List Of Skills Research Articles

Change in the Demand for Employability Skills of Engineers: An Indian Study

Abstract: Employability skills are the capabilities and qualities employers look for in candidates while assessing them for employment. In case of engineers, employers demand generic and technical skills from engineers ready to join industries. This paper aims to explore the perception of Indian employers on the issue of the employability skills of engineers. Specifically, it aims to determine whether the skill requirement of engineers will change or remain the same in the post-COVID 19 era. This study used the interview method of qualitative analysis in which 16 interviews of human resource managers of different multinational companies were conducted. The findings reveal a sudden and significant paradigm shift in the required set of employability skills for engineering professionals. Digital skills have dominated over other technical and generic skills in the list of employability skills that recruiters demand. The findings can be used to spread awareness among engineering graduates about the changing demands of the workplace. Secondly, higher education institutions can rethink and revise their curriculum to develop digital skills. Lastly, the use of in-depth interview method can help future researchers to develop questionnaires from the extensive data and replicate the research questions to understand the change in demand of employers. Keywords : Digital skills; Employer’s demand; Engineers, Employability skills; Post-COVID-19

РОЗВИТОК ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ЯК ЧИННИК УСПІШНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Modern conditions of uncertainty and global challenges require managers and business representatives to make rapid changes and use the latest technologies to form competitive advantages, which are often impossible without taking into account the quality and skills of personnel.
 The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the development of emotional intelligence in modern conditions and its impact on the success of entrepreneurial activities.
 Emotional intelligence has recently become an increasingly important factor in the success of entrepreneurial activity. For its effective use, you need to develop social skills that should be available to managers, employees, and team members. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that difficult times and global challenges comprehensively affected the actualization of the emotional side of management. Ensuring employee satisfaction with their work becomes a significant problem in business. It was found that failure to meet various needs of employees (most often material) and lack of care for the team lead the list of reasons for dismissals. Therefore, the moral and emotional side of conducting business is a key factor in the success of entrepreneurial activity, which has its own characteristics in the period of formation of new values and opportunities of digital technologies. It has been proven that in Ukraine there is a wide selection of tools for the development of emotional intelligence, which differ in the form of organization of training, the number of participants and possible results. Most of the tools are based on the approach and principles of coaching, which will allow you to use its advantages and contribute to the improvement of the work of employees.
 A comparative analysis of the list of key skills of managers necessary to achieve success according to the data of the World Economic Forum was carried out. Its results can provide a basis for the career development of a working person, the initial choice of the direction of professional training, personnel development planning, or even the choice (change) of the type of activity in the business sphere as a whole.

Transformation of skills in the accounting field: the expectation–performance gap perceived by accounting students

ABSTRACT Addressing the discussion about accounting students’ readiness for future accounting work, this study aims to explore their perceptions of what kinds of gaps possibly exist between their expectations about the importance of various skills in professional practice and the level of skill development attained during accounting studies. The data for the study were collected using a survey of Finnish accounting students. The findings highlight the expected importance of several professional skills for future accounting work and emphasise the need for further development of technological skills in accounting education. The study’s results also show that students do experience gaps between their expectations and actual performance in various skill areas. The study extends the literature on such gaps by presenting accounting students’ perspectives concerning a comprehensive list of technical and professional skills, including skills related to emerging technologies, and offers suggestions about skill areas probably needing further emphasis in accounting education.

Ensuring competence of essential skills: clinical examination for final year medical students.

To ensure competence of essential skills of final year medical students in clinical examination by identifying essential skills and by revisiting and practising them before the examination. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, from February to November, 2019, and comprised final year medical students and internal examiners from various academic disciplines. An overview of the organisational context, exam structure and process was noted. There were 96 medical students. The four key areas highlighted were development of the list of essential skills across five years of undergraduate medical curriculum with consensus from all disciplines, student motivation for attendance in practice sessions, unfamiliarity of examiners with the assessment tool, and the need for capacity-building. The key areas were based on the feedback received from all the stakeholders, and post-hoc analysis. This form of assessment would enable a thorough analysis of the preparedness of the students to function as independent physicians as undifferentiated doctor at the start of their careers as interns, and improve the quality of subsequent exams based on feedback and suggestions of faculty and students.

Establishing the Most Important Clinical Skills for New Graduate Veterinarians by Comparing Published Lists with Regional Stakeholder Expectations: A Bangladesh Experience.

Veterinary clinical skills training is evolving rapidly around the world and there is increasing interest in Bangladesh in opening clinical skills laboratories and using models in teaching. The first clinical skills laboratory was opened at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in 2019. The current study aimed to identify the most important clinical skills for veterinarians in Bangladesh to inform the further development of clinical skills laboratories and ensure resources are deployed effectively and efficiently. Lists of clinical skills were collated from the literature, national and international accreditation standards, and regional syllabi. The list was refined through local consultation, focused on farm and pet animals, and was disseminated via an online survey to veterinarians and final-year students who were asked to rate the level of importance of each skill for a new graduate. The survey was completed by 215 veterinarians and 115 students. A ranked list was generated with injection techniques, animal handling, clinical examination, and basic surgical skills among the most important. Some techniques requiring specific equipment and some advanced surgical procedures were considered less important. As a result of the study, the most important clinical skills for a new graduate in Bangladesh have been identified for the first time. The results will inform the development of models, the use of clinical skills laboratories, and the design of clinical skills courses for veterinary training. Our approach of drawing upon existing lists followed by local stakeholders consultation is recommended to others to ensure clinical skills teaching is regionally relevant.

A Review of the Essential Visual Skills Required for Field Hockey: Beyond 20-20 Optometry

Context: Field hockey is a very technical and tactical sport, requiring immense levels of visual concentration on moving and stationary targets, which can improve visual and team performance. However, in literature, this area of specialty remains underutilized, with most studies seeking to improve physical and physiological performance. Essential visual skills cannot only be attributed to field hockey but to other ball-playing sports and activities of daily living, which allow humans to coexist. The essential visual skills reduce the propensity of making poor decisions, ill preparations, and the exclusion of potent and capable players. Objectives: This review novelly aims to not only compile a comprehensive list of essential visual skills for field hockey players but also to create a starting point for future studies to add to this list, to aid in player talent identification, and eventually create sport-specific visual exercise programs and testing batteries. Discussion: The skills identified in this review preface a platform for human performance professionals to include in their training regimens, with an intent to maximize performance and talent identification and to aid in the formulation of visuospatial test batteries. Even though this list is comprehensive, this is only a starting point for future research to find more visual skills that are essential to field hockey, as well as provide the opportunity to develop the performance of the visual skills of these athletes in ways that have not been done before.

Prioritising practical skills for farm animal veterinary graduates using a Delphi technique.

As farm animal clinical practice continues to evolve, it is timely to gather expert opinion on and form an evidence base for the practical skill requirements for new graduates entering farm animal practice to ensure that undergraduate training maps to the needs of the profession. Existing lists of practical skills for cattle and sheep were reviewed. Practitioners were recruited from UK farm and mixed veterinarypractices to take part in a Delphi process to gain consensus on the most (and least) important skills for day 1 in practice. The results indicate that students need skills that build trust and credibility with clients, in particular, animal handling, examining and treating sick animals and coping in an emergency until support arrives. Practitioners also acknowledged that new graduates would receive further training once in employment. This study was limited to practical skills,although it was clear from the qualitative data that professional attributes are of key importance to employers and necessary for thesuccess of graduates starting in practice. The findings of this project willenable veterinary educators and practitioners within educational partnerships to review and update current curricula and prioritise teaching of appropriate learning objectives for farm practical skills.

Wartime leadership in the context of organizational change theories

After the beginning of the wide-scale terrorist invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, leadership theorists shifted their research focus to wartime leadership. The aggressor demonstrated extreme cruelty in fighting with the peaceful people of the country and in one day millions of peaceful leaders changed into wartime leaders. Despite the plethora of research studies devoted to leadership theories, the research topic of wartime leadership has not been discussed widely. The article aims to explore the effective wartime leadership styles, skills, and attributes that can be applied during the war and investigate practical change theories that can help wartime leaders achieve the organizational goal of survival. The author used a phenomenological design because this study attempts to understand students’ perceptions relative to a particular situation. Nine students of West Ukrainian National University were interviewed and shared their perceptions of the practical wartime leadership skills and change theories that can be applied during the war period. The sample size is aligned with a typically used for phenomenological research sample size from 5 to 25 individuals. Literature analysis and research findings show that there is no best leadership style that proves to be the most effective during the war. However, the list of practical wartime leadership skills differs from peacetime leadership skills and embraces such personality attributes as courage, integrity, honesty, reliability, and responsibility. Besides, wartime leadership is about strong communicative skills, fast decision-making, and positive affectivity. Moreover, it is about the constructive implementation of new changes. Therefore, change theories can help wartime leaders to face the challenges. The change theories should be simple, flexible, and easy to be modified.

Mastering English and Soft Skills: A Journey from Campus to Corporate

English helps people communicate with the world. An ability to communicate in English is extremely essential in the professional career. Soft skills are the skills which directly help job aspirants to get desired jobs. They are acquired and developed. Employers value soft skills more than technical skills while recruiting the freshers. Soft skills are the desirable traits of a person’s personality. There are many soft skills but to name just a few important ones are like: interpersonal skills, ability to work in a team and team management, problem solving skills, analytical thinking, positive body language, creativity, capacity to think logically, strong professional or work ethics and communication skills. Though English is a second language for many people, it can be acquired and mastered through consistent practice and dedication. Speaking English in acceptable pronunciation, possessing vocabulary, clarity of thought, speech and expression are key requirements to master English and to become effective communicator as well. Acquiring soft skills is difficult but one can acquire them through conscious efforts and consistent practice. They help graduates get jobs and feel comfortable and confident in the professional scenario. They are essential qualities for students, teachers, professionals and everyone who wishes to succeed in his or her professional career. For freshers, soft skills help to start a smooth journey from campus to corporate. Nowadays, recruiting firms emphasize more on soft skills than core skills. As the modern workplace is interpersonal, customers also demand soft skills from professionals. It can be said that the future workplace will fully rely on effective communication skills and soft skills. The research paper is an attempt to prepare the list of need-based communication skills and soft skills and provide guidelines on how to acquire them. This can help graduates to take a smooth journey from campus to corporate and succeed in their career. The paper is an attempt to highlight the essential aspects of English and soft skills. It is also an attempt to formulate and provide various useful strategies and ways through which freshers can learn and master English and soft skills.

SOFT SKILLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

Nowadays, an understanding of the importance of having behavioral competencies for IT specialists has been formed. Analysis of publications confirms the growing needs and interest of software developers in the development of not only technical skills, but also social (behavioral) competencies for effective and efficient performance of professional activities. During interviews with recruits, IT companies try to find out not only the level of hard skills, but also the presence of a set of soft skills. Unlike hard skills, soft skills are the common language of empathy, cooperation, and well-being of people in the workplace. They should be considered holistically because they can change in accordance with changes in a person's life. They form the stability and at the same time flexibility of the team, which ultimately affects the success of the company. Each specific company itself defines its soft skills model as a set of competencies necessary for successful work in it to achieve its strategic goals. Currently, there is no well-defined, established, generally accepted list of soft skills for software developers. In the work, an analysis of numerous publications from the IT company was carried out and a list of soft skills, most important for software developers, considering the specifics of communication skills of the relevant industry, was formed. Communication, teamwork, time management, admitting mistakes, empathy, emotional intelligence, patience, adaptability, creativity, leadership, problem solving and interpersonal skills are the main soft skills that a software developer needs to develop to successfully solve his professional tasks in a team, significantly improve their productivity and increase their overall job satisfaction. The article also examines key difficulties in the formation of relevant soft skills and ways to overcome them. Considering the importance and development of employees' social competencies contributes to their joint involvement in work, effective interaction and interest in achieving good results, high quality and productivity for the long-term sustainability of the company in a global professional environment.

FORMATION OF PERSONAL CULTURE OF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

It is described the model of formation a medical student’s personal culture in the article. There are named three main fundamental foundations of a medical student. The theory of holism and therapeutic communication are determined as the basic aspects of communicative fundamental foundation. Cognitive theory, organization theory and critical thinking are defined as the part of motivational fundamental foundation. Social mentality and deontological model are named as the elements of valuable foundation. There are characterized normative, substantive and procedural aspects of a medical student’s personal culture formation. It is found out that main norms and official documents are an integral part of normative element. The list of skills is named for forming motivation, communicative skills and values of medical students. It is found out that one dimensional approach can be used for forming a medical student’s personal culture. The discipline “The basis of a personal development” is named as one of the ways to form and improve a medical student’s personal culture. It is determined that procedural aspect consists of different techniques, methods, principles, means, forms and approaches. The theoretical foundations of a medical student’s personal culture formation are determined. The basic ways of improvement a medical student’s personal culture are revealed. Tips are given on the use of basic techniques, methods, forms and means of forming a medical student’s personal culture.

THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF SKILLS AND ABILITIES IN MUSICAL AND COMPUTER ACTIVITIES OF MUSIC TEACHERS: DIDACTIC ASPECT

The rapid development of digital technologies, the disclosure of their new possibilities and ways of application in music education, actualizes the problem of the formation of specific skills and abilities of musical teachers necessary for the effective use of the latest achievements of music and computer technologies in educational practice. The article provides an overview of the positive experience illustrating the use of digital technologies in the system of world music education. The list of skills and abilities necessary for musical teachers for the successful implementation of musical and computer activities in the course of professional pedagogical practice has been determined. A didactic complex was proposed, the content of which includes a multimedia workshop, a multimedia manual, an educational website and an electronic textbook. The pedagogical potential of this complex is considered in the formation of such skills as typing musical text in a photographic editor; creating a computer arrangement and its subsequent artistic processing; making sound recordings; development of digital didactic technologies for subsequent implementation into the music education system. Special attention is paid to the approbation of the author’s complex in the training of future music teachers, the positive results of which are presented in the article. It is noted that its use is advisable not only in professional musical and pedagogical training, but also in the system of professional development in the process of continuing education of practical teachers.

Establishing veterinary graduation competencies and its impact on veterinary medical education in Korea.

Competencies are defined as an observable and assessable set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Graduation competencies, which are more comprehensive, refer to the required abilities of students to perform on-site work immediately after graduation. As graduation competencies set the goal of education, various countries and institutions have introduced them for new veterinary graduates. The Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges has recently established such competencies to standardize veterinary education and enhance quality levels thereof. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of establishing graduation competencies as well as their implication for veterinary education in Korea. Graduation competencies for veterinary education in Korea comprise 5 domains (animal health care and disease management, one health expertise, communication and collaboration, research and learning, and veterinary professionalism). These are further divided into 11 core competencies, and 33 achievement standards, which were carefully chosen from previous case analyses and nation-wide surveys. Currently, graduation competencies are used as a standard for setting clear educational purposes for both instructors and students. Establishing these competencies further initiated the development of detailed learning outcomes, and of a list of basic veterinary clinical performances and skills, which is useful for assessing knowledge and skills. The establishment of graduation competencies is expected to contribute to the continuous development of Korean veterinary education in many ways. These include curriculum standardization and licensing examination reform, which will eventually improve the competencies of new veterinary graduates.

A protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of competency-based simulation training modules on the educational outcomes among MBBS students - A mixed method study.

The growing recognition of the importance of simulation-based training has been a present focus of medical education curriculum planners. This study aims to design, develop, implement, and evaluate the educational outcomes of training modules for a list of essential skills that MBBS students in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India need to learn as part of their competency-based MBBS curriculum. This sequential transformative mixed method study will be implemented in three phases: i) identification of essential skills for simulation-based training following the modified Delphi method, ii) development of skill training modules using ADDIE model of instructional design, implementation of the modules and collection of data on the educational outcomes and iii) a qualitative study involving in-depth interview and focus group discussion on understanding the potential for incorporating the modules into the present MBBS curriculum. Data on educational outcomes relevant to the study objectives will be collected using appropriate tools and analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative analytic methods. Phase one will tabulate the list of five essential skills and phase two educational outcomes will contain descriptive statistics on knowledge and skill acquisition, perception of simulation-based teaching and learning, and higher-order thinking skills. Phase three qualitative analysis will highlight the enabling and barrier aspects for incorporating this approach of simulation-based skill training within the current MBBS curriculum. The study outcomes will provide curriculum planners and educators insights into designing and implementing simulation-based skill training for undergraduate medical students. It will also help policymakers develop policies in medical education technologies to provide quality medical education and fulfill the objective of quality healthcare for all.

ОЦЕНКА ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ, ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫХ ЗА РЕАЛИЗАЦИЮ МОЛОДЕЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ НА МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

The authors attempt to study certain aspects of youth policy staffing in the municipal bodies of the Pskov Region. Specifically, the authors conducted the comparative analysis of the youth policy structures in municipalities of the Pskov and Novgorod Regions and interviewed youth policy workers at the municipal level in the Pskov Region. The questionnaire was conducted via the Yandex-form. 26 youth workers from all the Pskov Region municipal bodies participated in the questionnaire. They were offered to evaluate the level of their expertise according to the list of knowledge and skills in compliance with the professional standard “Youth Worker”. The findings obtained via questionnaire revealed the lack of knowledge and skills among youth workers and the necessity in developing professional competencies. These results were used to design an advanced training programs for continuing professional education institutions.

РОЗВИТОК НАВИЧОК «SOFT SKILLS» В КОНТЕКСТІ «PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SKILLS»

This article aims to clarify the essence of "soft skills" and "performance management skills", which serve as the foundation for developing "higher-order" skills or "meta-skills". It reviews the recommendations of foreign experts on the development of soft skills and emphasizes that meta-skills are essential for cultivating a growth mindset that enables individuals to pursue lifelong learning and acquire new competencies in a constantly evolving work environment. The article argues that the development of soft skills lays the groundwork for cultivating permanent meta-skills, which can enhance employment prospects and personal and professional growth. It stresses the importance of developing key skills for future professionals across different fields of activity. The article also presents a methodology for assessing the level of soft skills development among higher education students, which can help identify areas of improvement, such as effective communication and negotiation, teamwork, organizational skills, time management, adaptability, creativity, and more. Moreover, the article contends that the development of soft skills, particularly in the context of performance management skills, can pave the way for the development of critical meta-skills. These meta-skills include stress tolerance, adaptability to change and challenges, self-management, effective communication, self-awareness, conflict resolution, cooperation, problem-solving, process innovation, adaptability to new realities, and proactivity. The article underscores the significance of these meta-skills in distinguishing oneself as a desirable candidate in the job market. The article identifies a list of necessary skills, such as the ability to negotiate and resolve conflicts, effectively interact with other people; the ability to adapt to constant changes and new reality; the ability to take responsibility, etc. Overall, the article highlights the interdependence of soft skills and meta-skills and stresses the importance of cultivating both sets of skills for achieving personal and professional success in the 21st century.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ СТАНДАРТИ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МЕДИЧНИХ СПЕЦІАЛІСТІВ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ В УКРАЇНІ ЗА НАПРЯМОМ «РЕВМАТОЛОГІЯ»

The modern Ukrainian health care system and the system of training medical specialists need updating. In 2020, Ukrainian Medical Association received membership in the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and elected representatives of Ukrainian doctors in the UEMS working body in various specialties. UEMS's areas of expertise include continuing medical education, postgraduate training, and quality assurance. UEMS is committed to contributing to the improvement of medical training at the European level by developing European standards in various medical disciplines. The article presents the main principles of organizing the training of a European specialist in the field of "rheumatology", which UEMS developed and implemented in all European countries. In order to integrate the Ukrainian system of postgraduate education with the European one, it is recommended to take the model of rheumatologist training developed by EUMS as postgraduate education. The article describes the basic EUMS requirements for trainees, lists theoretical and clinical knowledge, a list of clinical and practical skills that a European rheumatologist should possess, and specifies specialist competencies. The main principles of the organization of the educational process of a European rheumatologist are described.

Use of bedside echocardiography in the care of critically ill patients - a joint consensus document of the Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, and Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Hospitalar. Part 1 - Competence in bedside echocardiography.

The use of echocardiography by physicians who are not echocardiographers has become common throughout the world across highly diverse settings where the care of acutely ill patients is provided. Echocardiographic evaluation performed in a point-of-care manner can provide relevant information regarding the mechanism of causes of shock, for example, increasing the rates of correct diagnosis and allowing for faster informed decision-making than through evaluation methods. Considering that the accurate diagnosis of life-threatening situations is essential for professionals working with acutely ill patients, several international associations recommend that physicians responsible for critically ill patients acquire and develop the ability to perform bedside ultrasound examinations, including echocardiographic examinations. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding which specific applications should be included in the list of skills for nonechocardiographer physicians. Taking into account the multiplicity of applications of echocardiography in different scenarios related to acutely ill patients; the differences in the published protocols, with regard to both the teaching methodology and competence verification; and the heterogeneity of training among highly diverse specialties responsible for their care at different levels, this consensus document aimed to reflect the position of representatives of related Brazilian medical societies on the subject and may thus serve as a starting point both for standardization among different specialties and for the transmission of knowledge and verification of the corresponding competencies.

Uso da ecocardiografia à beira do leito no cuidado do paciente grave - um documento conjunto de consenso da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência e Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Hospitalar. Parte 1 - Competência em ecocardiografia à beira do leito

The use of echocardiography by physicians who are not echocardiographers has become common throughout the world across highly diverse settings where the care of acutely ill patients is provided. Echocardiographic evaluation performed in a point-of-care manner can provide relevant information regarding the mechanism of causes of shock, for example, increasing the rates of correct diagnosis and allowing for faster informed decision-making than through evaluation methods. Considering that the accurate diagnosis of life-threatening situations is essential for professionals working with acutely ill patients, several international associations recommend that physicians responsible for critically ill patients acquire and develop the ability to perform bedside ultrasound examinations, including echocardiographic examinations. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding which specific applications should be included in the list of skills for nonechocardiographer physicians. Taking into account the multiplicity of applications of echocardiography in different scenarios related to acutely ill patients; the differences in the published protocols, with regard to both the teaching methodology and competence verification; and the heterogeneity of training among highly diverse specialties responsible for their care at different levels, this consensus document aimed to reflect the position of representatives of related Brazilian medical societies on the subject and may thus serve as a starting point both for standardization among different specialties and for the transmission of knowledge and verification of the corresponding competencies.

The Effectiveness of Designing E-Learning Environment based on Mastery Learning and Artificial Intelligence on Developing English Speaking Skills among Tenth Graders in Palestine

The study aimed to design an e-learning environment based on learning for proficiency and artificial intelligence, and to know its effectiveness in developing English speaking skills for tenth grade students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the quasi-experimental approach was used on a sample of (70) female students from one female secondary school for girls by random selection. The equivalence of the two groups was verified. The researcher applied the pre-test to both groups. The experimental group was taught using the e-learning environment, while the control group was taught by the traditional method in the second semester of the 2021-2022 school year. The experiment lasted for five weeks. Speaking skills test, speaking skills list has been applied to build the test. The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ = 0.01) between the mean scores of the control group and the experimental group on the post-speaking skills test in favor of the experimental group due to the effectiveness of the e-learning environment based on learning for mastery. The study recommended that English language teachers use the e-learning environment based on learning for mastery and artificial intelligence in their lessons to improve students' English language skills, especially speaking skills.