Measurement Of Liquid Viscosity Research Articles

Liquid viscosity measurement based on disk-shaped electromechanical resonator

PurposeThe effect of viscosity on the performance of disk-shaped electromechanical resonators has been studied and investigated in the past. The vibration frequency of a disk-shaped resonator changes according to the viscosity of the liquid which the resonator is in contact with. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is based on design a sensor for measuring the viscosity of liquids using a disk-shaped electromechanical resonator. The viscosity of liquids is of interest to researchers in industry and medicine.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, a viscosity sensor for liquids is proposed, which is designed based on a disk-shaped electromechanical resonator. In this proposed sensor, two comb drives are used as electrostatic actuators to stimulate the resonator. Also, two other comb drives are used as electrostatic sensors to monitor the frequency changes of the proposed resonator. The resonance frequency of the resonator in response to different fluids under test varies according to their viscosity.FindingsAfter calibration of the proposed sensor by nonlinear weights, the viscosity of some liquids are calculated using this sensor and results confirm its accuracy according to the liquids real viscosity.Originality/valueThe design of the proposed sensor and its simulated performance are reported. Also, the viscosity of several different liquids are evaluated with simulations of the proposed sensor and presented.

Measurement of liquid viscosity using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based on GA-BP neural network.

Sensor technology plays a pivotal role in various aspects of the petroleum industry. The conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) liquid-phase detection method fails to discern the viscosity and density of solutions separately, rendering it incapable of characterizing the properties of unknown liquid solutions. This presents a formidable challenge to the application of QCM in the petroleum industry. In this study, we aim to assess the feasibility of exclusively utilizing a single QCM sensor for liquid viscosity measurements. Validation experiments were conducted, emphasizing the influence of temperature and solution concentration on the viscosity measurement results. The results indicate that the QCM liquid viscosity response model can achieve viscosity measurements in the temperature range of 20 to 60 °C and concentration range of 10%-95% glycerol solution using a single QCM, with a maximum error of 7.32%. Simultaneously, with the objective of enhancing the model's measurement precision, as an initial investigation, we employed a backpropagation neural network combined with genetic algorithm (to optimize the measurement data. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement in the measurement accuracy of the QCM sensor, with a root mean square error of 3.89 and an absolute error of 3.07% in predicting viscosity values. The purpose of this research was to extend neural networks into the evaluation system of QCM sensors for assessing the viscosity properties of liquid in the oil industry, providing insights into the application of QCM sensors in the petroleum industry for viscosity measurement and improving measurement accuracy.

IoT-based viscometer fabrication using the falling ball method for laboratory applications

This study outlines the production procedure of internet of things (IoT)- enabled viscometers designed for laboratory use. These viscometers utilize photodiode sensors, lasers, and falling ball techniques. The system is equipped with a temperature sensor that is utilized to quantify the impact of temperature on viscosity. The temperature sensor’s characterization yielded a R-square value of 0.999. The photodiode and laser sensors are utilized to operate a timer within the system, ensuring precise time measurement. The R-square value for the sensor characterization is 0.996. A viscometer equipped with an integrated IoT module for seamless wireless transmission of data. The photodiode timer sensor has an accuracy of 95.76% and a precision of 99.96%, while the temperature sensor has an accuracy of 99.43% and a precision of 99.93%. The viscometer transmits the measured viscosity data to the server using wireless technology. This IoT viscometer has the potential to enhance the efficiency and precision of liquid viscosity measurement in laboratory settings. Additionally, it enables real-time monitoring and data collection for subsequent analysis and research purposes.

New Viscometers for Measuring the Viscosity of Liquids

This article’s goal is to present a viscometer that makes use of a novel viscometry measurement technique. The post will also suggest brand-new vibration viscometers. The development of new viscometers has allowed for the continuous and instantaneous measurement of liquid viscosity. The viscosity can be precisely measured automatically using these viscometers, which are made for industrial application. These viscosity measurement tools can currently be applied to a number of different tasks, including the research of recently developed oil products, the choice of the best flow characteristics for different transfer situations, and the advancement and refinement of fuel preparation techniques.

DETERMINATION OF THE VISCOSITY OF A MULTIPHASE MEDIUM USING THE THEORY OF SIMILARITY AND THE THEORY OF THE REGULAR THERMAL REGIME

The properties of each liquid can be characterized by a whole complex of various physical quantities: values of density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, heat capacity, surface tension, etc. At the current stage of technological development, the measurement of liquid viscosity is an urgent task in various areas of human life: automotive, oil and gas, aviation, food, medical and a number of other industries. Viscosity (internal friction) is the property of fluid bodies (liquids and gases) to resist the movement of one of their parts relative to another. Viscosity is a non-constant value and changes depending on the temperature of the liquid medium, the presence of impurities in its composition, and the value of the resource. It can be kinematic, dynamic, conditional and specific. However, indicators of kinematic or dynamic viscosity are most often used. The experimental results of viscosity determination were obtained on the stand, which is a component of the experimental and calculation method. The main elements of the experimental setup are two working cavities - external and internal. Criterion equations in the first and second approximation, consisting of similarity criteria, namely the Reynolds criterion and the Prandtl criterion, were developed to describe the heat transfer to three-phase media. Viscosity was determined in the first approximation using the criterion equation for "model liquids", and in the second approximation using the criterion equation obtained jointly for "model liquids" and the substrate. The difference between the viscosity found in the two approximations is up to ±30...40%. Key words: regular thermal mode, biogas, substrate, biogas installation, thermal stabilization, thermophysical properties, experimental and calculation method, mathematical model.

U-shaped optical microfiber-based liquid viscosity measurement

In recent years, viscosity sensors have gained widespread applications. However, their high production costs and inability to achieve online measurement have limited their practical use. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel viscosity measurement method based on optical microfiber. The sensor comprises a U-shaped optical microfiber encapsulated in a PDMS film. Under identical motion speeds in liquids with different viscosities, the optical microfiber bends to varying degrees, causing changes in the transmittance that are directly related to solution viscosity. The performance of the sensor can be adjusted by changing cantilever thickness, optical microfiber diameter, and light source wavelength. To obtain a curve that showing the relationship between transmittance and viscosity, the sensor is calibrated using solutions of known viscosity. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by comparing theory with experiment through testing experiments. By using this method, we achieved accurate viscosity measurements in the range of 10–50 mPa·s, with errors of all test samples less than 3.8%. Overall, this novel optical microfiber based method offers a promising solution for practical and cost-effective viscosity measurements.

Additive-manufactured piezo-excited cantilever beams for liquid viscosity measurement with thickness optimization

This study presents the structural optimization for the sensitivity improvement of an innovative viscosity and density sensor for viscous fluid characterization. Cantilever beams with varying steps are prototyped and fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for experimental validation with laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Experiment results agree with that of numerical simulation. Moreover, the creation of steps in thickness significantly improves the sensor’s performance and sensitivities. Step-in-thickness cantilever beam is more efficient in optimizing the relative sensitivity for viscosity sensing. The proposed structure associated with the theory provide a foundation for further design of resonant beam viscosity and density sensors.

A tip-coupled, two-cantilever, non-resonant microsystem for direct measurement of liquid viscosity

We report a non-resonant piezoelectric microelectromechanical cantilever system for the measurement of liquid viscosity. The system consists of two PiezoMEMS cantilevers in-line, with their free ends facing each other. The system is immersed in the fluid under test for viscosity measurement. One of the cantilevers is actuated using the embedded piezoelectric thin film to oscillate at a pre-selected non-resonant frequency. The second cantilever, the passive one, starts to oscillate due to the fluid-mediated energy transfer. The relative response of the passive cantilever is used as the metric for the fluid’s kinematic viscosity. The fabricated cantilevers are tested as viscosity sensors by carrying out experiments in fluids with different viscosities. The viscometer can measure viscosity at a single frequency of choice, and hence some important considerations for frequency selection are discussed. A discussion on the energy coupling between the active and the passive cantilevers is presented. The novel PiezoMEMS viscometer architecture proposed in this work will overcome several challenges faced by state-of-the-art resonance MEMS viscometers, by enabling faster and direct measurement, straightforward calibration, and the possibility of shear rate-dependent viscosity measurement.

Fabricated electromechanical resonator sensor for liquid viscosity measurement

Fabricated electromechanical resonator sensor for liquid viscosity measurement

Local measurement of liquid viscosity in optical tweezers

We present a modified method of measuring liquid viscosity in an optical tweezer system. The oscillating viscosity measurement was developed theoretically and then experimentally verified. The presented method enables quick measurement, does not require much space and the use of a camera enables other measurements, e.g. in the field of molecular biology, to be carried out in the same sample. Measurement of liquid viscosity using the presented method is possible for viscosities up to 2,5 mPa*s.

Response Law of Series Resonant Resistance under the Droplet Model of Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Liquid viscosity measurement, especially the accurate detection of high-viscosity liquid, has been a hot research in biomedical, petrochemical, and other industries. In this article, a series resonant resistance response of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) under the droplet model is introduced to characterize the density and viscosity of the liquid. The experimental results of water, glycerol solution with 50% water content, and pure glycerol show that the resonant resistance has a similar response to the resonant frequency and higher stability. Compared with the traditional method in which QCM contacts liquid on one side, this new method has the advantages of extremely high-quality factor, wide measurement range, and minimal reagent requirement, which has important guiding significance for the application of QCM in high-viscosity liquids.

Effects of Liquid Viscosity on the Formation and Attenuation of Capillary Waves Induced by AC Electrowetting-on-Dielectric.

The capillary waves induced by electrowetting-on-dielectric have great potential in terms of capillary propulsion and other applications. At present, these applications are limited by a lack of research on the effects of liquid viscosity, which is an important parameter in controlling this phenomenon. This paper examines the formation, propagation, and attenuation of electrowetting-on-dielectric-induced capillary waves (EWCWs) on a liquid-free surface with different levels of liquid viscosity. The formation and propagation of the capillary waves are visualized using a high-speed camera and a free-surface synthetic Schlieren method. A theoretical model is established to describe the wave amplitude and wave propagation of EWCWs. The results show that the liquid viscosity, as well as the surface tension, significantly affects the formation and propagation of EWCWs. Using the results presented in this paper, a new type of Stokes viscometer based on EWCWs is proposed, enabling accurate measurements of liquid viscosity over a wide range of viscosity and temperature conditions.

Viscosity Sensors Based on III-Nitride Optical Devices Integrated With Droplet Sliding Channels

In this letter, we demonstrate a miniature viscosity sensor based on GaN-on-sapphire optical device integrated with an inclined flow channel. The monolithic device, consisting of a pair of GaN diodes responsible for light emission and detection, can monitor droplet sliding. Without the need for external optical components, the proposed elegant design of a few centimeters in size is capable of distinguishing the liquid viscosities from 2 to 600 mPa <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in tens of seconds. The proposed optical sensor exhibits attractive features, such as compactness, low cost, ease of operation, and small liquid volume required, making it suitable for practical applications in liquid viscosity measurement.

Measurement of liquid viscosity using series resonant resistance response of quartz crystal microbalance

Liquid viscosity measurement is widely used in petrochemical, medical and other fields, while the traditional viscosity measurement equipment is usually cumbersome and costly. This paper introduces a method for measuring the viscosity of liquid using the series resonant resistance response model of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). In the confirmatory experiments of water and glycerol solution with 50% water content, the maximum absolute error is less than 4.50%, which shows the accuracy and validity of the theoretical model. At the same time, we found that the series resonant resistance response has higher accuracy and stability than the frequency response in the field test results of the viscosity of 0# diesel. This study is of great significance to the application of QCM in the liquid phase and has broad application prospects in the field of viscosity detection.

Liquid Viscosity Measurements for the Binary and Ternary Refrigerant Mixtures of R134a, R1234ze(E), and R1234yf

Liquid Viscosity Measurements for the Binary and Ternary Refrigerant Mixtures of R134a, R1234ze(E), and R1234yf

Analysis of the response of a liquid surface to the pulse action of an inclined gas jet at low Reynolds number

A mathematical description of the motion of a cavity on the liquid surface under an oblique action of a gas jet is obtained using the well-known expressions for the movement of a gas bubble in a liquid. The boundary of the viscous drag force domination over the form drag force is determined. The impingement of the gas jet on the liquid surface is considered as a dynamic object of the automatic control theory. It is found that the dynamic properties of the two-phase system "gas jet-liquid" are described by the integrator equations. Using a specially designed setup, the transient response of the "gas jet-liquid" system were experimentally obtained for the aerodynamic action at angles of 20 and 50o to the surfaces of liquids with the viscosities of 0.71 and 26.1 Pa·s (Reynolds number Re&lt;2). The research results are necessary for the analysis of the non-contact aerodynamic method of liquid viscosity measurements. Keywords: gas jet, impingement, liquid surface, measurement, non-contact, pulse, viscosity.

Additive-Manufactured Piezo-Excited Cantilever Beams for Liquid Viscosity Measurement with Thickness Optimization

Additive-Manufactured Piezo-Excited Cantilever Beams for Liquid Viscosity Measurement with Thickness Optimization

Исследование реакции поверхности жидкости на импульсное воздействие наклонной газовой струи при малых числах Рэйнольдса

A mathematical description of the motion of a cavity on the liquid surface under an oblique action of a gas jet is obtained using the well-known expressions for the movement of a gas bubble in a liquid. The boundary of the viscous drag force domination over the form drag force is determined. The impingement of the gas jet on the liquid surface is considered as a dynamic object of the automatic control theory. It is found that the dynamic properties of the two-phase system "gas jet - liquid" are described by the integrator equations. Using a specially designed setup, the transient response of the "gas jet - liquid" system were experimentally obtained for the aerodynamic action at angles of 20º and 50º to the surfaces of liquids with the viscosities of 0.71 and 26.1 Pa•s (Reynolds number Re &lt; 2). The research results are necessary for the analysis of the non-contact aerodynamic method of liquid viscosity measurements.

SC-Cut Quartz Resonators for Dynamic Liquid Viscosity Measurements.

This article proposes an innovative viscosity sensor based on the thickness-shear vibration of stress compensated (SC)-cut quartz resonator. The thickness-shear mode is first analyzed and further studied with fluid-structure interaction between the resonator and the viscous fluid loading. The characteristic equation is derived based on the 3-D linear piezoelectric equations and solved for sensitivity analysis. Then laboratory experiment is carried out to validate the theory. To conduct the viscosity measurement, the SC-cut quartz resonator is integrated with a U-tube test fixture, which is designed and fabricated for sensor housing to avoid the influence of the mass of the fluid. The resonator is tested with various viscosities by tuning the ratio of glycerol/water mixture. Experiment results show consistency with the analytical solution, which together present an improved sensitivity of viscosity measurement by using SC-cut quartz resonator comparing to other resonator-based viscosity sensors. The proposed viscosity sensor is sensitive, accurate, and portable, and therefore can be applied to real-time, on-site measurement or sampling of fluidic samples.

Low-consumption photoacoustic method to measure liquid viscosity.

Viscosity measurement is important in many areas of biomedicine and industry. Traditional viscometers are usually time-consuming and require huge sample volumes. Microfluidic viscometry may overcome the challenge of large sample consumption but suffers from a long process time and a complicated structure design and interaction. Here, we present a photoacoustic method that measures the liquid viscosity in a simple microfluidic-based tube. This new viscosity measurement method embraces fast detection speed and low fluid consumption, offering a new tool for efficient and convenient liquid viscosity measurement in a broad range of applications.