Snow Liquid Water Content Research Articles

Snow Wetness Measurement by Fluorescent Dye Dilution

AbstractThe fluorescent dye dilution method for determining the liquid-water content in snow is based on measuring the concentration change of a solution when it is mixed with snow. Samples for analysis can be obtained rapidly and reliably, and, unlike calorimetric or equilibrium-temperature methods, field use requires no on-site data analysis.

Snow Wetness Measurement by Fluorescent Dye Dilution

AbstractThe fluorescent dye dilution method for determining the liquid-water content in snow is based on measuring the concentration change of a solution when it is mixed with snow. Samples for analysis can be obtained rapidly and reliably, and, unlike calorimetric or equilibrium-temperature methods, field use requires no on-site data analysis.

Snowpack Liquid Water Determinations Using Freezing Calorimetry

Liquid water in a snowpack has been recognized for some time as a quantifiable variable of hydrologic significance. It is also important in the interpretation of snowpack microwave remote sensing data. One effective method for measuring the liquid water content of snow is freezing calorimetry. This technique is presented from theory through application including formulations for calculating the percent of liquid water in the snowpack. Silicone oil has been used successfully as the freezing agent. Consistent results can be obtained with the method, even when using newly-trained operators. Liquid water content data can be obtained approximately every 15 minutes when using two calorimeters and three operators. The freezing calorimetric approach was found to be accurate in determining the liquid water content of the snow to within ± 1.0-2.0 percent by weight.

Field Measurement of the Liquid-Water Content of Snow

AbstractField trials show that the liquid-water content of snow can be determined simply and cheaply by a version of Bader’s solution method.

Field Measurement of the Liquid-Water Content of Snow

Abstract Field trials show that the liquid-water content of snow can be determined simply and cheaply by a version of Bader’s solution method.

Short-Term Snow Melt and Ablation Derived from Heat- and Mass-Balance Measurements

AbstractThe daily snow melt calculated from meteorological observations is compared with detailed mass-balance measurements taking into account internal changes in density and free water content in the surface layers of a glacier snow-pack. The energy balance is calculated from measurements obtained by a meteorological station at the experimental site. In addition to the standard ablation measurements the run-off from the melting snow-pack was obtained for a few days. The snow-density profiles were measured with a portable gamma-transmission probe and the liquid-water content of snow was determined by a calorimetric method.Agreement between the melt calculated by the heat-balance method and the mass changes observed in the mass-balance measurements is fair for daily periods. It appears that about 20% of the daily snow melt takes place internally as a result of penetration of solar radiation.

Short-Term Snow Melt and Ablation Derived from Heat- and Mass-Balance Measurements

AbstractThe daily snow melt calculated from meteorological observations is compared with detailed mass-balance measurements taking into account internal changes in density and free water content in the surface layers of a glacier snow-pack. The energy balance is calculated from measurements obtained by a meteorological station at the experimental site. In addition to the standard ablation measurements the run-off from the melting snow-pack was obtained for a few days. The snow-density profiles were measured with a portable gamma-transmission probe and the liquid-water content of snow was determined by a calorimetric method.Agreement between the melt calculated by the heat-balance method and the mass changes observed in the mass-balance measurements is fair for daily periods. It appears that about 20% of the daily snow melt takes place internally as a result of penetration of solar radiation.

A Preliminary Experiment of Standard Measurement of Liquid Water Content of Snow by Buoyancy Difference Method with Phase Change

The method of standard measurement of liquid water content of snow by the buoyancy difference method with phase change has been investigated experimentally.The method, based on the measurement of the difference in buoyancy between ice and water in a suitable liquid, is thought to be employed at either of the following two processes : 1) Freezing process : The first weighing of an appropriate amount of wet snow as the sample is made in the liquid at 0°C. This liquid is lower density than ice and is insoluble against water. Then, the sample is cooled to freeze its water portion. After the freezing, the second weighing is carried out in the same way as the first.The difference in weight between the first and the second (equal to the difference in buoyancy) indicates the amount of water in the sample.2) Melting process : The first weighing is carried out under the same conditions as those of the freezing process. Then, the sample is warmed to melt its ice portion. After the melting, the second weighing is done in the same way as the first. The difference in weight between the first and the second indicates the amount of ice in the sample.In this paper, it is shown that the melting process is more suitable for application of the method than the freezing process, because in the latter the air is separated as bubbles in the freezing water portion.This experiment is carried out with four compornents as follows : 1) Weighing system : Spring balance, accuracy ± 0.4 mg.2) Temperature control system : Peltier cooler and PID controller, temperature regulation ± 0.015°C.3) Liquid : Kerosene, density 0.820 g/cm3.4) Sample : Distilled water, about 4 g.

Note on the Liquid Water Content of Wet Snow

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Note on the Liquid Water Content of Wet Snow

Note on the Liquid Water Content of Wet Snow