Liquor Ammonia Research Articles

Cross-sensitivity and selectivity studies on ZnO surface acoustic wave ammonia sensor

ZnO coated one-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators are used as ammonia sensor in the present study. The cross-sensitivity of the sensor with commonly available volatile organic compounds (VOCs)/gases has been analyzed. An interesting feature through which the presence of ammonia can be differentiated from rest of the vapors/gases has been observed. The differential frequency shift (Δ f) of the sensor is positive for liquor ammonia and negative for the rest. Further Δ f for ammonia in the presence of water vapors is found to be positive. The sensor has good sensitivity, selectivity, reversibility and repeatability. The results are analyzed by considering possible sensing mechanisms such as electrical loading, elastic loading and mass loading. The results suggest the possibility of utilizing the ZnO coated sensor for the efficient selective detection of ammonia.

Production and separation of no-carrier-added 208,209,210At produced from heavy ion activation on natural thallium target

No-carrier-added (nca) 208,209,210At was produced for the first time from 9Be induced reaction on thallium carbonate target at BARC-TIFR pelletron, Mumbai, India. The target of 4 mg/cm2 thickness was prepared by centrifugation technique. Nca At was separated from the thallium target by liquid–liquid extraction using liquid cation exchanger HDEHP dissolved in cyclohexane and liquor ammonia.

Development and testing of an evaluation procedure for commercial manure additive products

Manure additive products can be used to reduce odour emissions (OE) from livestock farms. The standardised evaluation of these manure additive products under specific farm conditions is important. In this study, the efficacy of a manure additive (WonderTreat(TM), CKLS, Inc., Hong-Kong) was assessed under Australian conditions utilising a combination of laboratory and field-scale evaluation techniques. As a first step, the efficacy of the manure additive was assessed in a laboratory-scale trial using a series of uniformly managed digesters and standard odour, liquor ammonia and hydrogen sulphide concentration measurement procedures. This showed that the addition of WonderTreat(TM) at the 'low dose rate' (LDR) (102.6 g m-2) used during the trial significantly, but only marginally (30%; P = 0.02) reduced the OE rate (mean 13.9 OU m-2 s-1) of anaerobic pig liquor relative to an untreated control (UC) (19.9 OU m-2 s-1). However, the 'high dose rate' (HDR) (205.3 g m-2) also assessed during the trial preformed similarly (19.7 OU m-2 s-1) to the UC. No statistically significant difference in the concentrations of a range of measured water quality variables at the 5% level was observed between the treatments or controls digesters. As a second step, a field-scale assessment of the manure additive was undertaken at a commercial piggery. Two piggery manure lagoons (each with approximately 2500 m2 surface area) were included in the study; one was treated with WonderTreat(TM) while the other was used as control. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed using olfactometric evaluation of odour samples collected from the surface of the pond using a dynamic wind tunnel and ancillary equipment. No statistically significant reduction in OE rate could be demonstrated (P = 0.35), partially due to the limited number of samples taken during the assessment. However, there was a numerical reduction in the average OE rate of the treatment pond (29 OU m-2 s-1 at 1 m s-1) compared to the control lagoon (38 OU m-2 s-1 at 1 m s-1).

Molecular identification and anticancer activity of alkylphenol from cashew nut shell oil (Anacardium occidentale) grown In Timor Island

Isolation of anacardic acid and cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid and their cytotoxic activity to on ward HeLa cancer cell line has been done. The objective of this research is to isolate and identify anacardic acid and cardanol from CNSL along with their cytototoxic activity towards HeLa cancer cell lines. Anacardic acid was isolated as calcium anacardate. Hydrolisis of this acid with acid chloride yields anacardic acid . Liquor ammonia was added to the acid-free CNSL and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (98:2) to isolate cardanol and with ethyl acetate/hexane (80:20) to separate cardol. Cardanol was obtained as the main chemical component of CNSL derived from Kupang district. Anacardic acid and cardanol was analyzed using IR and GC-MS. Anticancer activity of chemical components of CNSL against HeLa cancer cell lines were studied using MTT. Cytotoxic activity test showed that CNSL, anacardic acid and cardanol can be developed as anticancer agent. Key words : CNSL, anacardic acid, cardanol, anticancer.

Ultrasonic study of vanadium myristate in liquor ammonia

The ultrasonic velocity of vanadium myristate confirms that there is a significant interaction between the solute-solvent molecules in dilute solutions and the carboxylate molecules do not aggregate appreciably in dilute solutions. The value of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) for vanadium myristate is in agreement with those obtained from other physical parameters. The effects of concentration and chain length of soap on ultrasonic velocity and the various acoustic parameters (adiabatic compressibility, specific acoustic impedance, intermolecular free length, apparent molar compressibility, apparent volume, molar sound velocity, molar sound compressibility and solvation number) have been investigated.

Production and separation of Astatine Radionuclides: Some new addition to Astatine Chemistry

For the first time no-carrier-added (nca) 209,210At radionuclides were produced by heavy ion ( 7Li) activation from 4 mg/cm 2 lead nitrate target. Astatine was separated from the bulk target by three different approaches. Nca astatine radionuclide was selectively partitioned in the (i) polymer rich phase of an aqueous biphasic system consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 (50% w/w) and 2 M Na 2SO 4 solution (ii) aqueous phase of a liquid liquid extraction system being comprised of a liquid cation exchanger, HDEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) (0.5%) and liquor ammonia (iii) liquid phase of a solid liquid extraction system of cation exchange resin Dowex-50 and 10 −6 M HCl. Very high separation factors have been achieved in all the three methods.

Characterization and sintering of BaZrO 3 nanoparticles synthesized through a single-step combustion process

Barium zirconate (BaZrO 3) nanoparticles synthesized by a self-sustained single-step combustion process is reported in this paper. In this process, a phase pure nanopowder of BaZrO 3 has been obtained by the combustion of an aqueous solution containing Ba and Zr ions by using citric acid as complexing agent and liquor ammonia as fuel, thus giving rise to phase pure BaZrO 3 nanopowder in a single-step combustion without any further calcination. The X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the as-prepared powder was single phase, crystalline, and has a cubic perovskite structure (ABO 3) with a lattice constant a = 4.19 Å. The average particle size calculated from FWHM is ∼30 nm. The phase purity of BaZrO 3 nanopowder has been examined using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The transmission electron microscopic investigation has shown that the particle size of the as-prepared powder was in the range 30–50 nm with a mean size of 40 nm. The nano BaZrO 3 has been sintered to a density of 99% of the theoretical density at 1650 °C in 2 h without the use of any sintering aids. The morphology of the sintered pellets has been studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dielectric constant ( ɛ r) and loss factor (tan δ) values obtained at 10 MHz for a well-sintered barium zirconate pellet has been found to be 32.2 and 1 × 10 −4, respectively, at room temperature.

Estimation of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride in Tablets by Derivative Spectrophotometry and Liquid Chromatographic Methods

Two simple and accurate methods of analysis to determine pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) and mefformin hydrochloride (MET) in combined dosage forms were developed using second-derivative spectrophotometry and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC). PIO and MET in combined preparations (tablets) were quantified using the second-derivative responses at 227.55 nm for PIO and 257.25 nm for MET in spectra of their solutions in a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (30 + 70). The calibration curves were linear [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9984 for PIO and 0.9986 for MET] in the concentration range of 8-40 microg/mL for PIO and 4-12 microg/mL for MET. In the LC method, analysis was performed on a Hypersil ODS-C18 column with 5 microm particle size using the mobile phase acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (75 + 25 + 0.3), adjusted to pH 5.5 with liquor ammonia, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Measurement was made at a wavelength of 230 nm. Both the drugs were well resolved on the stationary phase, and the retention times were 8.5 min for PIO and 16.0 min for MET. The calibration curves were linear (r = 0.9933 for PIO and 0.9958 for MET) in the concentration range of 4-20 microg/mL for PIO and MET. Both methods were validated, and the results were compared statistically. They were found to be accurate, precise, and specific. The methods were successfully applied to the estimation of PIO and MET in combined tablet formulations.

Reaction kinetics of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzonitrile to benzylamine using Raney nickel catalyst

The liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile to benzylamine was carried out in 2-propanol using Raney nickel as a catalyst. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure (500–2000 kPa), reaction temperature (328–358 K), catalyst loading (2–8 g dm −3), benzonitrile concentration (0.4–1.6 mol dm −3) and additives (acetic acid, water and liquor ammonia) on the hydrogenation of benzonitrile and the yield of benzylamine have been studied. The speed of stirring >15 rps has no effect on the initial rate of reaction. Effect of various solvents (2-propanol, methanol and dimethylformamide) on the hydrogenation of benzonitrile has been investigated. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to the hydrogen partial pressure and benzonitrile concentration. The activation energy for the catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile was found to be 60.27 kJ mol −1.

Recovery of Ammonium Nitrate and Reusable Acetic Acid from Effluent Generated during HMX Production

Production of HMX on commercial scale is mainly carried out by modified Bachmann process, and acetic acid constitutes major portion of effluenttspent liquor produced during this process. The recovery of glacial acetic acid from this spent liquor is essential to make the process commercially viable besides making it eco-friendly by minimising the quantity of disposable effluent. The recovery of glacial acetic acid from spent liquor is not advisable by simple distillation since it contains, in addition to acetic acid, a small fraction of nitric acid, traces of RDX, HMX, and undesired nitro compounds. The process normally involves neutralising the spent mother liquor with liquor ammonia and then distillating the ueutralised mother liquor under vacuum to recover dilute acetic acid (strength approx. 30 %). The dilute acetic acid, in turn, is concentrated to glacial acetic acid by counter current solvent extraction, followed by distillation. The process is very lengthy and the energy requirement is also very high, rendering the process economically unviable. Hence, a novel method has been developed on bench-scale to obtain glacial acetic acid directly from the mother liquor after the second ageing process.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Newer Derivatives of Pyrido[2,3‐d; 6,5‐d′]dipyrimidines.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Mechanism and kinetics of thermal decomposition of ammoniacal complex of copper oxalate

A complex precursor has been synthesized by dissolving copper oxalate in liquor ammonia followed by drying. The thermal decomposition of the precursor has been studied in different atmospheres, air/nitrogen. The mechanism of decomposition of the precursor in air is not as simple one as in nitrogen. In nitrogen, it involves endothermic deammoniation followed by decomposition to finely divided elemental particles of copper. Whereas in air, decomposition and simultaneous oxidation of the residual products (oxidative decomposition), make the process complex and relatively bigger particle of cupric oxide are obtained as final product. The products of decomposition in different atmospheres have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and particle size analysis. The stoichiometric formula, Cu(NH 3) 2C 2O 4 of the precursor is established from elemental analysis and TG measurements, and it is designated as copper amino oxalate (CAO). In nitrogen atmosphere, the deammoniation and decomposition have been found to be zero and first order, respectively. The values of activation energy have been found to be 102.52 and 95.38 kJ/mol for deammoniation and decomposition, respectively.

Studies of natrolite type natural zeolite and its cation-exchanged and adsorbed derivatives with cadmium(II) and NH3 and H2S

These studies are based on the investigation carried out on the cation-exchange and adsorption bahavior of a natrolite-type natural zeolite collected as a geological specimen as a powdered sample. Cd-natrolite was prepared with saturated aqueous cadmiun(II) sulfate solution with continuous shaking at 60° for maximum interaction. A portion of this exchanged derivative was then heated over a Nicker burner for several days in a nickel crucible. Both the original and the preheated Cd I I -zeolite samples were also interacted with gaseous H 2 S and liquor ammonia to study their sorption capacity and preheating affects. All the derivatives and the original zeolite before and after heating were analyzed by XRD, FTIR and thermal methods.

Novel method for isolation of major phenolic constituents from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid.

Commercially available cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid (CNSL) mainly contains the phenolic constituents anacardic acid, cardol, and cardanol. These phenolic constituents are themselves heterogeneous, and each of them contains saturated, monoene, diene, and trienes in the fifteen-carbon side chain. This communication describes the separation of anacardic acid, cardol, and cardanol for industrial application. Anacardic acid was selectively isolated as calcium anacardate. The acid-free CNSL was treated with liquor ammonia and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (98:2) to separate the mono phenolic component, cardanol. Subsequently, ammonia solution was extracted with ethyl acetate/hexane (80:20) to obtain cardol.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Butanediol Dimethacrylate Cross-Linked Polystyrene: A Flexible Support for Gel Phase Peptide Synthesis

We have developed a new cross-linked polymeric support by the copolymerization of styrene and butanediol dimethacrylate (BDODMA) for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. The resin support was synthesized in various cross-linking densities by radical aqueous suspension polymerization. The copolymer was characterized by IR and 13C NMR techniques. The shape, size, and morphological features of the cross-linked polymer bead were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. PS-BDODMA polymer support showed excellent swelling properties in all types of solvents that are used in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The stability of polymer in various reagents and solvents was tested by IR. The polymer does not show any change in its IR spectrum even after 48 h treatment with TFA, 20% piperidine in DMF, aqueous NaOH, hydroxylamine in aqueous MeOH, and liquor ammonia. The resin can be functionalized with chloromethyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl groups under various reaction conditions. The efficiency of this new support was demonstrated by the synthesis of few model peptides with very high purity and yield. These peptides were characterized by MALDI TOF MS and amino acid analysis.

Biological Fluidized‐Bed Treatment of Wastewater from Byproduct Coking Operations: Full‐Scale Case History

The Algoma Steel byproduct coke plant consists of three coke‐oven batteries capable of producing approximately 3 000 t/d of coke. The source of the primary process wastewater from the coke plant is the excess flushing liquor or weak ammonia liquor produced during initial cooling of coke‐oven gases. This raw liquor stream is directed to an ammonia still where ammonia is recovered through steam stripping. Wastewater is then directed to a biological treatment plant designed for phenolics removal. The biological treatment scheme used at Algoma is a fluidized‐bed reactor (FBR) system. Design of the system anticipated a median phenolic load of 1 117 kg/d (2 463 lb/d), consisting of a phenolics concentration of 1 012 mg/L in the wastewater and a flow of 46.1 m3/h (203 gpm). Nine days after start‐up, the FBRs were receiving more than 40 m3/h of wastewater containing 1 000 mg/L of phenolics and an approximately equal amount of clean mill water, added as dilution water for temperature control. Effluent from the system contained less than 5 mg/L phenolics. During a 6‐week performance assessment of the system, which began approximately 2 weeks after process start‐up, FBRs achieved more than 99% phenolics reduction based on diluted wastewater feed concentration. Approximately 5 weeks after process start‐up, thiocyanate in the effluent was reduced to less than 5 mg/L, representing approximately 95% removal based on diluted wastewater feed concentration. At this time the biomass concentration, measured as volatile solids, in the FBRs was greater than 15 g/L.

Effect of lasalocid sodium and molasses on performance of fattening lambs and on rumen liquor and blood parameters.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sugar beet molasses (0, 8 and 16%) with or without lasalocid sodium (33 ppm) on rumen liquor and blood parameters of sheep, and on fattening reared Karagouniko breed lambs. In Expt. 1 six adult Karagouniko fistulated wethers were fed six different pelleted diets. The results showed that lasalocid decreased (P less than 0.01) total VFAs concentration in the rumen (7.1%) by reducing (P less than 0.001) acetic, n-butyric and iso-valeric acids while increased (P less than 0.001) propionic acid concentrations. The same trends were observed in molar proportions of the individual VFAs. The total VFAs production was also depressed by 13.75% when molasses were used at the level of 16%. No interaction among the main treatments was observed with the exception of L X M with 16% molasses where the propionic acid concentration decreased, and those of butyric and iso-valeric acids increased. Lasalocid did not alter the mean values of rumen liquor pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration while molasses increased the later parameter. No significant differences on dietary protein degradability were observed among treatments. Lasalocid reduced the beta-HBA concentration by 13% in the blood while molasses increased it (P less than 0.001). Free fatty acids' concentration was decreased by the molasses inclusion to the diets, while lasalocid didn't alter blood glucose concentration. Finally, the number of protozoa in the rumen liquor was reduced by 49 and 70% at 0 and 5 hours post feeding respectively with the addition of lasalocid to the diets, regardless of the use of molasses. In Expt. 2 utilized 86 weaned male Karagouniko fattening lambs, with initial mean LW 13 kg, for 60 days. They were assigned to six groups and fed ad libitum with diets of the same composition as in Exp 1. Lasalocid increased the growth rate by 8.6%, reduced feed consumption by 4.8% (P less than 0.005) and improved feed conversion by 11.8%. Molasses also improved growth rate by 16-34% and increased feed consumption by 15-22%. The interaction of L X M to feed consumption was significant (P less than 0.001). None of the treatments had an effect on carcass characteristics. Finally lasalocid showed its positive action when it was used in combination with molasses in ruminants' diets.

Effects of Alternating High and Medium Concentrate Diets on Fermentation in a Semi-Continuous Rumen Culture System

A semi-continuous culture system was used to determine effects of percent dietary concentrate and method of feeding on in vitro fermentation. Treatments consisted of four feeding regimens 1) 85% concentrate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900h; 2) alternate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700h and 55% concentrate fed at 1900h; 3) 70% concentrate: equal mixture of the 85 and 55% concentrate diets fed at 0700 and 1900h, and 4) 55% concentrate: 55% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900h. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations and molar proportions of propionate were highest for the 85% concentrate regimen with no differences among other treatments. Acetate (molar proportion) was lower for the high concentrate diet than for other treatments. Concentrations of fermentation liquor ammonia were 13.4, 11.7, 12.6, and 9.8mg/100ml for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70%, and 55% concentrate groups. Culture pH was similar for all treatments. Apparent organic matter digestibilities were 41.0, 40.1, 39.6, and 34.6% and true organic matter digestibilities were 46.3, 45.4, 44.4, and 39.5% for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70%, and 55% concentrate regimens. Bacterial numbers were 1.06, 1.33, .86, and .85×109 per ml.

Performance, Rumen and Blood Metabolites in High-Yielding Cows Fed Varying Protein Percents and Protected Soybean

Three groups of 20 multiparous high-yielding cows were fed during the first 122 days after calving diets containing 16, 16, and 20% crude protein. Protein of soybean meal in the diet of only the first group was protected with formaldehyde. The calculated crude protein intakes, including maintenance, per kilogram of milk, were 71, 76, and 96g. Average 122-day milk yields of cows were 40.4, 38.9, and 38.4 kg/day, but solids-corrected milk yields were almost identical. Rumen liquor ammonia and urea concentration in blood plasma were 8.6, 10.0, and 17.3 mg/100ml liquor and 8.4, 8.8, and 15.4 mg/100ml plasma. Cows fed the protected soybean diet had lower total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumens and higher molar percentages of propionate but lower percentage of butyrate than cows of the two other groups. Likewise, during wk 7 to 17 after calving, cows of the protected soybean group had a lower fat and protein milk content. Conception rates were 69, 56, and 44%, and open days were 84, 98, and 102.

The Influence of Gas Works Liquors on Sewage and its Treatment, by ARTHUR KEY, Ph.D., B.Sc., Research Chemist to the Liquor Effluents and Ammonia Committee, Institution of Gas Engineers

The Influence of Gas Works Liquors on Sewage and its Treatment, by ARTHUR KEY, Ph.D., B.Sc., Research Chemist to the Liquor Effluents and Ammonia Committee, Institution of Gas Engineers