List Of Names Research Articles

Additional notes on the publication of the Narrative, Zoology and Notes from a Journal of Research into the Natural History of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang and its consequences for the nomenclature of decapod crustaceans and other taxa.

Captain Edward Belcher was instructed by the Lords of the Admiralty to conduct a Surveying Expedition of the various coasts and islands in the Eastern Seas using H.M.S. Samarang. During this voyage from 1843-1846, Assistant-Surgeon Arthur Adams, made a significant contribution to the collection of natural history specimens, and together with fellow officers J. Richards and W. Browne, he prepared numerous drawings used by Belcher to illustrate the Narrative of the voyage. Later, Adams collaborated with Adam White (an Assistant in the Zoological Branch of the British Museum) to describe the Samarang Crustacea, published jointly with Lovell Reeve on the Samarang Mollusca, edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang and was the author of Notes from a Journal of the Natural History which was published in the Narrative of the voyage by Belcher. In his Natural History, Adams provided detailed accounts on some of the crustaceans collected with formal descriptions of species new to science thereby making these names available. The history, nomenclature and validity of the crustacean species cited in this work is discussed and a list of the available names is tabulated.

Delegate_List

List of Names and Email_id are available in this pdf.

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published.

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.

Delegate List

List of First Name, Last Name, Institution, Email Address are available in this pdf.

Delegate List

List of First name, Surname, Institution, E-mail address are available in this pdf.

Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus taxa.

We here present annotated lists of names of Candidatus taxa of prokaryotes with ranks between subspecies and class, proposed between the mid-1990s, when the provisional status of Candidatus taxa was first established, and the end of 2018. Where necessary, corrected names are proposed that comply with the current provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and its Orthography appendix. These lists, as well as updated lists of newly published names of Candidatus taxa with additions and corrections to the current lists to be published periodically in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, may serve as the basis for the valid publication of the Candidatus names if and when the current proposals to expand the type material for naming of prokaryotes to also include gene sequences of yet-uncultivated taxa is accepted by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes.

Towards linking social media profiles with user’s WiFi preferred network list

Considering the ubiquity of WiFi enabled devices and user’s mobility, location privacy within WiFi networks is one of the focus points of many researchers. Preferred Network Lists (PNL), within which devices store a list of names of previously used hotspots - Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs), is transmitted in clear by a portion of devices as a part of WiFi connection protocol. PNL has proven to be one exceptionally interesting source of private data on user’s previous whereabouts. However, since the PNL datasets are anonymized, most of the available work focuses on groups of users as opposed to one particular user.In this paper we work towards finding the name of the person behind the device’s PNL. We introduce a novel SSID - location tag matching function, followed by an algorithm used for intersecting large PNL datasets with localization tags on Instagram social network. The algorithm enables us to match the user’s MAC address and PNL with his full name, photos and activities. We find that deanonymization of a MAC address provides serious implications for potential long term tracking. We tested our work in real life conditions on a large scale music festival. To approach the ground truth we conducted hand check tests performed by 10 testers who concluded that more than 50% of the proposed matches were correct.

Abstract 27: Getting granular: A structured database of doses and schedules in hematology/oncology

Abstract Introduction: Granular cancer patient treatment data collection, and subsequent mapping to standard regimen definitions, are vital next steps in advancement of observational studies in oncology. However, the identification of regimen details, including dose and schedule, is a prerequisite for both collection and mapping. At the patient level, claims databases are a useful but limited resource. Most cancer registries, such as the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the Commission on Cancer National Cancer Database, capture only a simplification of actual treatments, such as binary exposure to chemotherapy (yes/no) or a list of individual chemotherapeutic agent names. Moreover, even with optimal patient data collection, a “gold standard” database of expected chemotherapy doses and schedules as part of standard-of-care (SOC) does not currently exist. Methods: We extracted and normalized the semistructured dosing and timing data from HemOnc.org, the largest publicly available website of SOC chemotherapy drugs and regimens. To that end, we undertook two broad and parallel approaches: 1) standardization of prescribing instructions within a given cycle (SIGs) or pertaining to cycle timing (“cycleSIGs”); and 2) parsing of resultant content into structured variables. This effort was carried out iteratively with the goal of creating standard “canonical” forms for intermittent intravenous (IV), continuous IV (CIV), other routes (e.g., oral), and radiation SIGs. All SIGs were bound to regimen and treatment context (e.g., cyclophosphamide dosing differs in R-CHOP versus R-CVP, and number of cycles often differs between adjuvant and metastatic contexts). Results: There are currently 14,569 regimen-context-SIG-cycleSIG quartets in the database (October 2019). Parsing of SIGs into structured variables resulted in 7,792 canonical IV, 675 canonical CIV, 3,762 canonical other, 510 canonical radiation, and 2,249 noncanonical results. Some SIGs are multipart and were broken into steps. For example, “6 mg/m2 IV once on day 1, then 3 mg/m2 IV once on day 8” constitutes two separate steps. There were 948 unique cycleSIGs (e.g., “21-day cycle for 4 cycles”), which were also parsed into components. Discussion: This effort has produced a large dataset of granular drug and cycle SIG information that reflects SOC dosing parameters in hematology/oncology. This dataset can be used to understand discrepancies between real-world outcomes and clinical trial results, e.g., by elucidating the effect of dose reductions and treatment delays on treatment outcomes. The Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) oncology workgroup is arranging to add this new information to the portion of the HemOnc vocabulary that is available through the OHDSI terminology management tool. Ongoing efforts also include translating the maximum possible number of noncanonical sigs into canonical forms, which can further enhance simplicity and usability of the dataset. Citation Format: Zachary H. Moldwin, Andrew Malty, Donna R. Rivera, Anastasios Siapos, Christian G. Reich, Michael J. Gurley, Rimma Belenkaya, Dmitry Dymshyts, Jeremy L. Warner. Getting granular: A structured database of doses and schedules in hematology/oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advancing Precision Medicine Drug Development: Incorporation of Real-World Data and Other Novel Strategies; Jan 9-12, 2020; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 27.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION HAS YET TO BE CREATED

The thesis is put forward that all the classifications of soils existing in the world do not possess the attributes of such a concept accepted in science and its technical applications but are only lists of author's names of soils. The names are substantiated mainly by factors of soil formation (natural zoning, vegetation, series, etc.), on weakly reasoned genetic horizons and small unformalized aggregates of soil properties. At the Soil Institute Named After V.V. Dokuchaev of the Russian Academy of Science, a mathematical apparatus for the development and use of digital soil classifications was created.

Prokaryotic names: the bold and the beautiful

In recent years, names of ∼170 new genera and ∼1020 new species were added annually to the list of prokaryotic names with standing in the nomenclature. These names were formed in accordance with the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Most of these names are not very interesting as specific epithets and word elements from existing names are repeatedly recycled. The rules of the Code provide many opportunities to create names in far more original ways. A survey of the lists of names of genera and species of prokaryotes shows that there is no lack of interesting names. The annotated selection presented here proves that at least some authors have exploited the possibilities allowed by the rules of the Code to name novel organisms in ways that are more attractive. I here call upon all colleagues who describe new taxa to devote more thought to the naming of new genera and species. It takes some effort, and it requires proper use of the lexicon of Classical Greek and Latin as well as an understanding of the Code and the guidelines of its orthography appendix. Creation of attractive names will boost the general interest in prokaryotic nomenclature.

ZONING AND LIGHT-COLOR OBJECT-SPATIAL-SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF STOPS AND STOPPING AREAS OF THE DNIEPER

Cross-section zoning and light-color object-space-environmental analysis (so-called "SCOPS analysis") of stop spaces and corresponding spaces of adjacent stopping areas are given. These territories, in their totality, determine the end-to-end structure of the city of Dnieper. The material is presented in alphabetical order. This allows not only to structure the list of street names and stopping areas, but also to immediately identify through the stopping-territorial corridors (Fig. 1-2). Within these corridors, a number of hierarchically subcontracted "corridors" ("green", light-colored, traffic-light corridors, etc.) are generated. These inter-territorial corridors permeate the entire city. They have hierarchical subordination. Their “stop-and-go rating” is immediately visible in the table structure. It is determined by the number of appropriate stops or stopping complexes. In addition to the stopping points, “zoning corridors” are immediately visible in the structure of the table. They are visible: a) in capital letters Z, A, B, C, D and F, b) in Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, c) in Roman numerals 0, I, II and III. The letters indicate the nature and potential of prospects for the development of ultra-zone (underground) stop areas. Arabic numerals - indicate the nature and potential of the prospects for the development of their terrestrial part. Roman numerals - indicate that they belong to a particular category of tariff zones operating in the Dnieper. In particular, 0 and Z (Zero) indicate that there are no prospects for development. A 5 and F indicate that the prospects are very good. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the through analysis allows to see the whole picture of prospects of development of stop territories as a whole (within the whole city). In this case, both stop-territorial and zoning, as well as light-colored and other "corridors" are revealed. Also undesirable links of "light-colored clutter" of these corridors are revealed.

4556 Gender homophily in translational collaborations; a network analysis study of investigators at one academic medical center

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Collaborations are at the core of translational science and team science. Differences by gender have been identified in various research contexts from recruitment to retention to promotion. This study assesses the relational associations of translational collaborations, and what role of gender. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In 2011 and 2013, clinical and basic sciences investigators at University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry responded to an online survey nominating their research collaborators. Two study years were merged, and name lists were transformed into a collaboration network. Departments were classified into basic sciences (e.g. biochemistry) and clinical (e.g. urology). If respondent and partner were affiliated to different department classes, the collaboration was defined as translational. Multi-level GLM models were developed to assess the associates of the likelihood of translational vs. within discipline collaborations. Partner nominations were nested in respondents. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 202 respondents were included in the multi-level GLM models. A collaboration was more likely to be translational if the respondent shared more collaborators with the partner (OR:1.13), and respondent was a central actor in collaboration network (OR: 1.2). Translational collaborations were less likely to be reported by clinicians (OR: 0.25). In the model to assess gender match, a collaboration was more likely to be translational if the respondent was male, and nominated a male partner. For both genders, collaboration with a partner of the opposite gender was more likely to be translational if respondent had more shared collaborators with the partner. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Translational collaborations happen in teams. Gender homophily exits in translational collaborations, and is reduced by shared collaborators; implying the effect of personal connections and community membership. Community-building interventions may increase diversity in translational collaborations.

CandiMeth: Powerful yet simple visualization and quantification of DNA methylation at candidate genes.

BackgroundDNA methylation microarrays are widely used in clinical epigenetics and are often processed using R packages such as ChAMP or RnBeads by trained bioinformaticians. However, looking at specific genes requires bespoke coding for which wet-lab biologists or clinicians are not trained. This leads to high demands on bioinformaticians, who may lack insight into the specific biological problem. To bridge this gap, we developed a tool for mapping and quantification of methylation differences at candidate genomic features of interest, without using coding.FindingsWe generated the workflow "CandiMeth" (Candidate Methylation) in the web-based environment Galaxy. CandiMeth takes as input any table listing differences in methylation generated by either ChAMP or RnBeads and maps these to the human genome. A simple interface then allows the user to query the data using lists of gene names. CandiMeth generates (i) tracks in the popular UCSC Genome Browser with an intuitive visual indicator of where differences in methylation occur between samples or groups of samples and (ii) tables containing quantitative data on the candidate regions, allowing interpretation of significance. In addition to genes and promoters, CandiMeth can analyse methylation differences at long and short interspersed nuclear elements. Cross-comparison to other open-resource genomic data at UCSC facilitates interpretation of the biological significance of the data and the design of wet-lab assays to further explore methylation changes and their consequences for the candidate genes.ConclusionsCandiMeth (RRID:SCR_017974; Biotools: CandiMeth) allows rapid, quantitative analysis of methylation at user-specified features without the need for coding and is freely available at https://github.com/sjthursby/CandiMeth.

Delegate List

List of First Name, Surname, Institution and Email are available in this PDF.

List of participants

Delegates Young Scientist 2020, October 15 - 16, 2020, High Tatras, Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia List of author names are available in this pdf.

The Formation of Consanguineous Villages and Changes in Dongyak during the Late Joseon Dynasty

조선후기에는 同姓마을이 급격하게 확산되었고, 이에 따라 향촌사회의 지배구조 및 지배조직에도 변화가 초래되었다. 그 대표적인 예가 洞約(洞契)의 변화였다. 동성마을이 확산됨에 따라 상당수의 동약이 族契化하면서 그 운영에 상당한 변화가 있었고, 이에 대한 구체적 분석이 이 글의 목적이다. 조선후기 慶尙道 丹城縣 法勿也面에서는 몇몇 有力 姓貫들을 중심으로 동약이 시행되었다. 그런데 商山 金氏에 의해 동성마을이 형성됨에 따라 법물야면의 동약은 인적인 구성과 지역적 범위에 변화가 초래되었다. 그 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 18세기 초반 무렵 법물야면의 동약을 주도했던 상산 김, 무송 윤, 진주 유씨 등은 단성현의 유력 성관들이었고, 이들 사족가문에 의해 법물야면의 동약이 시행되었다. 법물야면의 동안은 양반층이 중심이 된 上洞案의 성격을 갖고 있었지만, 1730년대 이후부터는 일부 中庶層의 참여도 이루어지기 시작하였다. 상산 김씨의 庶子들을 비롯하여 이천 서씨 등 계층적으로 중서층에 해당하는 새로운 성관이 동안에 기재되기 시작했던 것이다. 동안 기재인물의 거주지 역시 18세기를 경과하면서 평지촌, 내당촌으로 집중되는 양상이 나타났다. 평지촌, 내당촌은 상산 김씨의 동성마을이 형성되었던 촌락이었고, 법물야면의 동약을 주도했던 성관 중에서 동성마을을 형성했던 성관은 상산 김씨가 유일하였다. 상산 김씨의 동성마을이 확대되어 감에 따라 법물야면의 동약은 상산 김씨의 족계적 성격으로 변모했던 것으로 보인다. 한편, 조선후기 법물야면의 동약 시행과 관련된 자료로 18세기 중반에 작성된 『洞內穀物息利有司姓名冊』과 19세기 전반에 작성된 『許廳案』이 현전하고 있다. 『有司姓名冊』과 『허청안』에 기재된 인물들은 법물야면의 동약을 운영하는 실무적인 역할을 했던 존재로 파악할 수 있다. 이들은 신흥 세력들로서 계층적으로는 中庶層에 속하였다. 이 중에서 특히 주목되는 성관은 경주 최씨였다. 경주 최씨는 상법촌에 집거하며 동약 운영에 참여하는 등 사회적 성장을 이루었던 신흥세력으로 볼 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 19세기에 들어 상동안과 별도로 허청안이 작성되고, 여기에 법물야면의 신흥세력이었던 경주 최씨가 대거 기록된 점은 시사하는 바가 크다. 즉, 19세기 법물야면의 동약은 18세기와는 달리 신흥 세력들을 『허청안』으로 분리하여 그 명부를 작성하였다. 이는 19세기 이후 신분제적 위기를 느낀 양반사족들이 상하합계에서 상계, 하계를 분리하려는 경향이 법물야면에도 동일하게 나타났던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 18세기 이후 평지촌, 내당촌을 중심으로 동성마을을 확대시켜 갔던 상산 김씨는 법물야면의 동약을 족계화하였고, 새롭게 성장한 신흥 세력과 일반 촌락민을 허청안과 하동안으로 분리하면서 신분제적 질서를 정비하는 동시에 이들에 대한 지배적 영향력을 유지해 나가고자 했던 것으로 여겨진다.During the late Joseon Dynasty, Dongyak (Village Covenants) was implemented centered on a few influential families in Beommurya-myeon, Danseong-hyeon, Gyeongsang-do Province. However, with the formation of consanguineous villages by the Sangsan Kim family, the Dongyak in Beommurya-myeon faced many changes in terms of the population composition and regional scope. The Sangsan Kim family, Musong Yun family, and the Jinju Yu family, who led the Dongyak in Beommurya-myeon during the early 18th century, were major influential families in Danseong-hyeon. Although the Dongan (list of names) from Beommurya-myeon was mainly a list of superior names focused on the noble class, it started to include some names from the middle class from the 1730s. The residential areas of those who were listed in the Dongan also became focused in the Pyeongji-chon and Naedang-chon areas during the course of the 18th century. Pyeongji-chon and Naedang-chon were areas where the consanguineous villages of the Sangsan Kim family were formed. Among those who have led the Dongyak in Beommurya-myeon, the Sangsan Kim family was the only family who formed consanguineous villages. With the expansion of the consanguineous villages of the Sangsan Kim family, the Dongyak in Beommurya-myeon seems have changed to represent the family tree of the Sangsan Kim family. The Sangsan Kim family, who had expanded the consanguineous villages centered on the Pyeongji-chon and Naedang-chon areas from the 18th century, transformed the Dongyak in Beommurya-myeon into its family tree. The family also classified newly rising powers and general residents into Heocheongan and Hadongan to organize the status-based order, and intended to maintain their controlling power.

Could Fund-dominant Accounts Take Advantage of Investors’ Attention? Based on Individual Investors’ Account-level Trading Data of the “Dragon-Tiger” Listed Stocks from a Security Company

Investors’ attention is limited. When investors have limited access to information resources, those events that attract investors’ limited attention in the stock market could usually affect their investment decisions. Some literature argues that, to some extent, if a stock is listed on today’s “Dragon-Tiger” Board, the listing event could create a short-term momentum in its price. Since this pattern can be noticed by anybody, the individual investor who possesses fund dominance could create this same kind of listing event artificially and manipulate other investors’ attention. To clearly test and examine this motivation, this paper firstly explains the theoretical mechanism of how fund-dominant accounts profit from pumping up the stock price and selling it in the next day by taking advantage of investors’ attention. And then, this paper chooses China’s A-share stocks which are listed on the “Dragon-Tiger” Board only because its price movement deviation hits 7% on that day as the sample, and the time span is from January 2015 to July 2019. Thanks to the availability of account-level data from a China security company, a name list of suspicious speculative fund-dominant accounts is found. Through the empirical test of the relationship between the speculation of these fund-dominant accounts and the selling decision of the next day, this paper finds that: First, there indeed exist speculation and price manipulation activities driven by fund-dominant accounts which can be concluded as a “one-day trip” trading pattern. Second, when the stock is listed on the “Dragon-Tiger” Board, the higher dominance a fund-dominant account speculates, the stronger the positive relationship between the speculation intention and the next day’s selling decision is. Third, the information disclosure mechanism of the “Dragon-Tiger” Board can capture the accounts that hype stocks and have a strong tendency of “one-day tour”. From the perspective of the causes behind the attention events in China’s stock market, this paper studies the speculation behavior of fund-dominant accounts, and provides micro evidence for the research on investors’ attention, asset pricing and trade-based price manipulation. Also, this paper contributes to the research on the public information disclosed by stock exchanges, and provides enlightenment for the supervisor and the stock exchange to further improve the governance system of the stock market.

Critical analysis of the drug promotional literatures advertised in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The objective of the study was to critically analyse the drug promotional literatures (DPLs) advertised in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: This observational study was conducted in department of pharmacology, grant government medical college. The data was collected over a period of 3 months after obtaining permission from Institutional Ethics Committee. Around 200 DPLs were collected from different specialty OPDs. Promotional literatures in the form of medical equipment’s, ayurvedic medicine, drug monography, reminder advertisement, identical advertisement and drug name list were excluded from the study. Data compiled was compiled in an excel sheet. The complied data were analyzed with the help of tables and graphs.Results: In our study, the name of the active ingredient, their brand name and the therapeutic uses were mentioned in all the DPLs (100%). The dosage form of the drug was addressed in 85%, whereas the schedule was present in 58% of the DPLs. Most of the DPLs had mentioned about the positive effects of the drug, while few of them described the negative effects of the drugs, namely, adverse drug reactions (39%), precautions to be taken (36%), contraindications (36%) and various drug interactions (33%).Conclusions: A diverse set of results were obtained when a cohort of 200 promotional literatures were analyzed wherein the advantageous effects were highlighted covering the detrimental effects of the drug. DPLs were not in line and accordance with WHO guidelines, but where modified according to the company preferences.

Assessment of Health Disorders and Drug Use Pattern Among Pregnant Women at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal

To assess the different types of health disorders that are more frequent during the pregnancy and drugs prescribed for the management of those disorders are of the safest category and in practice considering the risk to benefit ratio. Also, to find out the extent to which the drugs prescribed are adhered to WHO prescribing indicators. It was an observational cross-sectional study. Data collection sheets were filled by the direct questionnaire and the prescription paper. The drugs were evaluated from WHO core prescribing indicators. Among the total of 141 pregnant women, the maximum number were from the age group 20-25 years. The average number of drugs received during pregnancy is 3.25 per prescription. Whereas the percentage of the drug prescribed by generic name and essential drug list were found to be 26.1 and 56.64, respectively. The most frequently prescribed drug was from the USFDA safe category i.e. category B (53%) and only 2% of drugs were prescribed from category X. Most of the medicine was prescribed listed in the National essential drug list. Deviation was observed in terms of prescription of injection and drugs with a generic name. Contraindicated medicines during pregnancy were almost absent in this study. Pregnant women who appeared during the duration of the study with the health disorder were treated with the appropriate drugs considering the risk to the benefit ratio. However, to assure the rational drug prescription the prescription audit should be carried out at regular intervals.

Unmet need for presbyopia correction and its associated factors among school teachers in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia

BackgroundPresbyopia is a decline in the amplitude of accommodation with the onset in the age range 40–45 years affecting near visual task performance. As the age of presbyopia onset coincides with productive age, it results in great productivity loss especially in those with high near visual demand like teachers. A maximum near vision potential is essential for teachers in ensuring the quality of education, as most of the students’ evaluations and scripts are assessed manually in Ethiopia. The prevalence of unmet need for presbyopia correction among school teachers ranges from 38.5–70.4% worldwide. Though presbyopia is a common ocular condition, there is limited evidence regarding the unmet need for presbyopia correction in Ethiopia as well as in Hawassa city. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of unmet need for presbyopia correction and its associated factors among school teachers in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia.MethodsA school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among teachers older than 35 years. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants using name lists as a sampling frame from 69 schools. The participants selected underwent for distance and near visual acuity test. Those with distance visual acuity of 6/12 or worse were refracted before near visual acuity test. Information on the spectacle use and associated factors was obtained using the interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between independent variables and the unmet need for presbyopia correction.ResultsA total of 459 study participants were included in the study with a response rate of 95.21%.The unmet need for presbyopia correction was 51.26% (95%CI: 46.7–55.6%). Female gender (AOR = 2.50; 95%CI: 1.51–4.15), age 36–45 (AOR = 4.12; 95%CI: 1.46–11.76), unaware of presbyopia (AOR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.2–4.66) and self-rating of current vision as good (AOR = 3.5; 95%CI: 1.61–7.6) were factors significantly associated with the unmet need for presbyopia.ConclusionsThe burden of unmet need for presbyopia correction is a moderate priority according to the World Health Organization for presbyopia correction services criteria. A school-based presbyopia awareness creation program is important to reduce this huge burden.