Liquid Waste Management Research Articles

Carbon obtained from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers as potential sorbent of radionuclides from the contaminated aqueous solutions

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beverage containers have been carbonized in a nitrogen stream and chemically treated to obtain activated carbon. The potential sorbent has been physico-chemically characterized and tested for use in the solidification of liquid radioactive waste (LRW). For this purpose, we have determined main factors describing adsorption of the selected radioactive metals. It was found that adsorption process fulfils Freundlich and kinetic pseudo-second-order models. It has been also shown that activation of the raw PET carbon with using the ZnCl2 solution leads to the best adsorption results of the radionuclides. Activated carbon obtained within this work appeared to be a potential candidate for a low-cost, chemically stable adsorbent for water decontamination. Procedures for the carbonization and activation need, however, to be improved. Activated carbon obtained from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beverage containers appeared to be a potential candidate for a low-cost, chemically stable adsorbent for water decontamination and the management of radioactive liquid wastes (LRW).

HUBUNGAN PENERAPAN 5 PILAR SANITASI TOTAL BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (STBM) DAN KEJADIAN DIARE DI DESA TAMAN BARU KECAMATAN PENENGAHAN KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN

Diarrhea affects the death of several people around the world. In Lampung Province, the morbidity rate for all age groups tended to increase in 2005-2014. The increase in cases also occurred in South Lampung Regency from 2016-2018, and the most in Taman Baru Village, Penengah District. The study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 267 households, which are all households in Taman Baru Village. Primary data were collected through a survey using a questionnaire and checklist. The collected data were processed and analyzed in a bivariate manner with the help of a computer program. The results showed a relationship between knowledge and application of the five pillars of STBM and the incidence of diarrhea. Community leaders and village officials fully support STBM activities. The people of Taman Baru Village have not carried out liquid waste management and household waste management, this factor can be the cause of the increasing incidence of diarrhea.

A comprehensive study on infection control and liquid waste management in mortuaries

The present study was carried out to assess the biohazard status of waste generated in mortuary complex of a tertiary care hospital. Different methods were employed for isolating microbiota from surface, air, and sewers of mortuary complex. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of all isolated organisms were studied. Disinfection trials were carried out with different concentrations of household bleach, sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde for liquid waste, surfaces, and air quality, respectively. It was established that 3.33% sodium hypochlorite was most effective for surface sterilization; formaldehyde fumigation once in week was found most satisfactory for maintaining air quality and equal quantities of 10% household bleach was found economically feasible for pretreatment of hazardous liquid waste generated in mortuaries.

Management of hospital radioactive liquid waste: treatment proposal for radioimmunoassay wastes

<abstract> <p>Radioactive liquid wastes are produced at hospitals from diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radionuclides. The most usual management of these wastes is temporary storage at the hospital for radioactivity decay and, then, discharge into sewage if not other pollutants are present in waste, always after authorization of the corresponding institution. In some cases, radioactive wastes have other hazards, such as chemical or biological ones, which can be more dangerous than radiological hazard, and do not allow direct discharge into sewage in spite of decaying activity below the clearance level. Therefore, these wastes have to be treated and condition before discharge in spite of activity decay below discharge limit. This is the case of liquid wastes from radioimmunoassay (RIA), a laboratory technique that allows to determine human substances in very low concentrations (below 10<sup>-12</sup> g/mL), like hormones, using <sup>125</sup>I as radionuclide. This study summarizes the usual management of radioactive liquid wastes from hospitals, including conventional and recent treatments applied. Furthermore, based on experimental results obtained with real RIA wastes, this work exposes a proposal of treatment with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and determines the most suitable application of this treatment according to radiological and operational considerations.</p> </abstract>

РАДІАЦІЙНО-ЗАХИСНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ УПАКОВКИ ДЛЯ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ СОЛЬОВОГО ПЛАВУ АЕС УКРАЇНИ

Considering that the problem of liquid radioactive waste management of Ukrainian nuclear power plants with WWER reactors is still unresolved, it is noted that the current level of scientific achievements provides grounds for creating a technology for the salt melt (SM) disposal without its processing. Since the exposure dose rate (EDR) for barrels with SM can significantly exceed the value of 5 mSv/h, the radiation-protective properties of the hypothetical packaging for conditioning of the salt melt formed by placing radioactive waste (RW) in a reinforced concrete container and its immobilization are considered. Exposure dose rate simulation was performed using the PHITS software package (Japan). The calculations were performed for a packaging consisting of 4 barrels of SM, placed in a universal protective container UZZK. Variants with different radionuclide composition of the SM, due to the duration of exposure of the SM – from 100% 137Cs to 137Cs-65%, 134Cs-15%, 60Co-20%, are considered. The specific concentration of radionuclides was taken from 5E7 to 1E9 Bq/kg. There are also 2 options for filling the voids: the first option involves filling the voids with the conditioning product of the bottom residue in the form of alkaline cement with a saline content of 25%, while the second option does not include radioactive salts in alkaline cement. The calculations showed the acceptability of the proposed conditioning of the salt melt by forming a package of 4 KRO-200 containers, universal reinforced concrete container UZZK TU U 29.2-26444970-005 and filling voids with the product of conditioning of the bottom residue in the form of alkaline cement with salinity -protective properties. A necessary condition for the implementation of practical measures for the conditioning of the salt melt accumulated in WWER reactors, followed by transfer to landfills is the corresponding changes in OSPU-2005 in terms of classification of the SM and its classification as solid radwaste.

A Qualitative Study of NIMBYism for Waste in Smaller Urban Areas of a Low-Income Country, Mzuzu, Malawi.

When waste management infrastructure is built, there can be resistance from the local affected populations, often termed the Not in My Backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon. This study aims to understand the forms of resistance that may develop in such contexts, focusing on 2 solid waste and 1 liquid waste management site within Mzuzu City, Malawi. At the newest solid waste site, community resistance had grown to the extent that the site was reportedly destroyed by the local community. Interviews and observations of the sites are complemented by examining historic and recent satellite images. It was found that, at the new solid waste site, community engagement had not been conducted effectively prior to construction and as part of ongoing site operations. This was compounded by poor site management and the non-delivery of the promised benefits to the community. In contrast, at the liquid waste site, the community could access untreated sludge for use as fertilizer and were happier to live within its vicinity. While NIMBYism is a frustrating phenomenon for city planners, it is understandable that communities want to protect their health and well-being when there is a history of mismanagement of waste sites which is sadly common in low-income settings. It is difficult for government agencies to deliver these services and broader waste management. In this study, an unsuccessful attempt to do something better with a legitimate goal is not necessarily a failure, but part of a natural learning process for getting things right.

Health Risks in Our Environment: Urban Slum Youth’ Perspectives Using Photovoice in Kampala, Uganda

Due to increasing urbanization, many people find themselves living in slums that expose them to several health risks. We explored urban health risks that fall short of the planetary boundaries in an urban slum in Kampala, Uganda using photovoice. We selected, trained, and assigned ten youth (five females and five males) to take photos on urban health risks. The photographs were discussed, and transcripts were analyzed based on the doughnut economics model using content analysis in NVivo 12. Environments and actions of slum dwellers expose them to health risks, and cause them to live at the edge of planetary boundaries. Environmental sanitation challenges, including solid and liquid waste management, excreta management, and food hygiene and safety expose slum dwellers to risks at the edge of the lower boundary of the planet. Urban conditions expose slum dwellers to poor physical infrastructure, undesirable work conditions, pollution, and health and safety challenges. Crime, violence, and substance use were also viewed as vices that make slum environments dangerous habitats. On the other hand, practices like inhabiting wetlands and using biomass fuels in addition to traffic fumes expose slum dwellers to effects associated with living above the planetary boundaries. Urban youth reflected on health risks that have immediate effects on their health and day-to-day living. Urbanization, especially in low resource settings, needs to be cognizant of the ensuing risks to health and thus ensure sustainable growth.

Solid, Liquid and Gas Waste Management includes Handling of Impacts

The discussion talked about handling the environment and society from solid, liquid, and gas waste management. In this paper there are several methods that can be used to treat wastewater, including, Dilution (disposal by dilution). Wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes or the sea to dilute. In this way the wastewater will undergo natural purification. However, this method can contaminate surface water with pathogenic bacteria, worm larvae and eggs, and other germs in the wastewater. If only this method is applicable, the following conditions must be met, River or lake water may not be used for other purposes.

Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico

The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem.

The Implementation of Community Based on Total Sanitation among Fisherman Families in West Java

The aim of this study was to obtain a picture on the implementation of Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) the Indonesian term for Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) among the families of fisherman in Eretan Kulon, Indramayu West Java. Participants of this Household Survey were categorized into two, namely households that have under-five children and households that have youth. Father or mother or any adult who live with under-five children or youth were purposively chosen as the participants of this study. In total 307 Households (HH Under five 51.14%; HH Youth 48.86%) participated in this study. Five pillars of STBM were used to develop a questionnaire for this HH Survey. The result revealed that among the five pillars of STBM, the highest mean score was in safe management of drinking water and food (Mean=4.08), followed by washing hands with soap (Mean=3.45), management of solid waste (Mean=2.79), management of liquid water (Mean=2.64), and open defecation (Mean=1.90). The result of this study indicated that not all families have latrines so that they still practice of open defecation. The study also showed that solid and liquid waste management is still not considered important to maintain health and environmental hygiene.

Water exchange amount reduction algorithm for power control of VVER-1200 reactor operating in load-following mode

In order to solve the problem of water exchange minimization in the primary loop of VVER-1200 reactor operating in load-following mode, we chose the dynamic programming method (DPM). However, this method is very expensive in terms of RAM and computing time. A heuristic is introduced for the DPM to decrease the computational costs. The introduction of the heuristics makes it possible to cut the inefficient branches of the DPM algorithm and to increase its speed without loss of precision. In the proposed algorithm, the use of temperature regulation control reduces the amount of coolant removed from the reactor primary loop, the movement of control rods is limited, which keeps the current axial offset (AO) in the recommended area, makes it possible to equalize the energy release in the reactor core volume. The simulation results obtained confirm the improvement of reactor power control in terms of load following: deviation of core power from the load schedule is reduced, water exchange is decreased by more than 50%, which is useful from the point of view of liquid waste management and treatment.

Waste management and bioenergy recovery from açaí processing in the Brazilian Amazonian region: a perspective for a circular economy

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the Brazilian production of açaí, focusing on its waste generation and addressing mass and energy balances arising from its cultivation, extraction, processing, and waste disposal. A new technological route for açaíʼs waste management was introduced for bioenergy recovery based on the circular economy concept. In 2018, Brazil produced 1.7 million tons of açaí fruit for an income of 1.07 billion USD, and the associated waste generation (seeds) was estimated at 85%. Due to the high production of waste, an innovative approach was developed for a system boundary (conceptual line that divides the system), including the management of solid and liquid wastes through anaerobic digestion (AD). The results showed that, from 1 ton of açaí fruit fed into the facility for processing, 1.2 ton of solid waste and wastewater was generated. This waste was submitted to AD and produced 2.77 m3 of biogas, with a methane composition of 50%. The complete industrial process demands 25 kWh per ton of frozen pulp. The local energy produced by the biogas burning could be recycled and used by the process, establishing a circular energy economy for this sector. With the adoption of AD waste management, about 61% of the external electricity requirement for the açaí fruit processing can be replaced from the biogas produced. The adoption of this technology can be contribute to decarbonization. Furthermore, the implementation of AD could support the transition to a circular economy, with environmental, social, and economic benefits for local and regional sustainable development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Socialization of Tofu Liquid Waste Management (Whey Tofu) Becomes Biogas as Alternative Energy Reserves in the Framework of Creating an Environmentally Friendly Industry


 Arya Jaya is a trading business that is engaged in making tofu. UD. Arya Jaya began operations in 2003, by Mrs. Siti Aisyah. UD. Arya Jaya is in Bukkolan Village RT.01 RW.01 Paowan Village / Panarukan District Situbondo Regency East Java Province. To run this business, Mrs. Siti Aisyah was assisted by 12 workers.
 
 At UD. Arya Jaya, so far the tofu wastewater has never been used and treated but has been discharged into the river. As a result, various cases of environmental pollution that make a negative impact on public health occur a lot.
 Community service activities are also intended to train and foster communities around the tofu industry and tofu entrepreneurs so that they have knowledge about the utilization of tofu liquid waste and can improve skills around 75% to process tofu liquid waste into biogas in processing tofu liquid waste into biogas so it is expected With good management of the waste produced by the tofu making industry, it will add value to the product and be more environmentally friendly. In addition, the management of tofu wastewater in a waste to product manner can efficiently cost the costs, materials used, and energy to make new products from waste raw materials. Besides that, entrepreneurs know that they will no longer be difficult to deal with their waste.
 Based on the situation analysis above, the PKM Team together with UD. Arya Jaya seeks to overcome the problem referred to as "The Socialization of Tofu Liquid Waste Management (Whey Tofu) Becoming Biogas As an Alternative Energy Reserve in the Framework of Creating an Environmentally Friendly Industry". The activity that will be carried out has very good prospects and is expected to provide information about the processing of tofu industrial wastewater using anaerobic biodigester technology for biogas production. For tofu industry entrepreneurs, the processing of various wastes can be converted into biogas into added value. By paying attention to environmental problems caused by the disposal of potentially polluting waste, the existence of anaerobic biodigester technology can provide economic and ecological value while reducing the potential for disposal. In addition, it can reduce the effects of pollution resulting in the greenhouse effect.
 The final target and output are the publication of scientific articles in journals or proceedings in national community service seminars and newspaper article publications in national newspapers.

Analysis of the green infrastructure implementation to the enhancement of environmental support capacity (Case study: Watershed outside University of Indonesia)

The several things to fulfil human needs are water resources, like household, laundry, industry and agriculture, the activities that reduce the availability of ground water and produce waste which makes the quality of river water decrease. This research was conducted in a catchment area outside University of Indonesia which is included in the Ciliwung watershed area which aims to increase the carrying capacity of water resources by carrying out a Water Governance approach by considering 3 aspects Place, People and Policy. The Place aspect or technical recommendations was an approach using the concept of WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Drainage), the green infrastructure used are bioretention and constructed wetland by using ArcGIS, GitBola and SWMM for simulations of improving air quality and volume of runoff water reduction. The People aspect or stakeholders are conducted in-depth interviews or snow ball interview with stakeholders and residents in the catchment to find out responses to green technology recommendations and stakeholder responses. The policy aspect makes appropriate policy recommendations that regulate the management of liquid and solid waste so as not to pollute water bodies, to improve the condition of catchments around University of Indonesia, making policy recommendations based on the technical aspects of green technology proposals, community or stakeholder responses and also based on existing policies or regulations from the central to the regional level.

Tinjauan Yuridis Pengelolaan Limbah Medis di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Bung Karno Surakarta

<em>This study aims to determine the implementation of medical waste treatment at Bung Karno Hospital in Surakarta in accordance with Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment and Government Regulation Number 101 of 2014 concerning Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste. This study uses an empirical method and a statutory approach.The types of legal materials consist of primary and secondary.Primary legal materials is using laws, government regulations, and regional regulations of the province of Central Java. Secondary legal materials is using relevant books, journals and research. The author collected data by conducting observations and interviews with waste managers at the hospital. The results of this study are: The treatment of medical waste at Bung Karno Hospital is carried out in collaboration with external parties, this is because the hospital does not yet have its own incinerator. The implementation of liquid medical waste management, Bung Karno Hospital Surakarta, uses IPAL tanks and Redox AOP machines. The hospital has not properly implemented the regulations for B3 waste management.</em>

Potential Stunting in Riverside Peoples (Study on Pahandut Urban Village, Palangka Raya City)

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential occurrence of stunting for residents who live on the river side, especially residents who live and inhabit the Kahayan River. And the subject is women who are pregnant, have a toddler. The study was conducted with a qualitative method, a descriptive approach used to explain stunting potential for people who live on riverside. This study uses purposive sampling, data collection techniques used: interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of this study are the environmental health conditions of people who live on riverside are very bad, if it refers to WHO standards, because there are no adequate sanitation facilities related to water management and disposal of solid and liquid waste, plus the habits of people who still throw garbage directly into the river. Environmental health in the community should be improved through collaboration of various institutions, in process to change the behavior patterns of disposing of garbage in the river. Second Findings the potential for stunting in the riverside communities is quite large, because the majority of peoples doesn’t count nutritional content in food, so awareness and empowerment should be done. So that in the future there will be an increase in the quality of health of children, mothers and adolescents.

Polysulfone-Gd2Zr2O7 mixed-matrix membranes with superior radiation resistant properties: Fabrication and application of a membrane device for radioactive effluent treatment

This is the first study undertaken towards development of mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) with enhanced radiation resistant attributes by reinforcement of nanostructured Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) within polysulfone (Psf) host-matrix. The study describes synthesis and characterization of GZO in disordered, defect-fluorite structure, having average crystallite size of 31(±3) nm. Membranes prepared with different loading of GZO (up to 2 w/w% of Psf) are exposed to γ-radiation up to a dose of 1000 kGy in aqueous environment. The effect of radiation on the structural, mechanical, and thermo-oxidative properties of MMMs has been compared with that of radiation-sensitive Psf membrane. The ultrafiltration performance of the (un)irradiated Psf and MMMs reveal that an optimum reinforcement of GZO at 1 (w/wPsf)% offers ~10 times radiation resistant MMM, compared to that of Psf membrane. The MMM with 1 (w/wPsf)% GZO was rolled into 2512 spiral configuration and a highly-compact device was developed for treatment of radioactive effluent. Based on the flux decline behaviour over 18 months duration, the fouling behaviour of the MMM module was modelled. The life-span of the MMM was predicted based on the absorbed radiation dose, GZO leaching study, and fouling behaviour. It is proposed that GZO mitigates a fraction of the impinged γ-energy in swapping of the Gd3+ and Zr4+ sites, which protects the polymeric host-matrix in-situ from radiation induced degradation. The abundance of Gd3+ and Zr4+ associated with polar O2− over the impregnated GZO further stabilizes MMMs through scavenging of the oxidizing and reducing radiolysed products of water. Thus, we report a smart approach to develop novel MMM with greater life-expectancy against high-energy radiation and further fabricate a membrane-based device for management of liquid radioactive waste.

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of occupational and public risks associated with bioaerosols generated during the application of dairy cattle wastewater as biofertilizer

The reuse or recycling of wastewater provides environmental and economic benefits, representing a sustainable and circular alternative for the management of liquid waste. However, the application of effluents to agricultural crops via spraying creates a potentially dangerous situation for individuals exposed to airborne pathogens. This study used Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) tools to quantitatively assess the microbial risks of occupational and public exposures to bioaerosols in fertigation scenarios by spraying untreated and treated dairy cattle wastewater. Analyses of Escherichia coli (EC) and spores of Clostridium perfringens (CpSP) in raw and treated effluents as well as pathogen / indicator ratios from the literature were used to estimate the concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC O157:H7) and Cryptospodirium spp. (Crypto) in the air, and the results were applied to an atmospheric microbiological dispersion model. From the concentrations of pathogens in the air, infectious risks for downwind receptors were calculated. The risks of infection by EC O157:H7 to workers at 10 m and 50 m away from the emission source ranged between 3.81 × 10 1 and 2.68 × 10 3 pppy (per person per year), whereas to residents at 100 m and 500 m ranged from 4.59 × 10 1 to 1.51 × 10 4 pppy. Peak values (95th percentile) of occupational and public risks associated with the exposure to Crypto were 3.41 × 10 3 and 6.84 × 10 4 pppy at 10 m and 50 m from the source, respectively, and were lower than 1.48 × 10 6 pppy regarding exposures to CpSP. Anaerobic digestion reduced risks by approximately one order of magnitude. The distance from the source was inversely proportional to the risk of exposure. It is recommended that wastewater is treated prior to its reuse and the adoption of application methods with low aerosolization potential. In addition, the need for workers to use personal protective equipment (PPE) is highlighted.

Penerapan Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 Dalam Pengelolahan Limbah Cair di Usaha Dagang Tahu Jawa (Studi Kasus di Pabrik Tahu Usaha Dagang Jawa)

Tofu Industry Java Trading Business is an industrial factory engaged in food production that produces tofu. This industry was founded in 2009 which started with his two children who already had experience working in the tofu factory industry not far from their homes. This type of research is normative juridical namely the type of research conducted by studying written regulations so that this research is very closely related to the library. The results of the study are the level of danger from the liquid waste of tofu factory in the tofu trade business Java is not managed properly is damage to the quality of the environment, especially waters as one of the needs of humanity and other living things. Factors that caused the management of liquid waste did not go well according to Law number 32 of 2009, namely the ignorance of the entrepreneurs themselves, factors of education level, economic factors of entrepreneurs, government participation and law enforcement, factors of the role of the community and the role of the community in manage the environment. The legal consequences of these actions are written reprimands, government coercion, freezing of environmental permits, revocation of environmental permits.

A research at sustainable urban scale: example of Çanakkale.

The aim of the study is to assess the renewability of the urban texture in Çanakkale, to recycling and renewable energy resources within the scope of sustainability of physical, ecologic, and social life cycles. Urban development is revealed in concepts like ecologic, smart, sustainable, and green town for town concepts. Within the framework of sustainable town approaches, this study assesses Çanakkale at the point of green space planning; urban solid, gas, and liquid waste management and planning; and recycling of agricultural waste by researching cyclical operations and processes and literature studies. Additionally, SWOT analysis is performed on the rapidly changing and developing sustainable structure in Çanakkale with attempts made to develop recommendations about the status in the near future. The study is important as no similar study has been performed in Çanakkale and in terms of partly illuminating the potential of the town as a sustainable town. The green space per person of 3.05 m2 is well below the standards and is indicated as one of the leading results within the scope of the study. This situation makes it mandatory to increase planning for esthetic and functional green space within the town in general. Additionally, the water sample after treatment in the wastewater treatment plant had total suspended solid matter of 29 mg/L and was identified at ideal levels. Chemical and biochemical oxygen demands provided similar results. As a result, it was revealed that river water does not represent a risk in terms of human health. Within the scope of notable points, with multiple management and planning strategies, rational steps should be taken about renewability and recycling of solid, liquid, and gas wastes. Rational use of all natural and cultural resources by administrators and local government with cooperation of non-governmental organizations will improve the current conditions in Çanakkale and make considerable strides to becoming a sustainable city.