Index Of Liquid Research Articles

Refractive index measurement of uniform liquid using an improved laser speckle method

Based on the refraction characteristic of uniform and transparent liquid, the measurement error of the liquid refractive index using the internal standard method is analyzed, and an improved laser speckle method is proposed. This method designs a double-cell structure composed of two identical rectangular parallelepiped glass cells with one cell containing the liquid to be measured and the other one being empty. This double-cell structure is placed in the built optical system based on laser speckle, and then the refractive indices of sodium chloride solution and sucrose solution with various concentrations are measured by the improved method. Compared with the measurement values of the Abbe refractometer and the internal standard method, the results show that the improved method can significantly reduce the measurement error and improve the measurement accuracy.

Discussion of “Practical transitions among undrained shear strengths of remolded samples from pocket penetrometer tests and other laboratory tests” by Budak T.O., Gurbuz A. and Eksioglu B. [Catena 213 (2022) 106148

This article presents an appraisal of the recently published research paper in the Catena Journal titled “Practical transitions among undrained shear strengths of remolded samples from pocket penetrometer tests and other laboratory tests”. This paper investigated correlations on undrained shear strength (su) with liquidity index (IL) among pocket (soil) penetrometer (PP), fall-cone, laboratory vane, unconfined compression (UC), and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial compression test methods for 10 fine-grained soils investigated. Some differences between the mobilized su for testing of identically prepared samples of a given soil using different strength measurement approaches could be expected. However, the data plots presented in the original paper indicate that, depending on the IL, significantly different su values can be mobilized among several of these strength tests for a given water content — an aspect that merits critical examination. In this discussion of said paper, several observations are presented on various shortcomings in the adopted experimental methods, as reported in the original paper, and in the su – IL data analyses presented for the different strength tests investigated. Also, with the spring-operated piston of the PP device usually calibrated (by the manufacturer) using correlation studies with UC strength data, the good agreement obtained for the Authors’ PP and UC su – IL correlations would be expected.

Ultra-Short Fiber Bragg Grating Composed of Cascaded Microchannels in a Microprobe for Refractive Index Measurement

An ultra-short fiber Bragg grating (US-FBG) refractive index (RI) sensor is presented and demonstrated. The US-FBG is composed of a series of cascaded microchannels which carved by femtosecond (fs) laser in the microprobe. According to the simulation results, an US-FBG with length/period of 149.8/5.35 μm is fabricated and used to measure refractive index (RI) of liquids. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the proposed sensor can reach 600.5622 nm/RIU with a linear response range of 1.3323 to 1.3787. Such a compact size, high sensitivity and the inherent high reliability and ease of modulation of the US-FBG is expected to be used in the field of biosensing related to RI.

Experimental Study of Dual-Parameter SPR Sensor With Integrated Sensing Channel

In order to meet the actual requirements for sensor miniaturization and integration, we propose a compact dual-parameter surface plasma resonance (SPR) fiber sensor, which can simultaneously measure the refractive index and temperature of liquid. The sensor is composed of input-output couplers and two sensing arms. The no-core fibers (NCFs) and microstructured optical fiber (MOF) with deposited films are used as input-output couplers and sensing arms, respectively. One sensing arm is the MOF with silver film for refractive index measurement, and another is that with silver film and PDMS for temperature measurement. Numerical simulation results show its cladding mode is more advantageous in stimulating the SPR effect. Experimental results demonstrate the maximum sensitivity of liquid refractive index is 4139 nm/RIU in the range of 1.333-1.365, and that of liquid temperature is 4.7 nm/°Cin the range of 20-70 °C. The compact structure makes the proposed sensor unique and has a promising application in refractive index and temperature monitoring.

The Effectiveness of Residual Soil, Orashi River Sand, and Sombrero River Sand as Stabilizing Agents for Subgrade Soil of Highway Pavement

The study investigated the effect of different stabilization materials, including residual soil and river sands, on the properties of subgrade soil for road and pavement structures. The results showed that the chemical composition of the subgrade soil was dominated by calcium, aluminum, and silicon, indicating a mineral clay soil. The use of stabilization materials led to a decrease in fines content and an increase in maximum dry density. The behavior of optimum moisture content was non-linear, and the liquid limit of the stabilized subgrade soil decreased significantly for all three materials, indicating a decrease in soil swelling ability. The study also revealed that the use of composite materials of cement and residual soil or river sand can improve the properties of subgrade soil and lead to an increase in unconfined compressive strength. The findings of this study can aid in the selection of appropriate stabilization materials and methods, and in the optimization of the use of these materials in road construction for improved strength and durability. Further research is needed to fully understand the characteristics of subgrade soil and determine the most effective methods for its stabilization and management. This study investigates the effects of residual soil and river sands on the mechanical properties of subgrade soil, with a focus on liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and unconfined compressive strength. The results suggest that residual soil, Orashi River sand, and Sombrero River sand are effective stabilizing agents for subgrade soil, with an increase in strength observed with increasing percentages of stabilizing material. However, there is an optimum content of stabilization material required to achieve maximum strength values, beyond which the strength decreases. The study also highlights the importance of considering the effect of soaking on the strength of subgrade soil and demonstrates the effectiveness of using composite .........

Flow index-liquid limit relationship by fall-cone tests in clay-sand mixtures

The Fall-cone test is a useful method which can be used in evaluation of many soil index and strength identifiers. In this regard, the flow index is calculated as the slope of the plot of water content against natural logarithm of the penetration depth. This is also a fruitful method used to determine the liquid limit of soils, and evaluation of test results may lead to many parameters related to soil plasticity, i.e. using the flow index. In this study, the changes in the liquid limit and plasticity index of a soil as a function of the flow index were investigated. Later, a simple correlation between the plasticity index and the flow index was obtained, and as a result, the plasticity index was directly calculated. The Fallcone test results show that there is an excellent relationship between the plasticity index and the flow index in soils within a wide range of plasticity level and this relationship is significantly affected from mineralogical properties of components of sand-clay mixtures. A linear relationship with R2 = 0.97 (n = 44) was obtained. As a result, both the liquid limit and the plasticity index of the soils are calculated directly based on the results of the Fall-cone test. In addition, this study compared the results of the standard plasticity chart with the new plasticity chart proposed by Vardanega et al. (2022) for the classifying fine-grained soils. It was shown that the new plasticity chart proposed by Vardanega et al. (2022) can also be used in the classification of both fine-grained soils and clay-sand mixtures. The new plasticity chart by Vardanega et al. (2022) provided modifications on standard plasticity chart. The usefulness of the new chart is also verified by the results of this study, experimental results showed that soil classes -for 115 specimens of 125 total- obtained using Fall-cone tests are in accordance with classifications proposed by Vardanega et al. (2022). According to experimental results, the highest flow index was obtained in %100 bentonite soil at 146.47, while the lowest flow index at 7.20 was obtained in a mixture of 90% sand (SW) −10% bentonite. In 100% pure kaolin clay, the liquid limit was 56.09%, the plasticity index was 27.52% and the flow index was 34.55.

Correlation analysis of physical and mechanical parameters of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil based on different survey techniques

Abstract Based on the collected soil property index test data of more than 2,500 groups of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil, the correlation of physical and mechanical parameters of this soft soil was systematically analyzed. The results show that the physical indexes of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil are close to that of marine soft soil, while its mechanical indexes are higher. However, the variation coefficient of its mechanical indexes is much larger than that of the physical indexes. In addition, it is found that the cone penetration parameters of this soft soil are significantly correlated with its physical and mechanical indexes by establishing a series of empirical relationships between the static point resistance and the natural unit weight, the liquidity index, the quick shear cohesion, and vane shear strength. On the basis of the previous research results, the disturbance strength of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil can be converted into in situ strength by deriving the theoretical formula between the vane shear strength and the disturbance degree. The calculation process of the above conversion relation is explained in detail through an engineering case, which indicates that the theoretical formulas have good applicability for inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil.

Sự ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ lên chiết suất cacbon disunphua

In this paper, the effect of temperature on the refractive index of Carbon disulfide liquid based on the influence of temperature on the Sellmeier coefficient has been presented. The effect of temperature on the liquid refractive index of Carbon disulfide in the visible and infrared regions according to the expression of M. Chemnitz was also investigated. From the survey results, it is concluded that as the wavelength increases, the refractive index of Carbon disulfide decreases, but when the temperature is increased then the refractive index of Carbon disulfide decreases faster.

Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Loess

Due to its special material composition, formation environment, and special structure, loess usually shows different engineering and dynamic characteristics from ordinary soil. Based on previous research results, this paper studies the Haiyuan loess. It is found that: (1) the variation coefficients of various physical properties (except for the liquid index) of loess in the region are relatively stable, but the mechanical properties are relatively discrete; (2) the correlation among natural water content, void ratio, and density is high, but the correlation between mechanical properties is poor; (3) the consolidation ratio, effective confining pressure, and dynamic shear modulus ratio change in direct proportion, while the damping ratio changes in the opposite direction with increasing shear strain; and (4) in this paper, the recommended model of shear wave velocity and burial depth of loess in the study area is given. Compared with the example, the error is smaller and more reliable. (5) The characteristic period of the seismic response spectrum of the loess soil layer is not sensitive to the change in the damping ratio, and the change amplitude is small.

Mass-loss effects on the non-Darcy seepage characteristics of broken rock mass with different clay contents

A seepage testing system was designed and a series of seepage experiments on broken rock was conducted using different original porosity conditions and clay contents. The mass-loss process of the broken rock and the change in water flow velocity were investigated. After the mass-loss test, the non-Darcy seepage characteristics of the broken rock were tested through a step-by-step pressure-reduced seepage test. The experimental results show that the mass-loss and water velocity evolution during the water inrush could be divided into four stages: acceleration, stable with slight fluctuations, reacceleration, and stable. The lost-mass and change in water velocity were positively correlated with the clay contents and negatively correlated with the original porosity. By introducing the evolution equation of the Kozeny-Carman equation and the liquid limit index which characterises the effective particle size, the prediction model of the permeability coefficient was built. Six prediction models of the non-Darcy coefficient were verified against the testing results. The prediction model of the critical flow velocity from a Darcy flow to a non-Darcy flow using the Forchheimer number was also established. The results could provide an important reference for understanding water inrush mechanisms, adopting effective control measures for water inrush events, and calculating the water influx of tunnels.

Nanobubble size distribution measurement by interactive force apparatus under an electric field

Nanobubbles have been applied in many fields, such as environmental cleaning, material production, agriculture, and medicine. However, the measured nanobubble sizes differed among the measurement methods, such as dynamic light scattering, particle trajectory, and resonance mass methods. Additionally, the measurement methods were limited with respect to the bubble concentration, refractive index of liquid, and liquid color. Here, a novel interactive force measurement method for bulk nanobubble size measurement was developed by measuring the force between two electrodes filled with bulk nanobubble-containing liquid under an electric field when the electrode distance was changed in the nm scale with piezoelectric equipment. The nanobubble size was measured with a bubble gas diameter and also an effective water thin film layer covered with a gas bubble that was estimated to be approximately 10 nm based on the difference between the median diameter of the particle trajectory method and this method. This method could also be applied to the solid particle size distribution measurement in a solution.

Influence of index properties on the cyclic failure of fine-grained soils

The purpose of this study is to develop an easy procedure to diagnose the cyclic behavior of fine-grained soils, leading to liquefaction.There are approaches to this problem with reference to liquid limit (wL), plasticity index (PI), clay content, (C%), in-situ water content compared to the liquid limit (wn/wL), average grain size (D50), and liquidity index (IL). Previous research has indicated that fine-grained soils defined as “sand-like” are prone to liquefaction. There is consensus that liquefiable silty soils have “sand like” characteristics. In the transition from sandy to clayey, it is generally accepted that it would be appropriate to make a judgment by making use of mechanical testing and that clayey soils do not liquefy.This paper presents the results of dynamic triaxial shear testing (CTX), where excess pore water pressures and axial strains are evaluated compared to the physical properties to reach the threshold for cyclic failure. Samples of undisturbed soil procured from different locations of the city of Adapazarı, Turkey, were subjected to CTX testing. The results were interpreted in the light of the physical properties to arrive at a judgment of cyclic failure.Being able to identify a liquefaction prone fine grained soil by merely measuring a few physical properties without resorting to arduous cyclic testing would be an advantage to the practising engineer. This however necessitates the elimination of the ‘gray zone’ for which most researchers recommended the use of cyclic testing.The main finding of this study is that samples reaching double strain amplitude (DSA) of <5% in the CTX test contain no sand and have a clay content of 20% or more. An attempt to establish a relationship between sensitivity to cyclic loading and physical properties is also made.

Numerical simulation of the interaction and coalescence of inline hydrogen bubbles in biohydrogen production by photofermentation with corncob

The escape rate of hydrogen in photobiological hydrogen production plays an important role in the biochemical reaction process, and the interaction of hydrogen bubbles in bio-hydrogen production material liquid affects the escape rate of hydrogen. In this paper, the Eulerian-Eulerian-Multifluid VOF method is used to simulate the interactions of three types of hydrogen bubbles: coalescence of equal-sized inline hydrogen bubbles, a small leading hydrogen bubble is chased by a large trailing hydrogen bubble and a large leading hydrogen bubble is chased by a small trailing hydrogen bubble. The results show that the interaction strength between hydrogen bubbles is influenced by the initial interval and initial diameter of the hydrogen bubbles and the flow index of the hydrogen-producing material liquid. The hydrogen bubbles exhibit three types of aggregation. In the pre-merger period, the velocity of the trailing hydrogen bubble also shows four stage changes, which are acceleration to the maximum velocity - deceleration - small increase in velocity - deceleration to the merging velocity. There is also a brief acceleration of the leading hydrogen bubble. For the interaction between Type II and Type III hydrogen bubbles of the same size, there is no significant difference in the rise rate of large hydrogen bubbles after the coalescence.

Plasmonic Mode Analysis on Asymmetric ITO/Au/ITO Hyperbolic Metamaterials Using Prism-Coupled Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Various trilayers (ITO-Au-ITO) of a constant total thickness of 43 nm, with different bottom and top ITO film thicknesses, have been prepared by magnetron sputtering. The effects of the relative position of the inserted gold layer on the trilayers’ plasmonic properties have been systemically investigated. To study their optical reflectance changes caused by the surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) has been employed. Two reflectance minima, corresponding to the pseudo-Brewster (PB) and bulk plasmon polariton (BPP), are observed from the reflectance spectra. The impacts of the light incident angles on the behaviors of these modes have been monitored. The measured reflectivity spectra match well with the simulated reflectivity spectra based on the Fresnel formalism. For the ITOt/Au/ITOb = 5/3/35 sample, where the Au layer is positioned closest to the sampling liquid, the BPP mode becomes the sharpest (based on the amplitude and half-width) as compared to other samples, indicating that the closer the ITOt/Au interface is to the sampling liquid, the stronger the observable plasmonic resonance effect is. Furthermore, it is found that the dip position of this BPP mode is independent of the angle of incidence but is sensitive to the refractive index of the sampling liquid. Our results show that the dip position shifts to a shorter wavelength with increasing refractive index of the sampling liquid. This means that the trilayer can act as a refractive index sensor. By linear regression, the obtained sensing accuracy is up to 552 nm/RIU. This facilitates the potential application of this trilayer structure as a surface plasmon-enhanced refractive index sensor.

Pentingnya Laporan Keuangan untuk Menilai Kinerja Suatu Perusahaan

&#x0D; Performance is measured by the capital adequacy, liquidity and profitability indices, which together paint a picture of the state of a financial organization over a certain period of time both from the aspect of raising funds which can be seen from the indicators of capital held. Managing organizational operations, assisting in decision making, identifying employee training and development needs, providing feedback to employees on how their superiors perceive their performance, and providing a basis for award distribution are all advantages of performance appraisal for management. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of financial reporting in evaluating business performance. Research is useful for businesses because it provides information about the importance of financial statements in evaluating company performance and making decisions in the future. Researchers can learn how important financial reports are to assess the success of this research. This study uses a naturalistic approach, sometimes known as a qualitative approach. This study uses qualitative data, or information that is composed of words, sentences, or diagrams and pictures. The research data comes from secondary sources, or information obtained through documents, existing books, and literature studies.&#x0D; Keywords: Financial Statements, Financial Ratios, Financial Performance

New oil derivative refractive index sensor using ribbon of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

In this work, we propose a new liquid refractive index (RI) sensor based on one-dimensional (1D) regular array of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for sensing oil derivatives (ODs), for the first time. The proposed sensor is a ribbon consisting of 10 MWCNTs grown inside an AAO (Al2O3) template as the host material, which can sense the change of host material RI with high precision up to △n = 0.0015 corresponding to the sensitivity S = 930 nm/RIU. Replacing the host material with ODs changes the reflection in the range of visible wavelengths. The reflection spectrum of sensor is calculated for the RI range of 1.3888–1.5306 belonging to various ODs. The RI difference △n = 0.1418 between Butanol (C4H10O) and Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) host materials results in 130 nm wavelength shift. By removing one or two cylinders of MWCNTs and creating a point defect within the sensor structure, whereas ODs are injected into the defect area, we achieved a sensitivity up to 430 nm/RIU. The proposed sensor with un-reactive nature of MWCNTs can be used in environments with high temperature and pressure such as oil refinery industry.

Faraday effect and refractive index of some imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids and magnetic ionic liquids

Knowledge of the Faraday effect (FE) is very important in fundamental research and applications. Here, we report FE and refractive index studies for two magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), namely 1-ethyl- and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate. Similar studies are also conducted for ionic liquids (ILs) that have a diamagnetic counteranion in place of [FeCl4]. The magnitudes of the Verdet constants of MILs are comparable and exhibit a negative sign. Furthermore, they are about one order larger than those of ILs with a diamagnetic counteranion of a positive sign. The Verdet constant shows monotonic variations as a function of wavelength in the range from 450 to 650 nm and is mainly related to charge transfer transitions in [FeCl4], with bands located in the UV region, though the contribution of d-d transitions in Fe+3 is negligible. A model for describing the measured Verdet constant data as a function of wavelength and temperature is given with respective values of effective Faraday A-, B-, and d-terms. The introduction of an empirical rule allows the estimation of Verdet constants of iron and imidazolium derivative based MILs, which are in some cases very high, thus indicating their potential in photonics applications. Imidazole shows a positive and nearly-two orders lower magnitude of the Verdet constant. The mixture of an MIL and acetonitrile allows the tuning of both the Verdet constant and the refractive index. The refractive indices, thermo-optic coefficients, and electronic polarizabilities of MILs are higher than those of ILs with a diamagnetic counteranion.

The Impact of Cultural Shocks on Investor Sentiment and Herding Behavior: An Evidence during COVID-19 Pandemic

Aims: This study investigates herding under covid 19 pandemic. Also, this research aims to measure the effect of investors' sentiment toward herding behavior moderated by culture shock in the emerging market stock exchange.&#x0D; Study Design: This study uses a sample of stock that constitutes the liquid index in the emerging market.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The samples of this study are 26 countries incorporated in emerging stock markets. The observation is 10.192. The duration of the research is from December 2019 to June 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: This Research uses the model of Chang et al. (2000) to estimate herding behavior as the dependent variable. The independent variable is investor sentiment measured by the VIX and VXEEM indices. Culture shock is assumed as a moderating variable measured by dummy variables. The variables of cultural shock are divided into three phases: the honeymoon phase at the beginning of the covid virus spreading, the lockdown phase, and the new normal phase. The data for culture shock is taken from WHO data. The research will be analyzed with Moderated Regression Analysis with EViews.&#x0D; Results: The results of this study consist of the following: First, investors in capital markets in developing countries are proven to have anti-herding behavior in making investment decisions during the Covid-19 pandemic. Second, investor sentiment has influenced herding behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. Lastly, the covid-19 pandemic condition has strengthened investor sentiment to carry out herding behavior, especially in the honeymoon phase or at the beginning of the pandemic. The novelty in this study is introducing the concept of cultural psychology, namely cultural shock as a variable believed to strengthen investor sentiment towards the capital market and cause herding behavior.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study provide helpful information for developing research in the financial and investor behavior in understanding investor behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. Investor sentiment toward the possibility of a decline in capital market performance gives rise to irrational behavior (herding). In addition, cultural shocks to new habits during the pandemic can also strengthen investor sentiment and cause herding behavior. It should use a more comprehensive research sample from developed capital markets for further research.

Improvement of expansive soil characteristics stabilized with sawdust ash, high calcium fly ash and cement

The purpose of this study is to investigate the individual and admixed effects of sawdust ash (SDA) and high calcium fly ash (HCFA) on the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil (ES). The effectiveness of these pozzolanic materials was examined, particularly tests of their physical and mechanical characteristics and the potential of enhancing expansive soil (ES). The mixing ratio for ES stabilization was adopted as 70:30 by fixed dry weight, based on the HCFA/SDA mixture plasticity and strength. Cement was added to the optimal ratio in varying amounts (1%, 0.5%) to increase the HCFA reactivity. The results reveal that increasing the mixture and cement content enhanced ES properties while lowering the liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI). The plastic limit (PL) has shown an increasing trend and the optimum water content (OMC), whereas the maximum dry density (MDD) decreased. It was found that the addition of 1% cement to 10% HCFA-SDA combination provides maximum strength improvement to (ES) that would help to maximize the use of HCFA-SDA to reduce the swelling characteristics of ES in the field.

Quantifying Multifactor Effects on Mud Cake Formation Risk for a Tunnel Boring Machine with the Analytical Hierarchy Process

Tunnel boring machines often encounter clogging during excavation in strata with rich clay content. The clogging can damage the cutterhead and interrupt excavation. Cutting tool clogging, also known as mud cake formation, has a strong effect on excavation work efficiency. While current studies are focusing on the mechanism of clogging, engineering practice still heavily relies on qualitative empirical judgement. To quantitatively assess the risk of mud cake formation, we carefully selected 22 influential parameters to reflect the effect of geological, machinal, and operational risk factors in the tunneling process and established a rubric for risk factor contributions using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results imply the liquidity index, plasticity index, cutterhead torque, and total thrust force contribute to around 45% of the total influence on mud cake formation, while machinal factors are less influential than geological and operational factors. We verified the framework with a tunnel section from the Guangzhou Metro Line 22 that had mud cake formation reported. Rings labelled as high risk for mud cake formation by our framework concurred with those rings with mud cake actually observed. Project log and operational parameter variations were incorporated to explore the connection between mud cake formation and treatment.