Liquid Ratio Research Articles

Integrative process of extraction and purification of tagitinin C using ethanolic two-phase system based on protic ionic liquids

Tithonia diversifolia is a tropical plant composed of several compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to design a sequential process for the extraction of tagitinin C from T. diversifolia using organic solvents (acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, and ethanol) and purification in the ethanolic two-phase system (ETPS) formed by protic ionic liquids (PILs), polypropylene glycol 2000 (PPG-2000) and ethanol, reported here for the first time. The extraction process variables such as type of solvent, solid–liquid ratio, temperature, and process time were evaluated. Ethanol was the best tagitinin C extracting agent (702.1 µg/mL). Phase diagrams were constructed using PPG-2000, PIL, and ethanol at 298.15 K. The sequencing with the purification process occurred by adding the other constituents directly into the ethanol extract. Tagitinin C preferentially migrated to the top phase (rich in PPG-2000), while phenolic compounds (contaminants) were partitioned mainly to the opposite phase (PIL-rich phase). ETPS formed by [2HEA][Ac] (15.52 wt%) + PPG 2000 (49.91 wt%) + ethanol (34.57 wt%) at 298.15 K presented the highest selectivity (S = 18.3), extraction efficiency in the top phase (EE% = 86 %) and purification factor (3.4-fold), demonstrating the ability of ETPS to selectively and sequentially extract and purify tagitinin C.

Kinetics and dynamics of Gas-liquid separation and bubble generation in surfactant solutions: Role of bulk/interfacial properties and hydrodynamic conditions

Understanding the kinetics and dynamics of gas–liquid separation and bubble generation in surfactant solutions is important for many industrial applications. To explore the potential mechanisms affecting the physical properties (expansion ratio, bubble size, and foam stability) of foams and bubbles, the surface tension of the solution, including the equilibrium and dynamic properties, was investigated. Then, the morphology of the surfactant aggregates was explored by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Based on these experimental results, the effects of various physical and chemical factors (including the relative concentration of surfactant, dynamic surface tension, surface coverage, surface elasticity, surface mobility, aggregate morphology, etc.) on the expansion ratio and bubble size were analysed to identify which “universal” parameters can explain the phenomenon for all aqueous solutions in the gas–liquid separation process. Research has shown that the morphology of aggregates in a solution largely determines the surface properties of the solution at 1.5 ms (surface tension, surface coverage, surface elasticity, and so on). These surface properties significantly affect the expansion ratio. However, no good correlation was found between bubble size and these surface properties because surfactant vesicles can directly affect bubble size. In addition, the liquid flow rate and gas–liquid ratio have a significant impact on the expansion ratio and bubble size. Ultimately, we found that the foam stability, bubble size, and expansion ration can be described by a simple linear relationship. Our research provides new opinions for further understanding the effects of bulk/interfacial properties and hydrodynamic conditions on the physical properties of bubbles in the gas–liquid separation process.

Using waste to treat waste: Utilizing pickling liquor for detoxification and extraction of valuable elements from electroplating sludge

Addressing the urgent need for sustainable solutions in waste management, this study focuses on the pivotal task of recycling heavy metals from electroplating sludge (ES), a critical issue both environmentally and economically. The research introduces a novel leaching process utilizing pickling liquor as a reagent to extract valuable metals from the sludge. Key parameters such as agitation speed, solid to liquid ratio (S/L), temperature, and duration were examined to optimize the leaching rate. Results revealed impressive extraction rates, with 92.33 % Cr, 89.49 % Cu, and 89.59 % Ni extracted within 120 min from S/L 10 g/L, at 300 rpm, and 25 °C. However, it was noted that increasing temperature negatively impacted the leaching rate and led to the formation of undesirable compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified gypsum and potassium jarosite as predominant compounds formed on the leaching residues at different temperatures of 25 °C and 45 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) illustrated significant morphological changes in the residues, indicating the influence of temperature on compound formation. Additionally, environmental risk assessment of the residues was conducted using synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and toxicology characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. In conclusion, this research underscores the promising potential of the developed leaching process using pickling liquor to reclaim valuable metals from ES. By optimizing parameters and assessing environmental risks, this study contributes to advancing environmentally sound practices in industrial waste management.

Mechanism of one-step hydrothermal nitric acid treatment for producing high adsorption capacity porous materials from coal gasification fine slag

The increasing amount of coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) necessitates its resource utilization. CGFS, mainly composed of porous carbonaceous particles and partially fused spherical or agglomerated ash particles, is an inexpensive and high-quality raw material for preparing adsorbent materials. However, the challenge remains in developing a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method to produce high-performance porous materials from CGFS. In this study, a one-step treatment method using 2 mol/L nitric acid under hydrothermal conditions was proposed for CGFS. The adsorbent material (CGFS-2 M) prepared under a solid–liquid ratio of 2:5 and an initial concentration of 200 mg/L methylene blue (MB) exhibited an equilibrium adsorption capacity as high as 210.20 mg/g. The excellent adsorption performance of CGFS-2 M can be attributed to several factors: acid leaching for mineral removal and pore formation, resulting in a specific surface area and total pore volume 2.2 and 1.6 times that of untreated CGFS, respectively, and an optimized mesoporous pore size distribution favorable for MB adsorption; optimal mineral removal and a well-defined carbon microcrystal structure providing more space for MB adsorption; nitric acid treatment increasing the surface oxygen content and hydrophilicity, enhancing its ability to remove MB. The synergistic effect of pore structure improvement and surface modification indicates a feasible research direction for enhancing the performance of CGFS-based adsorbent materials. These results provide theoretical support for the development of efficient CGFS-based adsorbents.

Using gardenia pigment for ultrasonic natural dyeing of hemp fiber: A step towards sustainable dyeing

In recent years, with the country advocating the establishment of a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society, people have been pursuing a green and healthy quality of life. The non-toxic, harmless, and biodegradable characteristics of grass and wood dyeing have brought this method back to people's lives. Despite the presence of antibacterial substances such as tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis fibers, they are still susceptible to microbial attacks. In recent years, scholars have conducted more research on the separation and purification of gardenia flower pigments, but there has been less analysis on the dyeing fibers and performance testing of gardenia flowers. The renewable characteristics, fewer side effects, and low cost increase the use of natural drugs as antibacterial agents in plant extracts or their active ingredients. This experiment used gardenia flowers as the raw material for dyeing experiments, and the dyeing percentage was used as the inspection index. Ultrasonic dyeing was carried out on hemp fibers after degumming treatment. It also aims to endow these dyed fabrics with natural antibacterial properties. During the sorting process, a liquid bath ratio of 1:20 was selected and experiments were conducted under different parameter variations. During the dyeing process, potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is used as a mordant, and ultrasound is used as an auxiliary dyeing method. After dyeing, evaluate the fibers based on the percentage of exhaustion of obtained fiber and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. At the same time, the FT-IR analysis, strength, and color fastness of the sorted samples were also checked. Single factor experiments were conducted by controlling the ultrasonic frequency, dyeing temperature, time, and mordant concentration to analyze the effect of gardenia pigment on the dyeing percentage. Response surface design experiments were used to optimize the dyeing process parameters. The research results indicate that the optimal process conditions for dyeing gardenia flowers are ultrasonic power of 85 %, dyeing temperature of 77 ℃, dyeing time of 60 min, and mordant concentration of 15 g/L. The main and secondary order of factors affecting the dyeing effect of hemp fibers is: mordant concentration>ultrasonic power>dyeing temperature. After optimal dyeing process, the hemp fiber shows a bright yellow color with a dyeing percentage of 57.32 %. The single fiber strength is not affected, and the color fastness to water washing and sun exposure meets the requirements for consumption. The infrared spectrum shows good dyeing effect. It has a certain antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, but the antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli is not significant. Due to these processes, it has been determined that hemp fiber can obtain antibacterial activity through the use of gardenia flowers and can be effectively colored.

Optimizing carbonation reaction parameters of calcium carbide slag in acidic/alkaline environment enhancing CO2 mineralization efficiency

Carbide slag (CS) is a typical alkaline solid waste with Ca(OH)2 as its main component, exhibiting a high capacity for CO2 mineralization. Currently, the methods for CS mineralization of CO2 include direct and indirect mineralization which the initial pH of the reaction system plays a crucial role in the mineralization process. In this study, we explored the effects of alkaline and acidic environments on the carbonation reaction between CS and CO2 and optimized the related reaction parameters. The alkaline system involved dissolving CS followed by introducing CO2, while the acidic system involved introducing CO2 first, followed by either one-time or intermittent addition of CS. We studied the dissolution behavior and reaction processes of CO2 and CS in both systems. The results showed that the carbonation reaction could be completed in the alkaline system. However, in the acidic system, the carbonation reaction is uncompleted with one-time addition of small amount of CS (solid–liquid ratio of 1:100) especially intermittent addition of CS. On the contrary, one-time addition of sufficient CS into acidic solution forming high solid-to-liquid ratio suspension (solid–liquid ratio of 5:100 and 10:100) resulted in thoroughly completion of the carbonation. More importantly, the CO2 fixation capacity, reaction rate, Ca2+ extraction, size distribution and phase structure of obtained calcite was superior to that of the alkaline system. This study demonstrates that although the acidic environment is unfavorable for the dissolution of CS and the leaching of Ca2+, the reaction can still proceed to completion at a faster rate under optimized conditions. This finding might promote the practical utilization of industrial solid waste for CO2 sequestration and enhance its scale-up application.

PENGARUH RASIO PROFITABILITAS DAN RASIO LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PT. LIPPO KARAWACI TBK

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the profitability ratio and liquidity ratio on the valuation of PT. Lippo Karawaci Tbk. The balance statement comprises Current Assets, Current Liabilities, Total Equity, Inventory, and Profit and Loss represented by Net Profit after Tax for a span of 12 years, from 2011 to 2022. Purposive sampling is a research strategy that involves selecting participants based on specific criteria. Linear regression is a statistical analytic approach used to assess hypotheses, starting with the basic assumption test. The test results indicate that the profitability ratio, as quantified by Return on Equity (ROE), does not exert a substantial influence on the value of the firm. The Quick Ratio (QR), which measures the liquidity ratio, has a significant influence on the value of a company. Based on the F test, it can be inferred that both Return on Equity (ROE) and Quick Ratio have a statistically significant influence on the value of a corporation.

Synergistic ionic liquid encapsulated MIL-101 (Cr) metal-organic frameworks for an innovative adsorption desalination system

The transformations of brackish water into freshwater employing porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show a great potential for a green environment. But the adsorption-based desalination slows down due to slow water adsorption/desorption rates and inadequate water storage capacity in conventional adsorbents. Therefore, the restructuring of porous MOFs increases water storage and transfer rates. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the fabrication of ionic liquid encapsulated MIL-101 (Cr) MOFs (metal-organic frameworks), and its interactions with water for desalination applications. Firstly, the pristine MIL-101 (Cr) is encapsulated with various types/amounts of ionic liquids. Next, these MOFs are characterized via SEM (Scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (Thermal gravimetric analysis), N2 adsorption techniques. The water adsorption on these MOFs is performed experimentally for a wide temperature (30–80 °C) and pressure (0 < P/Ps < 0.95) ranges. The effects of the size (or type) as well as the encapsulation ratio of ionic liquids on water adsorption behaviors are conducted. Based on the experimentally proven water adsorption (isotherms and kinetics) data, an AD (adsorption desalination) system is modelled and simulated. Finally, the AD performances in terms of the specific daily water production (SDWP) and performance ratio (PR) are parametrically studied with respect to various regeneration temperature (50–80 °C) and cycle times (100 s–1000 s). It is found that by ionic liquid encapsulation, the water uptakes/offtake rates are expedited up to 48% (for adsorption)/55% (for desorption), respectively. In addition, the water transfer (Δq) improves up to 45% more than the parent MIL-101(Cr) MOFs. Furthermore, the SDWP increases from 38 to 56 m3 of water per tonne of MOFs per day at the regeneration temperature of 70 °C. The simulation results also show that the ionic-liquid-encapsulated MIL-101 (Cr) MOFs generates water (>25 m3 water per tonne of IL-MOFs) at the regeneration temperature of 50 °C and is potential for the next generation desalination applications.

Did Covid-19 Pandemic Raised Tax Incomes in Bad Economic Situations?

The fact that COVID-19 pandemic affected economic situation is known widely, but many companies actually can use ratios for measuring financial situation. If we look deeper, financial ratios can give actual fact about the financial performance periodically. The aim of this research is to find out whether liquidity ratios, Solvability ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios, and tax ratios have an effect on financial performance. This research was conducted on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 - 2023 with a sample of 117 companies for five years. Thus, the number of samples used in this research was 585. The independent variables in this research were liquidity ratios, Solvability ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios, and tax ratios, while the dependent variable was financial performance. The data analysis method uses the difference test analyze method with SPSS version 26 software. The results of different tests for liquidity ratios show that there is no significant difference between the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of different tests for the Solvability ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios, and tax ratios showed that there was no significant difference between the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Production Prediction and Influencing Factors Analysis of Horizontal Well Plunger Gas Lift Based on Interpretable Machine Learning

With the development of unconventional natural gas resources, plunger gas lift technology has gained widespread application. Accurately predicting gas production from unconventional gas reservoirs is a crucial step in evaluating the effectiveness of plunger gas lift technology and optimizing its design. However, most existing prediction methods are mechanism-driven, incorporating numerous assumptions and simplifications that make it challenging to fully capture the complex physical processes involved in plunger gas lift technology, ultimately leading to significant errors in capacity prediction. Furthermore, engineering design factors and production system factors associated with plunger gas lift technology can contribute to substantial deviations in gas production forecasts. This study employs three powerful regression algorithms, XGBoost, Random Forest, and SVR, to predict gas production in plunger gas lift wells. This method comprehensively leverages various types of data, including collected engineering design, production system, and production data, directly extracting the underlying patterns within the data through machine learning algorithms to establish a prediction model for gas production in plunger gas lift wells. Among these, the XGBoost algorithm stands out due to its robustness and numerous advantages, such as high accuracy, ability to effectively handle outliers, and reduced risk of overfitting. The results indicate that the XGBoost algorithm exhibits impressive performance, achieving an R2 (coefficient of determination) value of 0.87 for six-fold cross-validation and 0.85 for the test set. Furthermore, to address the “black box” problem (the inability to know the internal working structure and workings of the model and to directly understand the decision-making process), which is commonly associated with conventional machine learning models, the SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) method was utilized to globally and locally interpret the established machine learning model, analyze the main factors (such as starting time of wells, gas–liquid ratio, catcher well inclination angle, etc.) influencing gas production, and enhance the credibility and transparency of the model. Taking plunger gas lift wells in southwest China as an example, the effectiveness and practicality of this method are demonstrated, providing reliable data support for shale gas production prediction, and offering valuable guidance for actual on-site production.

Bioconversion of agriculture by-products with functionally enhanced Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3: Fish skin as a model

With the global population continuously rising, efficient bioconversion of inedible agricultural by-products is crucial for human food and energy sustainability. We here propose solid-state fermentation approaches to efficiently convert biopolymers into oligomers/monomers by accelerating the natural degradation process of the versatile Streptomyces sp. strain SCUT-3. Using fish skin as a representative by-product, 54.3 g amino acids and 14.7 g peptides (91 % < 2500 Da) were recovered from 89.0 g protein in 100 g tilapia skin sample by collagenase-overexpressed SCUT-3 for seven days at a 1:4 substrate:liquid ratio. Fish skin collagen hydrolysates exhibited excellent anti-oxidation, anti-hypertension, scratch-repairing, anti-aging, anti-ultraviolet radiation, and anti-inflammation effects on human skin fibroblasts In vitro and zebrafish larvae in vivo, indicating their potential applications in healthcare/skincare and anti-atopic dermatitis. As Laozi said, the divine law follows nature. This study underscores the efficacy of genetically engineered SCUT-3 according to its natural biomass utilization laws in large-scale biopolymer conversion.

An Analysis of the Influence of Liquidity Ratios, Stock Prices, Profitability, and Capital Structure on Earnings Growth as an Intervening Variable

Investment in the food and beverage (F&amp;B) sector has become increasingly popular. This study analyzes the impact of financial ratios on the firm value of F&amp;B companies listed on the IDX during the 2019-2023 period. The results show that the liquidity ratio (X1) and capital structure (X3) significantly influence firm value (Y) through the mediation of company growth (Z). Conversely, stock price profitability (X2) does not significantly impact firm value (Y) through the mediation of earnings growth (Z). These findings suggest that investors should consider these ratios when making investment decisions, as they can optimize their portfolios and achieve long-term financial goals. This research contributes to the financial literature by providing empirical evidence on the factors affecting firm value in the F&amp;B sector in Indonesia. Additionally, intelligent investing can yield optimal financial returns for investors.

The Sustainable Remediation of Antimony(III)-Contaminated Water Using Iron and Manganese-Modified Graphene Oxide–Chitosan Composites: A Comparative Study of Kinetic and Isotherm Models

This study introduces a series of Fe/Mn-GOCS composites using high-temperature impregnation with graphene oxide and chitosan as substrates, modified by diverse manganese salts, including MnCl2∙4H2O, KMnO4, and MnSO4. Among these, FeCl2/MnSO4-GOCS demonstrated the highest adsorption capacity for Sb(III), peaking at 57.69 mg/g. The adsorption performance was extensively evaluated under various conditions, such as different initial concentrations, pH levels, solid–liquid ratios, and adsorption durations. It was observed that when the Fe/Mn molar ratio exceeded 4:1, there was a notable decrease in both the adsorption capacity and removal rate. Kinetic analyses using the pseudo-second-order model revealed a better fit (R2 &gt; 0.99) compared to the pseudo-first-order model, indicating that chemisorption dominated the adsorption process. Additionally, isothermal modeling highlighted the efficiency of Fe/Mn-GOCS, particularly in high-concentration environments, with the Sips model demonstrating the best fit, integrating characteristics of both Langmuir and Freundlich models. These results not only offer a robust theoretical and practical basis for efficient Sb(III) removal but also underscore the potential of multi-metal-modified adsorbents as sustainable solutions for environmental remediation.

Effects of Liquid Film Instability on Spray Features of Liquid–Liquid Pintle Injectors

As one of the crucial structural parameters for the pintle injectors, the design of the skip distance ratio is still heavily empirical-dependent in engineering, and the intrinsic correlations between the skip distance ratio and spray characteristics of liquid–liquid pintle injectors are also unclear. Inspired by the observations that the instability of axial liquid film exerts significant influence on the downstream spray behaviors of a liquid–liquid pintle injector, the influence of the skip distance ratio on the instability of the axial liquid film and the subsequent spray characteristics of the pintle injector was experimentally investigated. The spray steadiness of the pintle injector was evaluated based on the instantaneous images using the proper orthogonal decomposition technique, and the effects of the skip distance ratio and the momentum ratio on the spray features were analyzed. Furthermore, a proactive strategy was proposed to adjust the liquid film instability by modifying the outer wall morphology of the pintle post, and the verification experiments were carried out based on three different wall morphologies. It was discovered that the rough wall enhances the axial liquid film instability and promotes the liquid sheet breakup and atomization of the pintle injector. These results provide new insights and valuable references for the optimization design of pintle injectors.

Flow and heat transfer in multi-cavity pistons with oscillating cooling

Under high temperature and pressure conditions, pistons play a crucial role in managing thermal stress within combustion chambers. To analyze of the heat transfer characteristics of piston cooling systems in low-speed engines, this study developed and validated an oscillating cooling model featuring a composite piston with multiple cooling cavities. Using numerical simulation methods combined with dynamic mesh technology, the model replicates the long-stroke behavior of actual diesel engines and is validated against preliminary experimental data. The results demonstrates that during reciprocating motion, oil flowing through the telescopic sleeve interacts with gas from breather holes, forming a gas–liquid two-phase flow that significantly alters the liquid film coverage ratio (LFC) on wall surfaces, influencing heat transfer efficiency. As the filling rate increases from 28 % to 71 %, the average liquid film coverage (ALFC) rises by 0.27, and LFC fluctuation frequency decreases, with amplitude increasing by 0.08. Notably, the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) shows significant increases for top surface of inner cavity (TSIC) and side surface of inner cavity (SSIC) between filling rates of 52 % and 64 %, while the maximum increase for top surface of outer cavity (TSOC) and side surface of outer cavity (SSOC) occurs between 37 % and 52 %. Temperature drops at points A and B in the filling rate range of 28 % to 52 % were 1.37 K (4.09 K), which is notably higher than the 0.35 K (0.86 K) drop in the 52 % to 71 % range. Analyzing these changes indicates that the optimal filling rate for enhanced heat transfer performance is approximately 52 %. Furthermore, as engine speed increases from 135.2 to 202.8 rpm, the piston head filling rate decreases from 0.60 to 0.46, reducing both the contact area and the surface heat transfer coefficient. This study provides profound insights of the multiple cooling cavities under reciprocating motion and presents new strategies for optimizing piston cooling systems designed for low-speed engines.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba: Process optimization, composition and anti-inflammatory activity

Plant derived polysaccharides can enhance immune function in the human body, effectively prevent diseases, and reduce the probability of bacterial infections. Ginkgo crude polysaccharide (GCP) was obtained from Ginkgo biloba by ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction. Our data showed that the best extraction conditions of GCP were as follows: extraction temperature 80 °C, ultrasonic time 35 min, extraction time 3 h, and solid‒liquid ratio 1:30. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) data showed that this polysaccharide might be an acidic polysaccharide with a carboxylic acid ring structure. Further studies implied that GCP was mainly composed of glucose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose and arabinose, accounting for 39.45 %, 25.01 %, 15.40 %, 11.94 % and 4.25 %, respectively. 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL GCP reduced the release of inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells via inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) signalling pathway. GCP was separated into five components with different molecular weights by an ultrafiltration membrane. Our data showed that GPa with a molecular weight ≥100 kDa was the main component of GCP. 1 mg/mL GPa, GPb, GPc and GPd had anti-inflammatory activities, and 1 mg/mL GPa had the best anti-inflammatory activities. Our results preliminarily reveal the elements and biological activity of GCP, which will provide a reference for the development of Ginkgo biloba.

Effect of Basel III Liquidity Ratio LCR and NSFR on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Effect of Basel III Liquidity Ratio LCR and NSFR on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Analysis of Financial Ratios on Stock Prices with Profitability as a Moderating Variable for LQ45 Index Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

The objective of this study is to examine the influence of financial ratios on stock prices, with a particular focus on the role of profitability as a moderating factor among LQ45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2020 and 2023. The independent variables employed in this study are liquidity ratio (CR), solvency ratio (DER) and market value ratio (PER), in addition to profitability (EPS) as a moderating variable. The dependent variable is stock price. This study employs a sample of 23 selected companies included in the LQ45 index. The data analysis method utilised is multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that the liquidity ratio and solvency ratio exert no significant influence on the company's stock price. Conversely, the market value ratio exerts a significant effect on stock prices. Furthermore, profitability does not serve as a moderating variable for the liquidity and solvency ratios, whereas it does for the market value ratios on stock prices.

Research on the effect of different gas release conditions on the explosive boiling of overheated water containing NaCl

High-pressure storage tanks are widely used for transportation due to their convenience. However, sometimes the tanks themselves or the stored medium may become contaminated with impurities. NaCl is one of the most commonly encountered impurities. The pressure response curves of 1.0 mol/L NaCl solution and pure water within a 17L square stainless steel vertical storage tank are being investigated. The experimental results indicate that the pressure rebound is most pronounced when the medium inside the tank releases gas phase. Unlike pure water, NaCl solution still exhibits pressure rebound during pure liquid phase release. High-speed imaging reveals that the addition of NaCl impurities reduces the nucleation radius of bubbles, sharply increases their quantity, and exacerbates boiling phenomena. As the rupture area increases, the remaining liquid level of 1.0 mol/L NaCl is much lower compared to pure water. At the 70 % leakage position, the pressure recovery ratio of both liquids is the highest. After adding NaCl impurities, under all operating conditions, the pressure recovery ratio and pressure rise ratio exceed those observed under pure water conditions. This indicates that the presence of NaCl exacerbates the boiling of superheated liquids and increases the possibility of tank rupture.

Empowering Natural Medicine: Nanocarrier-based Oral Delivery of Vigna Radiata Extract for Effective Diabetes Management

Background: Poor solubility and low oral bioavailability are major challenges associated with the oral delivery of the antidiabetic drug Vigna radiata (VR). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations and improve the therapeutic efficacy of VR. This study investigated the potential of NLCs for VR delivery and explored the influence of formulation parameters on NLC properties and drug release behavior. Method: NLCs loaded with VR were prepared using the melt emulsion ultrafiltration technique. The effect of two key formulation variables – the ratio of liquid lipid to solid lipid and the concentration of the surfactant – were investigated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro release profiles of the VR-NLC formulations were evaluated, and the optimal formulation was subjected to further analysis to investigate its release kinetics. Result: The NLCs exhibited particle sizes ranging from 108.9 to 192.3 nm and all formulations possessed a negative zeta potential (-3.68 to -10.9 mV), indicating good stability and potential for resisting aggregation. Interestingly, the lowest solid lipid to liquid lipid ratio and the lowest surfactant concentration yielded the highest drug encapsulation efficiency, highlighting the complex interplay between these factors. All VR-NLC formulations exhibited a biphasic, time-dependent in vitro release pattern, suggesting an initial burst release followed by a sustained release phase. This biphasic profile is promising for achieving both rapid onset of action and long-lasting glycemic control, which are crucial aspects of effective diabetes management. The optimized NLC formulation showed an in vitro release pattern that adhered to the Higuchi diffusion model, suggesting a controlled release mechanism where the drug diffuses steadily out of the NLC matrix. This finding indicates potentially predictable and consistent drug delivery in vivo. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of NLCs as a promising platform for the controlled oral delivery of VR. NLCs can overcome the inherent limitations of VR and provide a convenient and effective oral antidiabetic option for patients. Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of NLC-encapsulated VR in vivo using relevant animal models. This will pave the way for the development of a novel and potentially transformative treatment option for diabetes.