List Of Foods Research Articles

The Intelligent Robot for Serving Food

All over the world, robotics technology is rapidly replacing manuals of work. Customers in traditional cafes, restaurants, and hotels are facing a variety of problems due to crowding during peak hours, lack of waiters, manual order processing, and the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss where a waiter robot can be designed and developed that can be used for restaurant automation. Where we rely on a robot to address these defects using black tracking plans, where the bot can track the movement of the black line of the tables, and then the bot reaches the table to place orders, where the customer presses the order through the center. The program is through a bank machine, and a tablet is placed on each table. The program is installed in it to choose the order, and after selecting the order by the customer, this is on the part of the customer upon request. After the request, a lamp lights near the cashier with a table that wants a specific service, and this is according to the existing lamp counter where there is a board near the cashier in which foods and juices are placed and it consists of (1-8) A lamp and a list of foods or juices are indexed by each one separately, and the service will be transferred via the smart car according to the requests requested by the customer. Thus, this paper presents a method to protect people from this virus and not transmit it to others, and the paper suggested was programmed according to the Arduino environment and the Bluetooth module.

Species substitution and mislabeling of ceviche, poke, and sushi dishes sold in Orange County, California

Raw, ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood products have become increasingly popular globally, but they are vulnerable to species substitution and mislabeling. DNA barcoding allows for fish species identification by extracting, amplifying, and sequencing a standardized gene target. A wide variety of fish products have been studied with DNA barcoding, but little investigation of ceviche and poke has occurred in the United States. Sushi is known to be a target of mislabeling but has not been extensively studied in Orange County, CA. The objective of this study was to investigate species substitution and mislabeling of sushi, poke, and ceviche dishes sold at restaurants in Orange County, CA. A total of 105 raw, RTE seafood products were collected, including sushi (n = 35), poke (n = 35), and ceviche (n = 35). All samples were sequenced with DNA barcoding or mini-barcoding. The identified species were compared against the menu names, verbal declarations by restaurant staff, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Seafood List to verify whether acceptable market names were used for each product. Of the 103 samples identified with DNA barcoding, species substitution was detected at a rate of 23.3% and unacceptable market names were found in 45.6% of samples. Overall, 63.1% of samples had some form of mislabeling. When the mislabeling rates were divided based on product category, ceviche had the highest overall mislabeling rate (85.3%), followed by poke (61.8%), and sushi (42.9%). Mislabeling of ceviche and poke was primarily driven by the use of unacceptable market names, while species substitution was more common in sushi dishes. These rates reveal widespread mislabeling among raw, RTE seafood products and suggest the need for outreach efforts to ensure proper labeling of fish using acceptable market names, as well as further research into mislabeling within the raw, RTE seafood supply chain.

FDF-DB: A Database of Traditional Fermented Dairy Foods and Their Associated Microbiota.

Fermented foods are attracting increasing interest due to their nutritional and health benefits, including a positive impact on gut microbiota exerted by their associated microbes. However, information relative to traditional fermented dairy products, along with their autochthonous microbiota, is still fragmented and poorly standardized. Therefore, our aim was to collect and aggregate data useful for obtaining a comprehensive overview translated in a classical database interface that can be easily handled by users. a preliminary inventory was built up by systematically collecting data from publicly available resources for the creation of a list of traditional dairy foods produced worldwide, including additional metadata useful for stratifying, and collapsing subgroups. we developed the Fermented Dairy Food Database (FDF-DB), a feasible resource comprising 1852 traditional dairy foods (cheeses, fermented milks, and yogurt) for which microbial content and other associated metadata such as geographical indication label, country/region of origin, technological aspects were gathered. FDF-DB is a useful and user-friendly resource where taxonomic information and processing production details converge. This resource will be of great aid for researchers, food industries, stakeholders and any user interested in the identification of technological and microbiological features characterizing traditional fermented dairy products.

Penerapan Metode Harris Benedict Pada Media Informasi Kebutuhan Gizi Harian Berbasis Android

Calculation of nutritional needs is a way to find out a person's nutritional needs, which is usually done by nutritionists before compiling a diet menu. One formula that is often used is the Harris Benedict formula. The problem of this research is how to make an application for calculating nutritional needs with the Harris Benedict formula based on android mobile. This application aims to assist nutritionists and ordinary users in calculating nutritional needs through the results of calculations and dietary advice provided. The methodology in this study uses research and development which includes observation/data collection, interviews and literature study. As for software development using the waterfall model development method (waterfall). The implementation is built with the Java programming language, IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with Eclipse applications, Software Development Kit (SDK) which includes API (Application Programming Interface) tools. Testing is done by black box testing to evaluate the external appearance (Interface) and application functionality. This research has succeeded in implementing the Harris Benedict formula in an Android mobile-based nutritional needs calculation application that provides output for weight categories, ideal body weight, and dietary advice. Other features include a list of food and household sized tools, and an application guide. The purpose of this study is to produce an application that helps users calculate nutritional needs faster than manual calculations with correct results such as manual calculations. From the results of testing the application in black box, the results are in line with expectations.

Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Potassium Intake of Patients on Hemodialysis

To develop and to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess potassium intake of patients on hemodialysis. This is a cross-sectional study that included 41 patients in the FFQ development step and 53 patients in the FFQ validation step. In the FFQ development step, the patients completed a 3-day food record (used as a reference method). Total potassium intake and potassium from each food item were calculated. Food items that contributed up to 90% of the total potassium intake were considered to be included in the FFQ food list. Then the FFQ was applied in person through the google-forms platform. The result of potassium intake obtained by the FFQ was compared with that obtained by the 3-day food record. A total of 94 patients were included: 53.2% women; age 55.7±15.0years; 47.9% had diabetes; body mass index 25.0±4.5kg/m2; and dialysis vintage 34.5 (17.0-68.2) months. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters did not differ between the development and validation groups. From the 255 registered food items, 85 comprised the FFQ. The standardized Cronbach's alpha obtained was 0.71. No difference was found between the potassium intake obtained by the FFQ and by the 3-day food record (1,438.5±659.4mg/d vs. 1,464.8±529.4mg/d; P=.753, respectively) with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.66 (P=.001). No systematic bias or proportionality bias between the methods was observed in the Bland-Altman graphical analysis. The quantitative FFQ presented strong relative validity and may constitute a practical tool in the analysis of potassium intake of patients on hemodialysis.

Benefits of Consuming Citrus Fruits as Vitamin C Source in the Treatment of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name that World Health Organization gives to the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This virus affects people unevenly with most cases showing mild symptoms, especially in children and young adults. However, some cases can appear severe and dangerous, as many patients require medical care in hospitals. On the other side, nutrition is very beneficial to health, especially in cases where it may need to strengthen the immune system. For this reason, the World Health Organization and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have provided a set of general guidelines and a list of the best foods for consumption during the period of the Corona pandemic like bananas and apple fruits, as well as citrus fruits. Citrus fruits like oranges, clementine, and grapefruit are the famous source of vitamin C. Numerous studies have indicated that vitamin C assists in decreasing mortality and improving oxygen support status in patients with Coronavirus disease without adverse events. This letter is focused to introduce the benefits of vitamin C in the treatment of influenza and COVID-19 viruses since the outstanding properties and positive results shown by this vitamin in the treatment of cold encouraged specialists to use it as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19.

Road-killed frogs add another item to the food list of the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus in The Gambia.

No abstract.

Analysis of Healthy Food Menu at SaladBar by Hadikitchen, Mall Kelapa Gading

Purpose : The menu is a list of human foods that are displayed, healthy food aims to make the body feel comfortable, have more energy for activities and avoid disease, indicators of healthy food, namely, a plant-based diet, high antioxidants and animal protein, food is a basic need that is needed at all times . This study will discuss the potential contained in healthy food menus in restaurants and draw conclusions from the results, to find out healthy food is a trend icon for one of the consumers and the SaladBar by Hadikitchen conceptualizes a healthy food menu for consumers.
 Research methods: Research method uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method with an interactive data analysis technique approach, from observation, interviews, documentation, data reduction, presentation, drawing conclusions and is included with the validity of the data, namely validity and reliability tests.
 Results and Discussions: A healthy lifestyle is something that cannot be abandoned by everyone, this lifestyle is a trend in the present time, because in this era there continue to be many new diseases, healthy in the fundamental sense is all the things that are trying to share good results or consequences for our body, a healthy lifestyle is something that is very suitable for doing our life, on the contrary, a healthy lifestyle is a path that must be taken to get a healthy body physically and spiritually.
 Implication: The healthy food menu is a consumer icon trend because of its unique use of raw materials.
 
 Keywords: restaurant, menu, healthy food.

Food Image-based diet recommendation framework to overcome PCOS problem in women using deep convolutional neural network

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that affects the reproductive, metabolic, and hormonal systems in women. The main cause behind PCOS is not exactly known by the practitioners but deficiency of the nutrients in diet may cause PCOS or its related disorders. A healthy diet with proper nutrient intake plays an important role to overcome the issue of PCOS. A novel framework is designed for managing weight with proper nutrient intake using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) architecture (i.e., EfficientNet model variants B0-B7) is enhanced and fine-tuned to classify the food images by adding additional four layers (i.e., Augmentation layer, Dense layer, Dropout layer with dropout 0.3, and Final output classifier dense layer) on datasets derived from FOOD-101. The performance of the model is compared with the other pre-trained models such as VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and ResNet101 using performance evaluation metrics. After execution, 95.5% accuracy is achieved to classify the sample six food classes and 90.7% accuracy is achieved for twelve food image classes respectively. Further, K-means and Random Forest (RF) algorithms are applied to create clusters and recommend the list of foods to the PCOS patient with 97% accuracy.

An autonomous synthetic DNA machine for ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium based on bidirectional primers exchange reaction cascades

Statistics show that food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) often tops the list of bacterial food poisoning types in countries around the world. However, detecting traces of S. Typhimurium in real samples remains challenging. In recent years, primer exchange reaction (PER), a new isothermal amplification strategy, has rapidly attracted the attention of researchers in the field of biosensing. In this work, We developed a nanostructure called DNA arch bridge (DAB) and combined the DAB with cascade PER technology to construct a novel bidirectional PER (B-PER) for ultra-sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria as a novel fluorescent biosensor. This strategy relies on the B-PER reaction mediated by binding of the target and adaptor, which occurs with the assistance of Klenow Fragment (KF) (3′-5′exo) polymerase and produces a good deal of G-quadruplex sequences that generate a fluorescent signal by embedding fluorescent dyes. Under the best conditions, the biosensor achieves ultrasensitive detection of S. Typhimurium, and the detection limit of the strategy is 9.3 cfu mL−1 over the linear detection scope of 101-105 cfu mL−1. The method has the merits of facile operation, rapid response, and high sensitivity. Furthermore, the biosensor is expected to achieve ultrasensitive detection of various small molecules through recognizing different target and primer sequences. Therefore, our proposed strategy provides an efficient, stable, universal, and practical sensing platform for pathogen and other small molecules detection.

The low FODMAP diet supported by a mobile application for functional gastrointestinal and inflammatory bowel diseases

Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract such as functional gastrointestinal diseases – including irritable bowel syndrome – as well as inflammatory bowel diseases are on the rise in Hungary. More and more nutritional recommendations are emerging as part of the therapy, but so far there is no uniform recommendation for the dietary management of these gastrointestinal diseases. Among the dietary recommendations that have been made so far, the low FODMAP diet is noteworthy. FODMAP itself stands for the abbreviation of the initials of fermentable, short-chain, poorly absorbable carbohydrates: fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP). The low FODMAP diet is a scientifically and clinically proven therapeutic recommendation, which is supported in Hungary by the Ministry of Human Resources Guideline (2020). Research has shown that the low FODMAP diet has been shown to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms. The diet consists of 3 phases, the first of which is a step-by-step list of trigger and non-trigger foods that the doctor, with the help of a dietitian, determines. As this stage of the diet can be the most challenging, it is worth emphasizing that it should be developed in collaboration with a dietitian. The aim of the diet is to find a balance between keeping symptoms at a low level and expanding the diet. Low FODMAP diet has been shown to be an effective, successful, and accepted nutritional intervention in the management of symptoms of functional and inflammatory bowel disease. Its use can improve the success of pharmacological interventions and increase patient compliance, hence the need to expand the widespread dissemination of the diet. A mobile app developed by a research team at Monash University will support self-management and practical implementation of the diet and increase adherence to nutritional therapy.

PENGARUH DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER), DEBT TO TOTAL ASSET RATIO (DAR), LONG TERM DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (LDER) DAN LONG TERM DEBT TO TOTAL ASSET RATIO (LDAR) TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS ROE PADA PERUSAHAAN FOOD AND BEVERAGES YangTerdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Research on Determined the Effect of Debt To Equity Ratio (Der), Debt To Total Asets Ratio (Dar), Long Term Debt To Euity Ratio (Lder) and Long Term Debt To Total Asets Ratyo (Ldar) Towards Profitabilty Roe In Food And Beverae Companies (Case Study In Food And Bevrage Sector Company List On The Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2015-2019) . The population in this study were 23 companies and the sampling technique was purposive sampling method. The sample is 13 companies and obtained 65 observational data. The results that there was a positive and significant effect between DER on ROE Profitability. There was no positivie and significant effect between DAR and ROE Profitability. There is a negative and significant effect between LDER and ROE Profitability. There is no positiv and signficant effect between LDAR and ROE profitability. There is a positive and significant effect between DER, DAR, LDER, LDAR simultaneously on ROE Profitability.

Association between Habitual Diet and the Postprandial Glucose Response-An Enable Study.

It is inconclusive which factors influence inter-individual variations of postprandial glucose response (PPGR). This study investigates whether the habitual diet is associated with PPGR. Data from healthy adults (young adults with 18-25 years, middle-aged adults with 40-65 years, and older adults with 75-85 years) is collected at baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) collected. Habitual diet is assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h food lists. Associations between habitual diet and glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUCmin ) are examined by regression models. The intake of cereals and cereal products is negatively associated with glucose iAUCmin (p=0.002) in the total cohort (N=459, 50% women, 55±21 years, BMI 26±5kgm- 2 ). Up to 9% of the variance in the glycemic response is explained by the respective dietary parameters identified in the models of the specific age groups. There are age-specific diet-related effects on PPGR. The usual intake of cereals and cereal products seems to play a greater role in PPGR in more than one age group. Further research is needed, to establish how diet can be optimized based on age and PPGR.

Mobile Food Record 24 Hour Recall (mFR24) Was “Easy” and an Acceptable Mobile Health Dietary Assessment Method

Abstract Objectives Technology has increased the availability of mobile health (mHealth) apps for dietary assessment. The 24 hour recall (24 HR) is the current preferred method to monitor population diet related health and nutritional status to inform public health nutrition policies. A novel labelled image assisted 24 HR has potential to enhance engagement with consumers but needs to be evaluated for acceptability and accuracy. 1. To identify features of an image-assisted mobile 24 HR (mFR24) that are enablers or barriers to its acceptable use in adult dietary assessment. Methods Controlled feeding study participants recorded before and after images of food and beverages consumed at three meals in a single day using the mobile app. The next day, they labelled the items in their images from a food list in the app linked to a food composition database; before an interview assisted 24 HR and using the novel labelled images. Participant's acceptability perceptions of the mFR24 were asked via an online survey using a 5-point Likert scale to rate their agreement with statements including how easy it was to find and remember foods and amounts consumed, and if they would be willing to use the mFR24 again. Results Participants (n = 134) were mainly female (57%), under 35 years (63%), held a bachelor degree or higher (75%), identified as Asian (67%), in full time employment (46%) or a student (34%). Two thirds (68%) of participants reported usually taking photos of their food, 90% agreed it was ‘easy’ to record their intake using the app. When undertaking the 24 HR, participants agreed using labelled images of their food and beverages made it easy to remember foods (95.4%) and amounts eaten (93.2%). The majority (88.6%) were willing to undertake the mFR24 method again. Age, gender, previous weight loss history and usually taking food photos were not found to be associated with the ease of mFR24 use. Conclusions Labelled image based mFR24 method of dietary intake assessment hold promise for being an easy and acceptable population dietary assessment method to inform dietary guideline advice. Investigating the accuracy of the labelled image mFR24 will be the next step in the investigation of the novel mFR24. Funding Sources This study was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project 190,101,723. The mobile food record is funded by NIH, NCI (1U01CA130784-01); NIH, NIDDK (1R01-DK073711-01A1).

Development and Validation of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for Brunei Adults

ObjectivesTo date, there is no specific validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the dietary intake among Brunei adults. This study aimed to develop and validate an FFQ specifically to determine the dietary intake of Bruneian adults. MethodsAdults aged 18–59 years were approached through voluntary participation throughout Brunei. A total of 50 adults and 100 adults participated in the FFQ development and validation phase, respectively. A list of foods consumed was documented by a 3-day dietary recall (3DR). Consequently, two-day dietary record (2DR) was used as a reference method in the validation phase. Energy and macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein and fats) intake was included in the analysis. Spearman correlations, mean difference, cross-classification, Bland-Altman plot, and Cohen Kappa were used to assess validity. ResultsThe FFQ consisted of 138 food items from 12 food groups. In the validation study, the FFQ was found to have over-estimated almost all nutrients compared to those in the dietary record. The percentage mean difference was more than 10%. The Spearman correlation coefficients for energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat intake based on the FFQ and 2-day diet records were significantly correlated with 0.096,0.142, 0.911 and 0.172, respectively. The cross-classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was between 51–100% for macronutrients consumed. Bland-Altman plots showed relatively good agreement (between ±2 standard deviation) for both dietary methods used. Cohen’s kappa ranges from 0.081 to 0.040, demonstrating weak agreement. ConclusionsThe developed FFQ is a reasonably valid tool to appropriately estimate the dietary intake of Bruneian adults, as it showed a moderate agreement with dietary record for intake of energy and macronutrients. Funding SourcesNo funding was provided for this research.

Development of the PortionSize App for Real-Time Dietary Feedback

ObjectivesWe developed the PortionSizeTM app (PS app) to provide participants, in real time, an estimate of dietary intake and assistance with following dietary plans and managing body weight. The app provides templates superimposed on user’s food images to provide feedback on energy intake (kcal), macronutrients, and food groups. The current pilot study aimed to test the validity of the PS app in a lab-based setting and identify areas for improvement. MethodsDuring a lab visit, adults (4 male, 11 female), aged 18–65, BMI 18.5–45 kg/m2, majority (93%) White, were trained and used the PS app to assess dietary intake of foods provided, which were also covertly weighed. Participants (n = 14) provided qualitative feedback on PS app usability. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to determine if bias was introduced by increasing energy per food item. Qualitative methods were used to evaluate open-ended responses on PS app desirability. ResultsAcross all 69 food items, mean (± SD) energy between PS (162 ± 167 kcal) estimates and weighed food (143 ± 126 kcal) were not statistically different (P = 0.10). The Bland-Altman plot indicated agreement in energy intake between PS estimates and weighed values for lower energy foods, and the PS app overestimated energy intake for higher energy foods (Adj R2 = 0.20, P = < 0.001). Beverages (soda and tea), condiments (salad dressing and butter), and specific foods items (apples, chicken, pizza, carrots, and cookies) had the largest error (>30% difference in kcal between PS estimated and weighed foods). These foods have previously been identified as problematic in food intake estimation research. The most frequently mentioned difficulties with the PS app were the food search (7/14), food list options (4/14), and difficulties with PS templates (6/14). Consequently, improvements to the PS app included a new feature for estimating weight of packaged food, new methods for volume estimation of beverages, an updated method for manually entering foods not captured in real-time, an improved food search, updates to the PS food database, and changes to app training instructions. ConclusionsThis pilot study demonstrates promise for the PS app to measure average energy intake. Areas of further app development were identified and actioned and are undergoing additional validity testing. Funding SourcesR01DK124558, T32 DK64584, P30 DK072476, U54 GM104940.

Assessing the Diets of Young Children and Adolescents in India: Challenges and Opportunities.

Sustainably addressing the crisis of undernutrition for children and adolescents in underserved and resource-limited communities will require, among other investments, interventions aimed at optimizing the diets of these vulnerable populations. However, to date, there are substantial global gaps in the collection of dietary data in children and adolescents. This review article summarizes the challenges and opportunities in assessing diet among children and adolescents in India. National surveys in India identify the scale of the triple burden of malnutrition (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition) in children and adolescents and assess key nutrition and food security indicators for making informed policy decisions. However, national surveys do not collect data on diet, instead relying on anthropometry, biomarkers of micronutrient deficiencies, and summary measures of diet, such as the WHO infant and young child feeding summary indicators. Sub-national surveys and the scientific literature thus fill important gaps in describing the nutrient intakes of children and adolescents in India; however large gaps remain. Future research can be improved by investments in infrastructure to streamline the assessment of diet in India. The current challenges confronting the collection and analysis of high-quality dietary data occur in both the data collection and data analysis phases. Common methods for assessing diets in low-resource settings—such as 24 h recalls and food frequency questionnaires are particularly challenging to implement well in young children and adolescents due to motivation and memory issues in young respondents. Additionally, there are challenges with parental recall including children having multiple caretakers and meals outside the home. Furthermore, analysis of dietary data is hindered by the lack of affordable, accessible software for dietary data analysis relevant to the diversity in Indian diets. New technologies can address some of the challenges in dietary data collection and analysis, but to date, there are no platforms designed for population-level dietary assessment in India. Public and private sector investment in dietary assessment, as well as collaboration of researchers and the creation of open-source platforms for the sharing of data inputs (local food lists, recipe databases, etc.) will be essential to build infrastructure to better understand the diets of children and adolescents in India and improve dietary interventions in these target groups.

DNA metabarcoding uncovers the diet of subterranean rodents in China.

A type of rodent called a zokor causes great harm to agriculture and forestry production due to its large and sophisticated diet. As this rodent lives subterrane for most of its life, researchers know little about its dietary habits. Further understanding of its diet is important for developing green and sustainable control strategies for the zokor. Chloroplast trnL gene and internal transcription spacer 1 primers were selected for high-throughput sequencing of stomach contents of captured zokor by DNA metabarcoding. A total of 25 zokors were selected, the food list of 32 families, 80 genera, and 154 species was obtained. At the family level, it was found that zokors mainly fed on Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Brassicaceae, and Apiaceae. At the genus level, zokors mainly fed on Echinops, Littledalea, Artemisia, Picea, Cirsium, and Elymus. The diet alpha diversity of Eospalax cansus was slightly higher than that of Eospalax cansus (P>0.05). The zokor's diet is highly phconsistent with the resources of its habitat. Most food choices tend to be the same between the two zokors. They fed primarily on Calamagrostis, Cirsium, Echinops, Medicago, Sanguisorba, and Taraxacum. Zokors mainly fed on the roots of perennial herbs, which are important source of energy. High-throughput sequencing-based DNA metabarcoding technology has effectively revealed the diet of zokors and indicated that zokors are food generalists.

Currently Available Handouts for Low Phosphorus Diets in Chronic Kidney Disease Continue to Restrict Plant Proteins and Minimally Processed Dairy Products

The 2020 Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines recommend adjusting phosphorus intake to achieve and maintain normal serum phosphorus levels for adults living with chronic kidney disease. These guidelines also recommend considering the dietary source of phosphorus as different sources have different bioavailability; however, phosphorus food lists are not provided. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the current teaching materials in Canada regarding low phosphorus diet. Using a geographical approach, websites from each province and territories' government, health, and renal programs (where applicable) were reviewed for resources on dietary phosphorus restriction in chronic kidney disease. All publicly available handouts/booklets/printable webpages were obtained and reviewed for recommendations on how to implement a low phosphorus diet. Sixty-one resources in total met inclusion criteria (52 handouts from health agencies in 6 provinces and 9 handouts from the Kidney Foundation of Canada). Items with minimal nutrition value, such as cola, beer and cocoa, chocolate, and baking powder, were the most commonly restricted with 84% (51/61) resources making this recommendation. Plant proteins and minimally processed dairy were restricted in 80% (49/61) of resources. Processed animal meat was recommended to be restricted in 70% (43/61) of resources and whole grains in 65% (40/61). Sixty-three percent of the handouts (39/61) discuss avoiding phosphorus additives. Many resources restrict items with minimal nutrition value to lower phosphorus intake; however, plant foods, including plant proteins and whole grains, continue to be restricted in the majority of resources, despite having lower bioavailability. The 2020 Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines recommend considering bioavailability of phosphorus source when implementing low phosphorus diets; current handouts in Canada would likely benefit from review.

Colorectal Cancer in Pakistan: Is prevention possible?

Dear Madam, Among malignancies, colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third- largest incidence Globally. (1) Even though Pakistan is considered as a low-risk area, in 2018, Idrees et a. l reported a 4% to 6.8% incidence. (2) This number is itself significant considering that underreporting remains a grave problem. The aetiology of CRC is vastly based on genetics, but is dietary intake is another major factor to consider. A 2017 meta-analysis shows that the inflammatory extent of diet, measured by the Dietary Inflammation Index, is associated with a 40% increased risk of CRC. (3) Evidence suggests that a diet rich in proinflammatory foods like proteins and fats affects gut microbiota, increases metabolite formation and enhances the risk of CRC. On the contrary, the increased fibre in the diet is shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and reduce this risk. (4). Due to our constraints in resources, healthcare facilities must use aforementioned knowledge to tackle the disease at all fronts. First degree relatives of CRC patients and high-risk individuals can be counselled about life style and dietary modifications at family healthcare facilities. They should be provided with a complete list of foods containing the above-mentioned components. This is especially important in the red-meat consuming areas of Northern Pakistan. This approach of prevention before treatment surpasses the major limitation of costly screening procedures and can be a great benchmark for mass campaigns. A good foundation for our campaigns can be established by taking notes from the CDC’s Screen for Life organization (SFL). In September 2018, through their search engine marketing and digital advertising efforts, SFL garnered more than 360 million impressions and 2 million clicks to web pages. (5) Similar avenues need to be explored in Pakistan to reach the general public. Raising awareness about CRC, the related lifestyle changes and pro-inflammatory foods can be achieved through pamphlets, advertisements, and social media platforms. Funding from such campaigns can also aid further research into CRC, specific to the Pakistani community. The aim should be to promote a more centred knowledge of risk factors prevalent in our society and target them. Considering the inaccessibility of screening methods, this approach of modifying dietary intake in first degree relatives leaves much room to be explored and has a potential to be a cost-effective solution. Further research on this approach, centred on the Pakistani population, is required.