Sale Of Liquor Research Articles

Mahatma Gandhi - Liquor addiction is a curse to the nation's economic growth

Mahatma Gandhi identified the difficulties faced by wives of alcohol/liquor addicts in maintenance of family necessities and upbringing their children. And indecent behaviour of drunkards with their spouses and women in their families. Children are deprived from their education, provision of nutritious food, healthy environment, their psychology and character of children are also disturbed that is the alcohol addictions is destroying National future itself, because the children are the future of Nation. But, because of misbehaviour of drunkard family member and continuous quarrels within the family forced the children to become child labour. This problem is persistent even in 21st century. If the humanity doesn't realize this evil of liquor drinking habit the future of the mankind ends up in melancholy. The money earning by State Governments from taxation on or liquor sales is heinous and crime destroying peace and prosperity of many families. The deprivation to the State Governments of the alcohol revenue is of the least importance in the prohibition campaign. The country is simply impatient of the evil itself. In no country in the World will it be possible to carry on this illegal business in the face of the united and the enlightened opposition of a people, such as is now to be witnessed in the economy of India.

Relationships Between Alcohol Policies and Infant Morbidities and Injuries

Previous research has found that policies specifically focused on pregnant people's alcohol use are largely ineffective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between general population policies regulating alcohol physical availability and outcomes related to pregnant people's alcohol use, specifically infant morbidities and injuries. Outcome data were obtained from Merative MarketScan, a longitudinal commercial insurance claims data set. Policy data were obtained from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's Alcohol Policy Information System, the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association, and Liquor Handbooks and merged using policies in effect during the estimated year of conception. Relationships between state-level policies regulating sites, days/hours, and government monopoly of liquor sales and infant morbidities and injuries were examined. Analyses used logistic regression with individual controls, fixed effects for state and year, state-specific time trends, and SEs clustered by state. The study analysis was conducted from 2021 to 2023. The analytic sample included 1,432,979 infant-birthing person pairs, specifically people aged 25-50 years who gave birth to a singleton between 2006 and 2019. A total of 3.1% of infants had a morbidity and 2.1% of infants had an injury. State government monopoly on liquor sales was associated with reduced odds of infant morbidities and injuries, whereas gas station liquor sales were associated with increased odds of infant morbidities and injuries. Allowing liquor sales after 10PM was associated with increased odds for infant injuries. No effect was found for allowing liquor sales in grocery stores or on Sundays. Findings suggest that limiting alcohol availability for the general population may help reduce adverse infant outcomes related to pregnant people's alcohol use.

Should the Commonwealth of Virginia Privatize Liquor Sales?

Privatization is an effective policy choice for governments to reduce public debt, improve the financial health of the private sector, and improve the firm’s economic efficiency. However, beyond the economic and financial factors, there are several political implications of privatization policies that are important to consider. Although many economic benefits are presumed to occur due to privatization, the unique position of the Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Authority (VA ABC) makes it, unlike most public firms that have been considered for privatization. Privatizing this firm would result in the Commonwealth of Virginia losing over $250 million from its General Fund annually and would negatively impact the state’s labor market. This policy brief examines the economic, financial, and political motivations to privatize state-owned enterprises and discusses the implications that privatizing the VA ABC would have on the Commonwealth.

Associations between state-level general population alcohol policies and drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age: Results from 1984 to 2020 National Alcohol Surveys.

Policies specific to alcohol use during pregnancy have not been found to reduce risks related to alcohol use during pregnancy. In contrast, general population alcohol policies are protective for the general population. Here, we assessed whether US state-level general population alcohol policies are related to drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age. We conducted secondary analyses of 1984-2020 National Alcohol Survey data (N = 13,555 women ≤44 years old). State-level policy exposures were government control of liquor retail sales, heavy beer at gas stations, heavy beer at grocery stores, liquor at grocery stores, Sunday off-premise liquor sales, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) driving limits (no law, 0.10 limit, 0.05-0.08 limit). Outcomes were past 12-month number of drinks, ≥5 drink days, ≥8 drink days, and any DSM-IV alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. Regressions adjusted for individual and state-level controls, clustering by state, and included fixed effects for survey month and year. Allowing Sunday off-premise liquor sales versus not was related to having 1.20 times as many drinks (95% CI: 1.01, 1.42), 1.41 times as many ≥5 drink days (95% CI: 1.08, 1.85), and 1.91 times as many ≥8 drink days (95% CI: 1.28, 2.83). BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving versus no BAC limit was related to 0.51 times fewer drinks (95% CI: 0.27, 0.96), 0.28 times fewer days with ≥5 drinks (95% CI: 0.10, 0.75), and 0.20 times fewer days with ≥8 drinks (95% CI: 0.08, 0.47). US state-level policies prohibiting Sunday off-premise liquor sales and BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving are related to less past 12-month overall and heavy drinking among women 18-44 years old.

Effects of Sunday Liquor Sales Legalization on Alcohol Policy Attitudes and Alcohol Purchasing Behavior.

We examined how legalization of Sunday alcohol sales relates to attitudes towards Sunday sales, and how both attitudes and alcohol consumption patterns relate to Sunday alcohol purchasing. A total of 1,384 adults of legal drinking age completed a survey one year post-legalization of Sunday sales. A majority of respondents (51%) were supportive of Sunday sales legalization both before and after legalization. People were more likely to support Sunday sales legalization if they reported binge drinking (PR: 2.19; CI: 1.51 3.18). Following Sunday sales legalization, 59% of participants reported purchasing alcohol in Minnesota on Sunday. Binge drinking (PR: 1.39; CI: 1.27, 1.52) or supporting Sunday sales legalization (PR: 1.85; CI: 1.56, 2.17) were associated with higher likelihood of purchasing alcohol on Sunday. Legalizing Sunday sales may have increased access to alcohol for people with more unhealthy drinking behaviors.

Pengelolaan Wisata Syariah Pantai Carocok Painan Menurut Tinjauan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

This study aims to describe how the implementation of Sharia Regional Regulation on the application of halal tourism at carocok beach Painan, South Coastal district. The formulation of the problem of this research is how the Sharia Regional Regulation in encouraging the application of halal tourism on the carocok beach of the South Coastal Regency and what factors are the obstacles to the application of halal tourism on the carocok beach of Painan, South Coastal Regency. This type of research is qualitative research. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation and data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this research show that the implementation of the Sharia Regional Regulation in the South Pesisir district will encourage the implementation of halal tourism and sharia regulations have been implemented as much as possible by the local government, especially for tourist objects, starting from supervision, controlling the sale of liquor in the beach area and the appeal to dress Muslim / muslimah to the people of South Pesisir. Factors that hinder the application of halal tourism at Carocok Painan Beach are the absence of halal certification, lack of understanding of the South Coastal community towards halal tourism, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, no detailed rules related to halal tourism from the local government.

What is the Impact of Alcohol Ban on Prevalence of Undertrial Prisoners of Liquor & Narcotics Drugs Related Acts Violation in Bihar - A Twelve Year (2010-2021) Comparative Cross-Sectional Study?

There is a global prerequisite for making and implementing a diminution strategy in the want of drugs of addiction, both legal and banned, which may otherwise lead to plentiful negative health, family, socio-economic and mental consequences. During the 63rd session of the WHA (World Health Assembly), held at Geneva in May 2010, including India the 193 global member states reached on mutual consensus for global strategies to trim down the detrimental use of alcohol by adopting resolution WHA 63.13. The (GoI) Government of India enforced, The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Act No. 61 of 1985 with guidelines, protocols and essential framework to reduce drug abuse and sale in India. Alcohol causes 3 million deaths per annum globally; responsible for 5.1% of the global burden of disease, gender wise harmful consumption of alcohol is about 7.1% in males compared to 2.2% in females. The Bihar Excise Act, 1915 was amended and new amendment Act, 2016 was enforced from 01.04.2016, vide Gazette Notification No. 1485 dated 05.04.2016. Absolute Prohibition of sale and consumption of liquor in any form was declared in the State of Bihar. Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act, 2016 was notified on 2 October 2016 to put into effect complete ban of alcohol consumption/sale in the territory of Bihar. The key objective of this study is to find out impact of alcohol ban on the prevalence of under trial, Prisoners of Liquor & Narcotics Drugs related Acts violation before the intervention (i.e. alcohol ban) and after alcohol ban. This novel cross sectional research study revealed that there is 1190.39 percent increase in the Under trial, prisoners violating Bihar Liquor & Narcotics Drugs Excise Act after absolute prohibition of sale and consumption of liquor in Bihar, India. Added to this the research study also revealed that there is 355.12 percent and 169.30 percent increase in violation of Liquor & Narcotics Drugs Prohibition Act as well as Liquor & Narcotics Drugs NDPS Act respectively during the period when alcohol is banned in the state of Bihar as compared to same period before alcohol ban.

Does a ban on liquor sales benefit alcohol dependence patients? A study on usage and procurement of alcohol during the COVID-19 lockdown

BACKGROUND: Restricting the availability of alcohol in “dry states” and during the COVID-19 lockdown reveal illegal trading and consumption of illicit liquor leading to deaths and use of alternate harmful substances. The current study aims to fill the gaps in the literature to study alcohol usage and its procurement during its complete ban of sale.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of purposively sampled alcohol-dependent patients (n = 62) was conducted in an OPD setting, comparing two time periods: before and during total lockdown 2020. After reinforcing confidentiality and privacy, data were collected and analyzed.RESULTS: Alcohol usage during the lockdown was positively related to severity of alcohol dependence syndrome (r = 0.67, P = 0.00), quantity of alcohol consumed (r = 0.59, P = 0.00), and its cost of procurement (r = 0.43, P = 0.00) before lockdown. During the lockdown, the proportion of consuming alcohol more than or equal to 90 units weekly significantly decreased (Pearson Chi-square = 4.12, P = 0.04) and their predicting factors are rural residential location, moderate-income bracket, low socioeconomic class, and severe alcohol dependence. Furthermore, a significant increase in the proportion of procuring alcohol from the black market or used illicit liquor was observed (Fisher's exact test P = 0.00) with higher odds being associated with illegal procurement before lockdown (odds ratio = 22.00; 95% confidence interval = 3.93–123.28; P = 0.00). Increased use of alternate substances such as nicotine (37.1%) and cannabis (9.7%) during the lockdown was also observed.CONCLUSION: Although alcohol consumed did not significantly differ, illegal sources and money spent on procurement increased during the lockdown. Thus, a legal ban of liquor sales did not benefit alcohol dependence patients, and such restriction availability strategies may benefit from health awareness, treatment, and psychosocial support.

The South Carolina Commission and the Creation of Saskatchewan’s Liquor Dispensary, 1915

ABSTRACT In 1915, responding to significant prohibitionist agitation, the provincial government of Saskatchewan abolished private liquor sales and replaced them with a system of government-run dispensaries. Prior to Saskatchewan’s adoption of a state liquor dispensary system, the model had been tried only once on such a scale in North America, in South Carolina, which abandoned it in 1907. Drawing on the details of Saskatchewan’s commission that investigated the South Carolina system, this article argues that the adaptations made to the system in Saskatchewan were due to a combination of political expediency and a widespread belief in the civilizing power of whiteness and Canadian educational and legal institutions.

S1420 Trends in Retail Alcohol Sales and Alcohol-Related Admissions at a Tertiary Medical Center in Pennsylvania During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Alcohol sales increased nationwide during the pandemic but this trend was reversed in Pennsylvania as state owned liquor stores closed for three months at the beginning of the pandemic. The effect of this change on hospital admissions for alcohol related diagnoses during the height of the pandemic is unknown. Our study aims to characterize the relation between alcohol sales during the early pandemic and the rates of alcohol related admissions compared to the year prior in a rural Pennsylvania area within a tertiary health system. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of the Geisinger network hospital admissions for alcohol-related diagnoses using CDC ARDI Alcohol-related ICD-10 codes between March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 (Period 1) and March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 (Period 2) compared with county-level sales data from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board and the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue. The relationship between monthly alcohol related admissions and monthly liquor sales was tested with linear regression models. Differences between male and female mortality between period 1 and period 2 were compared using generalized estimating equations. We also compared in-hospital, 30, 90, and 180 day all -cause mortality between the two periods. Results: We identified 6297 admissions of 4335 unique patients in the study period. There was no statistically significant association between monthly alcohol- related admissions and alcohol sales (p = 0.2758) in the selected study period (Figure). Male mortality during the admission (1.8% vs 1.0%, p = 0.0299) and at 30 day post discharge (3.0% vs 2.4%, p = 0.0306) were greater in the second period compared to the first. Fewer women died in the second period from March 2020 to March 2021 compared to March 2019 to February 2020 (7.1% vs 10.7%, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The lack of a significant relationship between alcohol sales and related admissions may be related to fluctuations in the incidence of individual alcohol-related diagnoses or the limitations of using sales as a proxy for consumption. The difference in male vs female mortality between the two periods may be related to higher male mortality from COVID-19 which has been observed worldwide. Further studies are required to assess the impact of COVID-19 on alcohol-specific GI and liver diseases. Although measures restricting alcohol sales have been used to lower the health impact of alcohol, such measures may not be as effective in a setting of COVID-19 pandemic.Figure 1.: There was no association between monthly alcohol related admissions and monthly alcohol sales (p = 0.2758) in the period from March 1, 2019 to January 31, 2021. The drastic drop occurring in admissions in April through March 2020 is likely due to the transition of instore sales to online sales and overall decreased admissions at the start of the COVID pandemic.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH TERHADAP PEMBERANTASAN MINUMAN KERAS (DALAM PENEGAKAN PERDA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2012)

The purpose of this research is to find out the extent of the implementation of local government policies in the eradication of liquor (In Enforcement of Regional Regulation Number 21 of 2012). In the process of this research, the researcher uses a type of qualitative research. By collecting data using observation and interviews. In the eradication of alcoholism, strict supervision from the government is needed. Liquor is a drink that contains a high alcohol content causing the consumer to lose consciousness, in Lombong Village there are still many distributions of liquor that do not have a distribution permit, thereby increasing the number of liquor users and making room for liquor consumption. The policy carried out by the Lombong Village government in eradicating liquor based on Regional Regulation Number 21 of 2012, concerning the procurement, distribution, sale, supervision, and control of liquor, was unable to reduce the number of distribution and abuse of liquor in the Lombong village community, because it was influenced by no the existence of strict sanctions from the local government, the habits of the Lombong village community and low education.

Alih Profesi Menjadi Penjual Minuman Keras (MIRAS) Ilegal Pasca Pandemi Covid-19

This study aims to determine the change in the profession of citizens to become sellers of illegal liquor in post the Covid-19 pandemic on Jalan Baru Abepura, Jayapura City. This is qualitative research with the paradigm of social phenomenology, by conducting observations and interviews, using flow chart analysis techniques from Milles B. Huberman. The results of the study: Sales of the liquor increased on holidays, Christmas and New Year. The rise of liquor sellers caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic. This happens because community activities have an impact on the lack of income in people's lives so that it is a way to find other business opportunities. The sale of liquor is carried out by immigrants from outside Papua who inhabit the area. They know each other and are managed together. The increase in the consumption of liquor has caused unrest among the people of the city of Jayapura. Unscrupulous officers unilaterally forced liquor sellers on the roadside to ask for money as a condition that must be met to avoid raids. Unscrupulous officials give the existence of raids on illegal liquor sellers so that they can continue to operate through agreements and agreements, so that raid officers can be identified, and sellers can carry out their trade without having to be with informed officers.

Learning to Set Prices

The authors empirically examine how firms learn to set prices in a new market. The 2012 privatization of off-premises liquor sales in Washington State created a unique opportunity to observe retailers learning to set prices from the beginning of the learning process. Tracking this market as it evolved through time, the authors find that firms indeed learn to set more profitable prices, that these prices increasingly reflect demand fundamentals, and that prices ultimately converge to levels consistent with (static) profit maximization. The authors further demonstrate that initial pricing mistakes are largest for products whose demand conditions differ the most from those of previously privatized markets, that retailers with previous experience in the category are initially better informed, and that learning is faster for products with more precise sales information. These findings indicate that firm behavior converges to rational models of firm conduct, but such convergence takes time to unfold and plays out differently for different firms. These patterns suggest the important roles of firms’ learning and heterogeneous firm capabilities.

A Healthy Public Policy, Who’s Effectiveness bas been Proven: Restriction of Liquor Sales Hour

This study sought to relate the impact of the time restriction on liquor sales with violent deaths due to alcohol consumption. In 2011 based on an ecological comparison study between 2 districts of Lima, one with restriction and one without, evidenced the difference in the incidence of injuries of external cause related to alcohol. Therefore, the municipality of Lima promulgated ordinance 1586, which established the restriction of liquor sales hours in the 43 districts that make up metropolitan Lima and gave a period of 3 years to establish it. The Institute of Legal Medicine of Lima sent monthly the ethnographic characteristics of violent deaths related to alcohol. This ordinance has shown that it is capable of reducing violent deaths related to alcohol in traffic crashes, hit-and-runs, homicides, and suicides, fundamentally in men, young people, days of the week and time of the greatest incidence. There was also an increase in the age frequency of deaths of traffic accidents by year of the ordinance

“Tyazhelyy biznes”: torgovlya alkogolem v selakh Chukotki

The article describes the organization of alcohol trade in remote and hard-to-reach Chukchi villages, and the social relations that arise around the sale of alcohol. The analysis is based on field research conducted by the author from 2003 to 2021 in ten settlements of the Chukotka Autonomous District. The differences between the trade process, the premises where the transaction takes place, and the temporal modes of the operation of village stores and illegal “outlets” for the sale of liquor are examined. The author analyzes how rural community practices of adopting alcohol sale time limits in the countryside have affected the daily rhythms of people who drink alcohol. The establishment of a temporal framework is conceptualized as a strategy for the community to gain power over alcohol consumers through body discipline. It is concluded that one of the important reasons for the existence of the illegal alcohol business in the village is the round-the-clock operation of the “point”. It allows the buyer to not postpone their need for alcohol, but to satisfy it at any time. Illegal sellers violate not only the temporal framework for selling liquor adopted at the village meeting, they also violate the social restrictions that the community imposed on the right to buy alcohol. At the same time, the local government and the villagers who do not consume alcohol need the resources and social connections of the illegal vendor. This contradictory situation puts them in the position of a marginalized person.

Efektivitas Perda Minuman Keras

The background of this research problem is the effectiveness of the implementation of the Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2005. This of course has an impact on the lack of level of public understanding of local regulations regarding the prohibition of the sale and distribution of liquor, it causes more and more people to sell and distribute liquor. The formulation of the problem of this research is how the effectiveness of implementing the regional regulations of the City of Padangsidimpuan Number 7 of 2005 concerning the prohibition of the sale and distribution of liquor in the VII Environment of Batunadua Jae Village, Padangsidimpuan City and the factors that become obstacles in the implementation of the Padangsidimpuan City area Number 7 of 2005 concerning the prohibition of sales and distribution. liquor in the VII Ward of Batunadua Jae Urban Village, Padangsidimpuan City. This type of research used by researchers is field research (field research) which took place in the KelurahanBatunaduajae and the Office of the SATPOL PP Padangsidimpuan City. So to find out the results or the correctness of the problems in this study, researchers used data collection instruments by means of interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, data management is done by identification, category, analysis, and conclusions. The results obtained from this study indicate that the implementation of regional regulation number 7 of 2005 concerning the prohibition of the sale and distribution of liquor has not been effective, because there are still many fields that sell and distribute liquor in the VII Ward of Batunadua Jae Village, Padangsidimpuan City.

청소년이 배달음식점을 통한 주류구매 시 나이 확인 여부와 언어네트워크를 활용한 청소년 음주조장환경에 관한 인식

Purpose: This study explored the physical availability of alcoholic beverages to adolescents through online liquor sales, based on a semantic network analysis. Method: Two methods were used: 1) first, an experimental study was conducted of 300 restaurants with app and phone delivery to verify whether the IDs of adolescents were checked when purchasing alcoholic beverages; then, 2) focus group interviews with two groups (adolescent drinkers and adolescent non-drinkers) were carried out to explore characteristics of the physical availability of alcoholic beverages to adolescents, drinking motives, alcohol advertising, and drinking behaviors. Differences in ID checks in the Seoul area, delivery application type, day of the week, and delivery food type were analyzed using a frequency analysis test. A semantic network analysis was used to investigate the relationship between keywords. The network characteristics were identified using a community analysis. Results: Only 14.7% of online sales checked whether an ID or guardian was present. Thirty-seven and 20 meaningful keywords were extracted from the texts of adolescent drinkers and non-drinkers, respectively, and the community analysis revealed four sub-communities: 1) peer inluences, alcohol advertisement, physical availability of alcohol, and liquor sales for adolescent drinkers and 2) physical availability of alcohol, Alcohol temptations, alcohol-related images, and online liquor sales for non-drinkers. Keywords gave the impression of a tolerant drinking culture. The adolescents’ alcohol use was associated with the ease of physically obtaining alcohol, their positive perceptions of alcohol, family factors, peer influences, and social and cultural aspects of alcohol consumption in general. Although alcohol should not be explicitly sold to adolescents, the results of this study confirmed that it was easy for adolescents to purchase alcoholic beverages. They also confirmed that the main channel for adolescents to experience drinking or to come into contact with alcoholic beverages was the family environment, i.e., their parents’ tolerant attitude toward alcohol. Conclusion: Therefore, for the prevention of drinking among adolescents, targeting only adolescents is not effective, and a campaign to raise awareness and change the overall drinking culture of society is needed.

Iowa Liquor Sales Data Predictive Analysis Using Spark

The paper aims to analyze and predict sales of liquor in the state of Iowa by applying machine learning algorithms to models built for prediction. We have taken recourse of Azure ML and Spark ML for our predictive analysis, which is legacy machine learning (ML) systems and Big Data ML, respectively. We have worked on the Iowa liquor sales dataset comprising of records from 2012 to 2019 in 24 columns and approximately 1.8 million rows. We have concluded by comparing the models with different algorithms applied and their accuracy in predicting the sales using both Azure ML and Spark ML. We find that the Linear Regression model has the highest precision and Decision Forest Regression has the fastest computing time with the sample data set using the legacy Azure ML systems. Decision Tree Regression model in Spark ML has the highest accuracy with the quickest computing time for the entire data set using the Big Data Spark systems.

Washington's liquor license system and alcohol-related adverse health outcomes.

In June 2012, Washington state (USA) implemented Initiative 1183, privatizing liquor sales. As a result, off-premises outlets increased from 330 to over 1400 and trading hours lengthened. Increased availability of liquor may lead to increased consumption. This study examines the impact of Initiative 1183 on alcohol-related adverse health outcomes, measured by inpatient hospitalizations for alcohol-related disorders and accidental injuries. It further assesses heterogeneity by urbanicity, because outlets increased most in metropolitan-urban areas. County-by-quarter difference-in-difference linear regression models, estimated statewide and within metropolitan/rural strata. Data are from AHRQ Healthcare Cost and Utilization State Inpatient Database 2010-2014 and HHS Area Health Resource File 2010-2014. Changes in the rates of hospitalizations in the 2.5years following Initiative 1183 in Washington (n=39 counties) are compared with changes in Oregon (n=36 counties). County rates of hospitalizations per 1000 residents, including all records with any-listed ICD-9 Clinical Classification Software code denoting an alcohol-related disorder, and all records with any-listed external cause of injury code denoting an accidental injury. The increase in the rate of accidental injury hospitalizations in Washington's metropolitan-urban counties was on average 0.289 hospitalizations per 1000 county residents per quarter greater than the simultaneous increase observed in Oregon (P=0.017). This result was robust to alternative specifications using a propensity score matched sample and synthetic control methods with data from other comparison states. The evidence did not suggest that Initiative 1183 was associated with differential changes in the rate of hospitalizations for alcohol-related disorders in metropolitan-urban (P=0.941), non-metropolitan-urban (P=0.162), or rural counties (P=0.876). Implementing Washington's Initiative 1183 (privatizing liquor sales) appears to have been associated with a significant increase in the rate of accidental injury hospitalizations in urban counties in that state but does not appear to be significantly associated with changes in the rate of hospitalizations specifically for alcohol-related disorders within 2.5years.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on people with alcohol use disorder in Kerala– An observation from Thrissur district

The novel coronavirus pandemic had caused the closure of beverage outlets in Kerala in late March 2020. There were a few suicides in the immediate period, which were highlighted in the media attributing to non-availability of alcohol. An observational study of patients admitted at the De-addiction Centre, NEST and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute was done. We recorded our observations from the closure of the beverage outlets until two weeks after. Though the government anticipated at least 100 patients, we encountered only 17. Those admitted were brought in delirium, with seizures or injuries sustained during delirium. The possible reasons behind this disparity are discussed which included the sale of illicit liquor or use of home-made preparations. The current situation arose due to a lack of planning and sudden closure of beverage outlets without warning being issued to mental health professionals. Opinions regarding steps to be taken for similar situations in the future are posited.