Liquid Crystal Display Research Articles

Spatial Modulator of Coherent Radiation Based on a Liquid-Crystal Display of a Personal Computer

Spatial Modulator of Coherent Radiation Based on a Liquid-Crystal Display of a Personal Computer

Wired Fingerprint-Based Classroom Attendance System for Secured Student Attendance Archiving Using Arduino UNO Microcontroller

This study, which successfully addresses the shortcomings of traditional attendance-checking methods, such as human error, that are inevitable in manual attendance systems given the fact that it is time-consuming. Paper-based systems can be susceptible to forgery, as students may attempt to sign in on behalf of absent classmates. This undermines the integrity of attendance records. Introduces a fingerprint-based classroom attendance system designed using the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The research explores the feasibility of fingerprint biometrics for identity verification in educational settings. Using Arduino Uno, Fingerprint Sensor, RTC Module, and the LCD Monitor the researchers successfully developed a working prototype for the Wired Fingerprint-Based Classroom Attendance. 600 tests were applied to collect the (1.0) lowest and (2.0) highest time of the fingerprint sensor and calculate its average (1.7). The developed system operates offline, storing data securely on an SD card, making it particularly suitable for institutions in areas with restricted internet access. Comparative performance evaluations against conventional pen-and-paper methods highlight the fingerprint-based system's notable capacity, accuracy, positioning it as a transformative tool to enhance attendance tracking procedures and eliminates attendance-related issues to improve overall classroom operations.

7‐1: Power Consumption Evaluation of Field Sequential Color LCD Systems with Mini‐LED Backlight

7‐1: Power Consumption Evaluation of Field Sequential Color LCD Systems with Mini‐LED Backlight

Optimized water management for precision agriculture using IoT-based smart irrigation system

This project introduces a Smart Irrigation System aimed at enhancing water efficiency in agriculture through the integration of an Arduino Uno micro-controller and a variety of sensors. The system incorporates a soil moisture sensor, a DHT11 sensor for monitoring temperature and humidity, an LCD, a buzzer for alerts, and a relay module to control a pump motor. The main goal is to create an automated irrigation system that adjusts to environmental conditions, thereby optimizing water usage for plant growth. The soil moisture sensor continuously evaluates soil moisture levels, while the DHT11 sensor keeps tabs on temperature and humidity. The Arduino Uno processes this data and displays it on an LCD screen. When the soil moisture falls below a predefined threshold, the system activates a buzzer and triggers the relay to turn on the pump motor. The LCD provides real-time feedback on environmental conditions and the irrigation status. This Smart Irrigation System offers several advantages, including water conservation, energy efficiency, and improved plant health. By automating irrigation based on real sensor data, the system minimizes water wastage and ensures that plants receive optimal moisture levels. Additionally, temperature and humidity monitoring contribute to effective microenvironment management. The project serves as a demonstration of IoT-based solutions for agricultural challenges, featuring a modular design that allows for scalability. Future developments may include incorporating additional sensors, enabling wireless connectivity for remote monitoring, and integration with weather data. In summary, the system provides a practical and cost-effective solution for sustainable agriculture, promoting water conservation and efficient farming practices.

Smart spirits: an integrated IoT-based liquor and health monitoring system

This project entails the development of a comprehensive health monitoring system utilizing Arduino Uno, a range of sensors (including alcohol, pulse, and DHT11), an LCD display, and a GSM module for data transmission to the Thingspeak application. Its objective is to monitor vital health parameters such as temperature, humidity, pulse rate, and alcohol levels in real-time, accessible via the Thingspeak mobile app. Key components include an Arduino Uno microcontroller, DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity, pulse sensor for heart rate, alcohol sensor for detecting alcohol levels, LCD display for immediate feedback, and a GSM module for remote data transmission. The user-friendly Thingspeak app serves as an interface for seamless health metric monitoring. The system operates by collecting sensor data, displaying it locally on the LCD screen, and simultaneously transmitting it to the Thingspeak app via GSM communication. Users can then access the app to visualize and monitor their health metrics in real-time, allowing for prompt interventions or medical assistance if needed. The code implementation integrates sensor readings, LCD display control, and Thingspeak functionality. Leveraging Thingspeak's cloud-based platform enhances usability and accessibility, making remote health monitoring feasible. This system offers a versatile solution for individuals looking to efficiently track and manage their well-being, thanks to the integration of Arduino Uno, sensors, Thingspeak features, and GSM communication, making it suitable for both local and remote health monitoring applications.

Smart timetable display for students’ subject allocation in classroom using IOT

This essay describes the development of School bells have played a major role in all of our childhoods. But even with the advent of technology, a lot of things have gone digital, and the school bell is still a manual, antiquated bell. The first break occurs after two periods, and the second break occurs after the next two periods. After the fifth period, school is out. You can select a topic and duration for each period from a list of options in the project.The six days of the week that the user can set the schedule for are Monday through Saturday. The user can also alter the duration of each period. Our college's bell is set to ring continuously for ten seconds at a time in each of its blocks. This is accomplished by using data transmitted via the Internet of Things to notify teachers and students about the concurrent conclusion of a particular session in each block. In addition, a voice module is utilized to read aloud the data shown on the LCD module while a buzzer beeps to indicate an alarm. Three main parts were used in this Arduino college bell circuit: an Arduino Uno board, an IC RTCDS1307, and 16x2 LCD modules.The Arduino is a reading device.To develops this system, an STM32 controller, a Bluetooth module, a school bell buzzer, a 16 x 32-inch LED display, buttons, basic electronics components, and a PCB board are used. The STM 32 controller communicates with the user via the display. Both running and settings modes are available. The user can set the system's current schedule with timings using the Android app.

Iot-based flood monitoring and early warning system for proactive security measures

The project introduces an IoT-based flood monitoring system using Arduino Uno, soil moisture sensor, LCD, buzzer, Wi-Fi module (e.g., ESP8266), and ThingSpeak cloud platform. It monitors soil moisture levels, issuing alerts when a predefined threshold indicative of potential flooding is reached. The soil moisture sensor measures moisture content and is displayed on an LCD screen for real-time monitoring. A buzzer provides audible alerts for high moisture levels. A Wi-Fi module enables wireless communication, transmitting data to the ThingSpeak cloud platform for centralized storage and analysis. Users access real-time and historical data through ThingSpeak's interface. The system configures the Wi-Fi module to connect to a network, securely sending data using a unique API key. ThingSpeak enables visualization, analysis, and alert setup based on soil moisture levels, offering a comprehensive flood monitoring solution. This cost-effective system, integrating open-source hardware and cloud platforms, enhances accessibility and deployment ease and is suitable for various environmental monitoring applications.

Sensorsync auto: Integrating IoT sensors for smart vehicle air quality monitoring

This project introduces an innovative Air Quality Monitoring System based on IoT technology, leveraging components such as NodeMCU, DHT11, MQ135, a buzzer, an LCD, and the Blynk 2.0 app. The primary objective is to provide real-time monitoring of environmental conditions, encompassing temperature, humidity, and air quality, while also offering audible alerts for immediate user notification. The NodeMCU functions as the central microcontroller, interfacing with the DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity readings and the MQ135 sensor for air quality measurements. The collected data is visually displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. Additionally, the system enables remote monitoring and control through the Blynk 2.0 app. The app displays comprehensive information using gauge widgets for temperature, humidity, and air quality, along with detailed statistics through a display widget. To enhance user awareness, an integrated buzzer delivers audible alerts when air quality exceeds predefined thresholds. The Arduino sketch incorporates essential libraries for sensor interfacing, data processing, and seamless integration with the Blynk app. The app is configured with widgets corresponding to virtual pins in the sketch, ensuring smooth communication between the hardware and the app. This IoT-based Air Quality Monitoring System serves as a valuable tool for individuals and communities concerned about indoor or outdoor air quality. The system's features, including real-time data visualization, remote monitoring capabilities, and an alert system, contribute to creating a more informed and healthier living environment.

Design and Development of an RTC Based Relay Board for Precision Control of Industrial Motors

An Arduino-based time-regulated electrical apparatus control mechanism undertakes the responsibility of activating and deactivating electric equipment as per a pre-set timetable. This exploration introduces an option to manual switching by elevating technology in a manner that is more secure and more user-efficient. It showcases an integrated clock that updates in real-time, turning the associated device on or off when real-time aligns with the scheduled time. The input control panel enables users to alter the switching schedule at their convenience, while the numeric display illustrates the current time. Key Word: Arduino, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Temporal clock, Relay unit, control inputs.

Multisensory Health Monitoring Device Based on Raspberry Pi 4B

The availability of health monitoring devices that can be used independently, conveniently, and portably is increasing in line with busy lifestyles and the difficulty of scheduling medical tests. Measuring vital body signals with various devices makes measurements longer, less effective, and relatively more expensive. The proposed research can monitor vital body signals, such as heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, GSR, blood pressure, and snoring, which are integrated into a Raspberry Pi 4B-based device, with results displayed on an LCD screen. Data acquisition results show reasonably good accuracy in almost all parameters but require improvement in respiratory rate measurements. In the subsequent work, these seven-acquisition data will be used to predict several possible diseases.

Vibration-assisted vat photopolymerization for pixelated-aliasing-free surface fabrication

Mask image projection-based vat photopolymerization (MIP-VPP) offers advantages like low cost, high resolution, and a wide material range, making it popular in industry and education. Recently, MIP-VPP employing liquid crystal displays (LCDs) has gained traction, increasingly replacing digital micromirror devices, particularly among hobbyists and in educational settings, and is now beginning to be used in industrial environments. However, LCD-based MIP-VPP suffers from pronounced pixelated aliasing arising from LCD’s discrete image pixels and its direct-contact configuration in MIP-VPP machines, leading to rough surfaces on the 3D-printed parts. Here, we propose a vibration-assisted MIP-VPP method that utilizes a microscale vibration to uniformize the light intensity distribution of the LCD-based mask image on VPP’s building platform. By maintaining the same fabrication speed, our technique generates a smoother, non-pixelated mask image, reducing the roughness on flat surfaces and boundary segments of 3D-printed parts. Through light intensity modeling and simulation, we derived an optimal vibration pattern for LCD mask images, subsequently validated by experiments. We assessed the surface texture, boundary integrity, and dimensional accuracy of components produced using the vibration-assisted approach. The notably smoother surfaces and improved boundary roughness enhance the printing quality of MIP-VPP, enabling its promising applications in sectors like the production of 3D-printed optical devices and others.

EOG Based Text and Voice Controlled Remote Interpreter for Quadriplegic Patients

Electrooculography is considered as one of the significant electro-physiological signals. These signals carry data of eye movements which can be employed in human-computer interface (HCL) as a control signal. This project focuses on creating a text and voice-based interpreter for quadriplegic patients using electrooculography (EOG) signals. EOG is a technique that measures the electrical activity of the eye muscles responsible for eye movements and can be used to track changes in eye location to reveal information about human eye activities. The EOG signal is commonly used in human-computer interface (HCI) systems as an alternative input for patients suffering from quadriplegia, ALS, and locked-in syndrome. The BioAmp EXG Pill Sensor is used to acquire EOG signals of left and right eye movement, as well as up and down eye movement. The signals are processed using an ESP32 microcontroller and Arduino IDE, and an algorithm is created to analyze the observed ranges and generate text and voice-based outputs. The accuracy of the system was tested by asking 10 healthy participants to perform each of the four types of motions ten times, and the results showed an overall accuracy of 81.04%. The system involves detecting EOG signals using sensors that are placed around the patient's eyes, and the text-based output is displayed on an LCD screen, while the voice-based output is played on an MP3 player. The output is then displayed on an application enabling communication with the patient remotely, potentially improving the quality of care and increasing the patient’s sense of security. Future developments could include increasing the degrees of motion and addition of an eye-blink sensor for more convenient user experience. This project provides a valuable solution for quadriplegic patients, enabling them to communicate effectively and empowering them with a sense of independence. However, further research and testing are needed to fully evaluate the efficacy of the system on actual quadriplegic patients.

Fuzzy Logic Method to Control Evenly Distributed and Stable Waterbath Temperature with Four Heaters

Water baths are commonly used in scientific fields to incubate samples at specific temperatures. The temperature of the water bath must be controlled precisely, because even the slightest temperature variation can affect the results of the experiment. It can handle imprecise, uncertain and incomplete information, making it suitable for temperature control in water baths. This research aims to determine the distribution and stability of fuzzy logic control to control the temperature of a water bath with four heaters. Even heat distribution from the four heaters will ensure consistent water bath temperature throughout the bath. This research uses an Arduino microcontroller to process the temperature sensor output from the DS18B20, then the processed temperature value will be displayed on the TFT LCD. The independent variable in this research is the temperature value, while the dependent variable is the DS18B20 temperature sensor. The largest error value from the module measurements is at a temperature setting of 30 ºC on the 2nd temperature sensor with an error value of 1.43%. Meanwhile, the smallest error value is found at a temperature setting of 35 ºC on the 1st and 4th temperature sensors with an error value of 0.01%. Data collection used a digital thermometer comparison tool with 10 repetitions as a temperature sensor reference tool. The results obtained using this sensor are more stable and have a high accuracy value. The results of the research show that the temperature difference between points 1 to 4 when viewed from the error percentage is very small, or it can be said that the temperature distribution is even. The conclusion from these results is that the module has a stable temperature value and the error value is low and is still within the tolerance limit. permitted is ±5%.

Real‐Time Jones Matrix Synthesis by Compact Polarization Inline Holographic Microscopy

AbstractThe Jones matrix is a powerful quantitative tool for polarimetric imaging and characterization, where the matrix elements represent the intrinsic optical properties of the anisotropic objects on interaction with the polarized light. Most of the state‐of‐the‐art single‐shot Jones‐matrix imaging techniques rely on interferometric methods, which makes the design complex with the use of large number of polarization optics and produces space‐bandwidth limitations. The simultaneous extraction of Jones matrix elements with a compact system design is still a technical challenge in view of its potential applications in biomedical and real‐time characterization scenarios. In this paper, the imaging features of the in‐line holography are exploited to develop a compact polarization in‐line holography (PIH) system capable of single‐shot extraction of Jones‐matrix elements. The technique achieves simultaneous orthogonal polarization state generation and corresponding polarization multiplexed in‐line hologram detection by utilizing a compact polarization geometry. The imaging compatibility and measurement accuracy of the method is experimentally validated by the real‐time synthesis of Jones‐matrix elements corresponding to custom designed polarization sensitive samples and standard birefringent resolution target. Furthermore, to demonstrate the application of the system in dynamic imaging, the transient polarization changes of a custom‐designed parallel nematic liquid crystal display (LCD) are investigated.

Smart Industrial Safety Monitoring and Alert System using Raspberry Pi

The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has enabled the development of systems for automatic monitoring and alerting in industrial settings. Industrial accidents, such as gas leaks or fires, can lead to significant setbacks. To address this, we propose a system utilizing IoT concepts to monitor industrial applications and generate alerts or alarms to prevent mishaps. Our system employs flame and gas sensors to detect fires and gas leaks, along with other sensors such as temperature detectors, PIR sensors for trespass detection, and current and voltage monitoring. Data from these sensors are continuously scanned and transmitted online for real-time monitoring. The system, implemented using Raspberry Pi and interfaced with an LCD screen, provides a comprehensive approach to industrial safety, aiming to reduce both human and economic losses. Key Words: Internet of Things (IoT), industrial safety, sensors, Raspberry Pi, fault monitoring, Wi-Fi module

Utilizing virtual reality before, versus during, the COVID-19 pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic abruptly pushed interior design (ID) instruction online, instructors were challenged to adapt, and students adapted a new method of virtual reality (VR). The VR method before COVID-19 was a Homido V2 VR headset with iPhone viewing 360-degree panorama jpeg, and during COVID-19 a liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitor viewing 360-degree panorama jpeg. The purpose of this study was, if a statistically significant difference (SSD) in spatial presence was found between the two types of VR, then an argument could be supported to evaluate spatial presence, before VR is implemented into ID curriculum. This study was at one Midwestern United States university with a sample (N = 52) of ID undergraduate students. The results revealed an SSD in the spatial presence in the aforementioned VR types. This SSD was found in two of the three dependent variables: Spatial Presence: Possible Action (SPPA; U = 772, p < 0.001), example survey question feeling you could jump into the action, and Spatial Presence: Self Location (SPSL; U = 789, p < 0.001), example feeling you are in the middle of the action. The third dependent variable, Spatial Situation Model (SSM; U = 1320, p = 0.834) did not reveal an SSD, example imagining the arrangement of the spaces. To support results, the Virtual Reality Spatial Presence Index (VRSPI) applied scored neutral (neither strong, nor weak) for spatial presence in both. This study filled research gaps on VR spatial presence measurement, with implications supporting a measurable advantage in ID students using VR headsets and ID curriculum developers evaluating VR before implementation.

Smart Temperature Dependent Cooling of Solar panel Using Arduino

This project involves the integration of various hardware components, including an Arduino board, a temperature sensor, an LCD display, a relay module, a CPU fan, and an ESP8266NodeMCU. The goal is to create a system that can monitor temperature, display information on an LCD screen, a relay to control fan, a CPU fan, and upload collected data to a web server for remote access and analysis. The temperature sensor is connected to the Arduino board to measure the ambient temperature. The LCD display provides real-time temperature readings and system status information. The relay module enables the Arduino to control an external device based on predefined temperature thresholds. Additionally, a CPU fan is integrated to manage the temperature of a system component. This enhances the overall system stability and efficiency. The ESP8266 Node MCU, acting as a Wi-Fi Module, connects the system to the internet. It gathers temperature data from the Arduino and periodically uploads it to a designated web server via HTTP or other suitable protocols. This enables users to monitor temperature trends and system performance remotely, providing insights into environmental conditions and operational effectiveness. The integration of these components involves programming the Arduino and Node MCU using relevant libraries and languages such as c / c++ and Arduino IDE. The Arduino code manages data collection, LCD display, relay control, and fan speed regulation, ensuring seamless coordination between the components. The Node MCU code establishes a connection to the Wi-Fi network, formats and transmits data to the web server, and handles any necessary security considerations. Keywords: CPU Fan, Arduino, solar panels, Templates, Journals.

Development of a Solar Powered Seeder for Pea Seeds

One of the most profitable vegetable crops for farmers to plant is peas. Pea seeding by hand is still one of the most tedious techniques farmers use today. Pea seed sowing requires a more significant number of skilled workers. The soil is dug by one person, and the pea seeds is sown there by another. Regarding farmers, the availability of skilled labor is still another issue. Egypt has many small farms; hence, it is necessary to produce small-scale farming machinery. Thus, this research manufactures a solar-powered seeding mechanism exclusively for small farmers at a low cost to overcome the problems of a lack of labor skills, sowing times, labor cost, accurate seeding, and seed losses. Increase profit for farmers who plant vegetable crops. The machine is provided with an accurate system to achieve accurate seed distribution. A complex gear mechanism is replaced with a sensor to make seeding simpler. There is an input LCD screen to sow at various distances between seeds. The distance between rows can be maintained. Also, there is a solar tracking system, which is essential for receiving more direct sunlight. Also, the motors used are 12 volts, so they are compatible with the electricity produced from the solar panel without the need for a voltage converter, which reduces costs. Also, both fuel costs and air pollution do not exist. The study includes two experimental variables: four theoretical hill spacings of 15, 18, 21, and 24 cm and four sowing depths of 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm. The measurements include the plant's longitudinal dispersal, lateral dispersal, emergence percentage, and operating costs. The minimum values of longitudinal and lateral dispersal and the highest value of emergence percentage were obtained at a theoretical hill spacing of 24 cm and a sowing depth of 5 cm. The developed machine can lower the operational cost by 94.96%, as one skilled worker can adequate complete the seeding operation. Therefore, it is suggested to use the solar-powered system for seeding pea seeds in small-scale farming.

Selective leaching of indium from spent LCD screens by siderophore desferrioxamine E

Given the criticality of indium (In) in high-tech applications, spent LCD screens can represent a viable secondary In resource. In this work, an innovative and alternative technology to selectively leach In from spent LCD screens using a microbial chelating agent, desferrioxamine E (DFOE), was developed. Indium was concentrated from spent LCD screens by implementing an adapted pre-treatment procedure, allowing the isolation of an indium-rich glassy fraction. During leaching, the competition between aluminum (Al) and In for complexation with DFOE leads to the precipitation of In(OH)3 at low DFOE concentrations (12–240 µM). After adjusting the optimal conditions (fraction size: 0–36 μM, pH: 5.5, S/L ratio: 1 g/L, 25 °C), the In leaching yield reached 32%, ten times higher than Al over 90 days with 5 mM DFOE. Thus, achieving high In recovery is possible through i) prolonging leaching durations, ii) selective leaching, and iii) minimizing Al interference. This is the first attempt to selectively leach In using a selected siderophore from end-of-life products with high concentrations of non-targeted elements (i.e. Al, Si, and Ca). This study demonstrates the potential of generating indium-rich leachates, which can be subsequently processed through the GaLIophore technology for In refining.

Cd0.2Zn0.8O nanowire thin film transistor for low kickback high-speed AMLCD circuit applications

This paper reports the Cd0.2Zn0.8O channel cylindrical gate-all-around nanowire thin-film transistor (CY-GAA-NWTFT) for high-speed active-matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) pixel circuit with minimal kickback voltage. The AC/DC, analog, and energy efficiency of this device are investigated against the variation in lateral (channel length) as well as vertical dimension (oxide thickness) using technology computer aided design (TCAD) device simulation environment. Further, the behavior of CY-GAA-TFT is crosschecked by implementing it on resistive load digital inverter circuit followed by transient analysis to calculate delay of the inverter circuit. Moreover, static analysis has been also performed to evaluate its voltage transfer curve (VTC) to derive its noise margin and voltage gain. The execution of the proposed CY-GAA-NWT device on AMLCD pixel circuit indicates tremendous improvement in performance in terms of high-speed applications and low kickback voltage.