of helotialen cultures are dismissed as ‘obtained from cultures and so could again be the result of faster-growing contaminants’ where no attempt has been made to check voucher cultures or examine pertinent publications. In molecular phylogenetic work populations traditionally treated under the same scientific names based on morphological criteria prove to belong to distinct molecular phylogenetic clades (Kroken & Taylor, 2001; Dunham et al., 2003). In many cases, such clades prove to be separable on hitherto largely overlooked morphological features. Earlier identifications were not simply ‘wrong’, but reflected the current knowledge. It would be of interest to know the level of real misidentifications in deposited sequences, and it may be that ‘up to 20%’ would prove to be unreliable as Bridge et al. (2003) claim. However, a critical assessment of the situation requires careful research and the re-examination of voucher material in the context of experience of the groups of fungi concerned. Unfortunately, we do not have this presented, but instead claims based on superficial comparisons of sequences which impugn the mycological community as making mistakes at a level that the authors have not unequivocally established. Despite the foregoing comments, the paper does point out a key problem area in molecular studies. There is a need for a heightened awareness among molecular biologists of the need to work closely and continuously with experienced systematists (Scotland et al., 2003), and for authors to verify identifications by specialists and to deposit voucher specimens or permanently preserved cultures in public reference collections.

The hepatic check list of Croatia

Hepatics (hornworts and liverworts) of Croatia count up to date 155 species. There are 2 and 153 species of hornworts and hepatics, respectively. The list with recent names and the records for Croatia are given. Also the list of synonyms used in references cited is enclosed. Ten species of wide European conservations interest are highlighted.

An up-to-date key to the species of the genus Agriocleptes (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Apiomerinae)

An up-to-date key to the species of the genus Agriocleptes is given to separate all the known taxa. A checklist with the known distribution records is given, as well as a synonym list.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Agrilus ater (Linné), A. biguttatus (Fabricius) and A. subauratus Gebler (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae)

A nomenclatural analysis of names cited in synonymy of Agrilus ater (Linné, 1767), A. biguttatus (Fabricius, 1777) and A. subauratus Gebler, 1833 is presented. The availability and status of each name is examined, discussed and an updated list of subspecies and synonyms, both available and unavailable, is given. Agrilus ater jureceki Obenberger, 1924 is considered a junior subjective synonym of A. ater.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Agrilus cyanescens (Ratzeburg, 1837), A. pratensis (Ratzeburg, 1837) and A. convexicollis Redtenbacher, 1849 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae)

A nomenclatural analysis of names cited in synonymy of Agrilus cyanescens (Ratzeburg, 1837), A. pratensis (Ratzeburg, 1837) and A. convexicollis Redtenbacher, 1849 is presented. The availability and status of each name is examined, discussed and an updated list of subspecies, available and unavailable synonyms is given. Agrilus bidentulus Ganglbauer, 1890 is considered a valid species and excluded from the synonymy of A. cyanescens; A. pratensis praeclarus Krogerus, 1925 is revalidated as a subspecies with the new synonym fennicus Obenberger, 1936.

Nomenclatural notes on Agrilus angustulus (Illiger, 1803) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae)

A nomenclatural analysis of all names cited in synonymy of Agrilus angustulus (Illiger, 1803) is presented. The availability and status of each name is examined and discussed and an updated list of subspecies, available and unavailable synonyms is given.

A revision of the status of Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae): sympatric subspecies or a long misunderstood blend of species?

Molecular (partial mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequences), morphological and meristic analysis of Lepadogaster lepadogaster lepadogaster, L. l. purpurea and L. zebrina were performed to investigate the relationships between these taxa. On the western shore of mainland Portugal, where the two subspecies of L. lepadogaster occur sympatrically, they differ in microhabitat preferences and their breeding seasons are largely out of phase. This information, combined with data on distribution patterns, led to the following conclusions: Lepadogaster l. purpurea is considered to be a valid species, L. purpurea (Bonnaterre, 1788), different from L. l. lepadogaster, now designated L. lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788). L. zebrina was found to be a synonym of L. lepadogaster. The two newly defined species were found to be in sympatry at Madeira and the Canary islands, the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and the Mediterranean at least as far as Genoa (Italy). Diagnostic characters and a list of synonyms are provided. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 76, 327–338.

New combinations in South American Myricaceae

New combinations and lectopification are made of the South American species formerly ofMyrica in the genusMorella. A key and a list of synonyms are presented.

Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse family of transmembrane receptors. They respond to a wide range of stimuli, including small peptides, lipid analogs, amino-acid derivatives, and sensory stimuli such as light, taste and odor, and transmit signals to the interior of the cell through interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins. A large number of putative GPCRs have no identified natural ligand. We hypothesized that a more complete knowledge of the phylogenetic relationship of these orphan receptors to receptors with known ligands could facilitate ligand identification, as related receptors often have ligands with similar structural features. A database search excluding olfactory and gustatory receptors was used to compile a list of accession numbers and synonyms of 81 orphan and 196 human GPCRs with known ligands. Of these, 241 sequences belonging to the rhodopsin receptor-like family A were aligned and a tentative phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor joining. This tree and local alignment tools were used to define 19 subgroups of family A small enough for more accurate maximum-likelihood analyses. The secretin receptor-like family B and metabotropic glutamate receptor-like family C were directly subjected to these methods. Our trees show the overall relationship of 277 GPCRs with emphasis on orphan receptors. Support values are given for each branch. This approach may prove valuable for identification of the natural ligands of orphan receptors as their relation to receptors with known ligands becomes more evident.

A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)

Abstract The Mastodonsauroidea, previously and more widely known as the Capitosauroidea, ranks among the most common and best known Mesozoic temnospondyls. Mastodonsauroids exhibit wide morphological variation and significant homoplasy and their taxonomy and relationships have been in a state of flux. Since the first description of a mastodonsauroid there have been 56 genera and 118 species proposed. A comprehensive review of all these taxa has reduced the content of the group to 14 genera and 44 species. Most species previously included in the Mastodonsauroidea are undiagnostic at the generic level and designated incertae sedis within the Mastodonsauridae, Heylerosauridae, Mastodonsauroidea or Stereospondyli. Where applicable, definitions, diagnoses and a list of synonyms of all fully diagnosable taxa within the Mastodonsauroidea are given. A computer-based phylogenetic analysis of mastodonsauroid temnospondyls based on 47 cranial characters and 25 terminal taxa was performed. The analysis included the 14 genera of mastodonsauroids as well as selected well-known members of the Lydekkerinidae and Trematosauridae. The results supported a monophyletic Mastodonsauroidea with Benthosuchus as the sister group to a clade consisting of the Heylerosauridae and the Mastodonsauridae. The name Mastodonsauridae replaces the name «Capitosauridae», because Mastodonsaurus was found to fall within the clade that includes most of the traditional «capitosaurid» genera. The composition of the Mastodonsauroidea was shown to be similar to that traditionally assumed for the «Capitosauroidea», and to exclude the Rhinesuchidae, a group often placed within the «Capitosauroidea». The Mastodonsauroidea must have a ghost lineage extending back to at least the Late Permian, when the common ancestor of the Mastodonsauroidea and the Trematosauroidea diverged from rhinesuchid ancestors. We can therefore expect to find Late Permian representatives of the Mastodonsauroidea, perhaps present as inconspicuous elements of non-stereospondyl dominated Late Permian faunas.

Dactylogyridean monogeneans of the siluriform fishes of the Old World

This is a catalogue and discussion of the known dactylogyridean monogenean genera of siluriform fishes of the Old World. Of a total of 38 nominal genera, only 19 are considered valid. Seventeen of these 19 genera are currently in the Ancyrocephalidae (containing the Ancyrocephalinae and Ancylodiscoidinae), whilst the other two (Neocalceostoma and Neocalceostomoides) are in the Neocalceostomatidae. The 17 genera are Anchylodiscus, Ancylodiscoides, Bagrobdella, Bifurcohaptor, Bychowskyella, Chauhanellus, Cornudiscoides, Hamatopeduncularia, Mizelleus, Paraquadriacanthus, Pseudancylodiscoides, Protoancylodiscoides, Quadriacanthus, Schilbetrema, Schilbetrematoides, Synodontella and Thaparocleidus. Clariotrema Long, 1981 and Neobychowskyella Ma, Wang & Li, 1983 are considered synonyms of Bychowskyella Akhmerov, 1952, Anacornuatus Dubey, Gupta & Agarwal, 1992 is considered a synonym of Quadriacanthus Paperna, 1961, Mizellebychowskia Gupta & Sachdeva, 1990 is considered a synonym of Neocalceostoma Tripathi, 1959 and Hargitrema Tripathi, 1959 is treated as a synonym of Hamatopeduncularia Yamaguti, 1953. It is proposed that the Ancylodiscoidinae be raised to family status within the order Dactylogyridea to accommodate these 17 'ancyrocephalid' genera from siluriforms, together with Malayanodiscoides and Notopterodiscoides from notopterids. A key and the diagnostic characteristics of the 19 recognised dactylogyridean genera from catfishes plus two from notopterids, together with a list of species and synonyms, are included. New combinations made in this work are Thaparocleidus avicularia (Chen, 1987) n. comb., T. calyciflorus (Chen, 1987) n. comb., T. choanovagina (Luo & Lang, 1981) n. comb., T. dissimilis (Chen, 1988) n. comb., T. leiocassis (Reichenbach-Klinke, 1959) n. comb., T. meticulosa (Chen, 1987) n. comb., T. parasoti (Zhao & Ma, 1999) n. comb., T. persculpus (Chen, 1987) n. comb., T. valga (Chen, 1987) n. comb. and T. wulingensis (Yao & Wang, 1997) n. comb. [all from Silurodiscoides] and Bychowskyella glyptothoraci (Ma, Wang & Li, 1983) n. comb. [from Neobychowskyella].

A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)

The Mastodonsauroidea, previously and more widely known as the Capitosauroidea, ranks among the most common and best known Mesozoic temnospondyls. Mastodonsauroids exhibit wide morphological variation and significant homoplasy and their taxonomy and relationships have been in a state of flux. Since the first description of a mastodonsauroid there have been 56 genera and 118 species proposed. A comprehensive review of all these taxa has reduced the content of the group to 14 genera and 44 species. Most species previously included in the Mastodonsauroidea are undiagnostic at the generic level and designatedincertae sedis within the Mastodonsauridae, Heylerosauridae, Mastodonsauroidea or Stereospondyli. Where applicable, definitions, diagnoses and a list of synonyms of all fully diagnosable taxa within the Mastodonsauroidea are given. A computer-based phylogenetic analysis of mastodonsauroid temnospondyls based on 47 cranial characters and 25 terminal taxa was performed. The analysis included the 14 genera of mastodonsauroids as well as selected well-known members of the Lydekkerinidae and Trematosauridae. The results supported a monophyletic Mastodonsauroidea with Benthosuchus as the sister group to a clade consisting of the Heylerosauridae and the Mastodonsauridae. The name Mastodonsauridae replaces the name «Capitosauridae», because Mastodonsaurus was found to fall within the clade that includes most of the traditional «capitosaurid» genera. The composition of the Mastodonsauroidea was shown to be similar to that traditionally assumed for the «Capitosauroidea», and to exclude the Rhinesuchidae, a group often placed within the «Capitosauroidea». The Mastodonsauroidea must have a ghost lineage extending back to at least the Late Permian, when the common ancestor of the Mastodonsauroidea and the Trematosauroidea diverged from rhinesuchid ancestors. We can therefore expect to find Late Permian representatives of the Mastodonsauroidea, perhaps present as inconspicuous elements of non-stereospondyl dominated Late Permian faunas.

Shem Ṭov Ben Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. 1-18

This article provides a critical edition and translation of the first eighteen items of the letter Aleph in the first list of the medico-botanical glossary compiled by Shem Ṭov ben Isaac of Tortosa in the second half of the 13th century. It is part of his translation into Hebrew of Book 29 of the medical compendium entitled Kitāb al-taṣrīf , whose original author is the Arabic physician al-Zahrāwī (10th century). The glossary is actually an autonomous one, composed by Shem Ṭov ben Isaac himself, containing two alphabetical lists of synonyms. The lemmata of the first list are Hebrew or Aramaic plant names gleaned from the Bible or rabbinic literature, in which each entry gives the Arabic, Latin, and Occitan synonyms. The second list is organized according to Old Occitan names of drugs and offers their Arabic, biblical/rabbinic, and sometimes also the Latin equivalents. For an Arabic equivalent to a rabbinic term Shem Ṭov ben Isaac consulted (as he tells us) medieval commentators, while for an equivalent to a biblical term he consulted Saʿadya Gaon (882-942) and R. Jonah ibn Janāḥ. The edition of the complete glossary is part of an interdisciplinary project at the Martin Buber Institute for Jewish Studies of the University of Cologne and at the Department of Romance Philology of the Free University of Berlin, the goal of which is the edition and the analysis of unedited texts of medico-botanical literature written in Middle Hebrew.

A revision of Celtis subg. Mertensia (Ulmaceae)

A revision of the neotropical subgenusMertensia of the ulmaceous genusCeltis is presented. This group is a clear-cut entity characterized by the presence of thorns and/or domatia, as well subspecies and varieties have been recognized. In the present treatment the number of species is reduced to six, including a new and thornless species,C. loxensis. Descriptions of the subgenus and species, a key to species, a list of synonyms, and distribution data are presented.

The NASA Astrophysics Data System: The search engine and its user interface

The ADS Abstract and Article Services provide access to the astronomical literature through the World Wide Web (WWW). The forms based user interface provides access to sophisticated searching capabilities that allow our users to find references in the fields of Astronomy, Physics/Geophysics, and astronomical Instrumentation and Engineering. The returned information includes links to other on-line information sources, creating an extensive astronomical digital library. Other interfaces to the ADS databases provide direct access to the ADS data to allow developers of other data systems to integrate our data into their system. The search engine is a custom-built software system that is specifically tailored to search astronomical references. It includes an extensive synonym list that contains discipline specific knowledge about search term equivalences. Search request logs show the usage pattern of the various search system capabilities. Access logs show the world-wide distribution of ADS users. The ADS can be accessed at: http://adswww.harvard.edu

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

Trithyrodinium evittii Drugg 1967 and T. fragile Davey 1969 an artificially split of one dinoflagellate cyst species–Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental importance

Based on morphological observations carried out on the same material, but submitted to different processing, Trithyrodinium fragile Davey 1969 is herein demonstrated to be a junior synonym of Trithyrodinium evittii Drugg 1967. From both original descriptions, the only way that the two species can be separated is by the presence or the absence of a thick brown organic layer on the surface of the endocyst. The present study proves that this is an artificial separation caused by different processing techniques. As a result, T. evittii is emended in order to encompass specimens, wholly or partially exhibiting this brown organic layer and previously attributed to T. fragile. These new observations also have stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental implications. Combination of both synonym lists reveals that T. evittii, which is regarded as a warm water species (58°N to 52°S) in the latest Cretaceous, migrated to higher latitudes (80°N to 75°S) in the earliest Paleocene. Consequently, an increase in oceanic circulation and/or temperature increase of the surface water is suggested during this epoch. In support of this contention, several peak occurrences of T. evittii are recorded just above the K/T boundary in high latitudes.

The genus Colchicum in Turkey. II. Revision of the large-leaved autumnal species

Turkish autumn-flowering species of Colchicum (Colchicaceae) with large, broad hysteranthous leaves are taxonomically and morphologically revised, with comments on conditions in other areas covered by the distributions. Three new species are described (C. paschei, C. dolichantherum, C. imperatoris-friderici), all endemic to Turkey. Synonym lists, typifications, chromosome numbers, and notes on phenology, vegetative reproduction, phytogeography and ecology are provided for the whole group, and relationships to other species are discussed.