Liquid Thickness Research Articles

Management of Children with Swallowing Problems: New Advances in Paediatric Thickeners

A satellite symposium on the evaluation and management of dysphagia in children was held during the 12th Annual Congress of the European Society for Swallowing Disorders (ESSD) in Leuven, Belgium, on 14th September 2022. Dysphagia is the impairment or difficulty in swallowing and may have an oropharyngeal or oesophageal cause. This can result in delayed transit of liquids or solid food from the mouth to the stomach. Food thickening agents can reduce regurgitation and improve swallowing mechanics, particularly in infants and young children. At this symposium, Karen van Hulst, Speech and Language Therapist and Clinical Epidemiologist at Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia’s Children’s Hospital, the Netherlands, introduced the topic of dysphagia and its complications, and the evaluation of dysphagia. She then discussed the use of thickening agents in children with dysphagia. Ben Hanson from the Department of Engineering, University College London, UK, introduced the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). The IDDSI has developed a standardised and practical method of measuring the thickness of liquid and food that can be used when preparing foods at home or in the hospital, and may be applied commercially. Analou Sugar, Clinical Lead in Paediatric Speech and Language Therapy at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK, ended the symposium with a presentation of her recent clinical experience using a new thickener (ThickenUp® Junior, Nestlé Health Science, Vevey, Switzerland) in paediatric patients.

Spectrum of swallowing abnormalities in children with Type I laryngeal cleft.

To describe the spectrum of swallowing abnormalities in children with Type I laryngeal cleft (LC-1) and evaluate the effect of LC-1 repair on swallowing abnormalities. A retrospective review was performed of all consecutive children who were diagnosed with LC-1. Swallowing function was evaluated pre- and post-operatively using video fluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). VFSS reports were used to define swallowing abnormalities and to determine penetration aspiration scale (PAS) and functional oral intake scale (FOIS). Prevalence of swallowing abnormalities, PAS, and FOIS scores were compared before and after repair of LC-1. Fifty-seven children with LC-1 had VFSS. The majority of children (86%) had a combination of oral phase, swallow triggering, pharyngeal phase, or esophageal phase impairment. The pharyngeal phase impairment was the most prevalent abnormality (p<0.001). Esophageal phase impairment was the least prevalent VFSS abnormality (p<0.001). Prevalence of impaired pharyngeal phase, laryngeal penetration on thin and thick liquids, and silent aspiration was less after repair of LC-1. Fourteen patients (41%) had developmentally appropriate diet with no restrictions after surgery. Nine patients (27%) required positioning and therapy strategies while having developmentally appropriate diet. PAS score after surgery was less than PAS score prior to surgery (p<0.001). FOIS score after surgery was not different than FOIS score before surgery. Multiple phases of swallowing function were impaired in the majority of children with LC-1. Prevalence of swallowing abnormalities varied in the subgroups of gender, gestational age, race, and presence of comorbidity. Swallowing function improved after repair of LC-1.

Mechanical and rheological categorization of food patterns suitable for older adults with swallowing limitation

ABSTRACT The improvement in the nutritional status of older adults with swallowing limitations, as could happen in Alzheimer’s, has prompted modified-texture food design, including thick liquids that reduce the risk of aspiration. National Dysphagia Diet and the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative classified food accordingly with dysphagia severity level by literature sources without considering preparation and service conditions. The rheological and mechanical behavior of 34 liquid, 35 semisolid, and solid food commonly included in elderly menus was categorized by dysphagia severity level, considering preparation conditions and evaluation at service temperature. Data were fitted to the Power Law and Herschel-Bulkley models. Rheological behavior found thixotropic and pseudoplastic fluids in the range of 0.13 < n < 0.69; 0.48 < K < 62081, without elastic limit. Solid and semisolid food were classified by hardness as 4-pureed (H ≤ 15000), 5-Minced & moist, and 6-Soft & bite-sized (15000 ≤ H ≤ 40000), 7-Regular-Easy to chew (H > 40000). Analyzing the rheological and mechanical behavior attributes allowed the categorization by type of dysphagia. Outcomes for food with individualized attributes are useful for older adult caregivers at home and in professional clinical care, emphasizing people with cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s.

PROSES PEMBUATAN STEP SHAFT PADA MIXER VERTICAL

&#x0D; Mixing Material (Mixing) is done in the world and everyday life. One of the many used equipment is a vertical shaft mixer (Vertical Stirred Mixer). Mixed materials are generally relatively thick liquid. Other materials processed are microbial fermentation, sand, medicinal material and granular powder. The process of mixing materials in the vertical shaft mixer is a major operating unit that is carried out for the process of chemical products, drugs, paint and paper processing, food processing and water management and activities in mining. The process of making a vertical axle using a conventional lathe. By using SS 304 steel material with a diameter of 80 mm and a length of 280 mm. Then the material underwent the surface leveling process, then continued with a multilevel flat flattery to finishing. Then proceed with the cutting process using the Frais machine and the process of turning the matrix.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Vertical Graded Shaft, Conventional Lathe, Axle&#x0D;

A pore-scale investigation of microplastics migration and deposition during unsaturated flow in porous media

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the natural environment and have the potential to endanger the natural environment, ecology and even human health. A series of microfluidic experiments by using soft lithography technology were carried out to investigate the effect of flow rate, particle volume fraction, particle size and pore/throat ratio on microplastics migration and deposition at the pore scale. We discovered a range of deposition patterns of the spherical microplastics from no particle deposition, to discontinuous particle layer, and to continuous particle layers in the retained liquid in the pores, depending on the particle size and volume fraction. Several metrics, including air saturation, probability of particle detainment, expansion ratio and thickness of residual liquid, were quantified to examine the role of various parameters on particle migration and retention of microplastics. At low flow rate (Q = 0.05 μL/min), microplastics migration and deposition were sensitive to changes in particle volume fraction, particle size and pore/throat ratio. In contrast, at high flow rates (Q > 5 μL/min), the migration and retention of particles were mainly controlled by strongly channelized air invasion pattern, while the particle volume fraction, particle size and pore/throat size ratio have only secondary influence. At intermediate range of flow rates, microplastics migration and deposition were dramatically impacted by flow rate, particle volume fraction, particle size and pore/throat ratio. This work improves the understanding of the mechanisms of particle migration and retention in porous media and can provide a reference for more accurate assessment of the exposure levels and times of microplastics in soil and groundwater systems.

Triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens with large-aperture and high zoom ratio

We propose a triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens with large-aperture and high zoom ratio. The chamber of the proposed lens is spherical, which can enlarge the apparent contact angle range. The triple-layer liquid consists of a conductive liquid, an insulating liquid and a conductive liquid in turn, which forms two independent liquid-liquid (L-L) interfaces. We simulated and analyzed the geometric location of the L-L interfaces to ensure that the two liquid-liquid interfaces do not fuse under the requirement of compact design. The two L-L interfaces are symmetrically distributed on the upper and lower hemispheres of the spherical chamber and can be changed the surface shapes at the same time. The experimental results show that the zoom ratio of our proposed lens is 4.12. And the focal length can be changed from −35.2 mm to 51.1 mm under 0–80 V applied voltage, and has two focal segments according to different working electrodes. 8 mm clear aperture and 6 mm total liquid thickness mean that the triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens can be pretty compact and has a great application prospect in imaging systems, such as microscopic imaging system, etc.

Effect of ambient gas on cavity formation for sphere impacts on liquids

Formation of a splash crown and a cavity following the impact of a sphere on a body of liquid is a classical problem. In the related problem of a droplet splashing on a flat surface, it has been established that the properties of the surrounding gas can influence the splashing threshold. At lower impact speeds, this is due mainly to the influence of gas kinetic effects, since the height of the gas lubrication film which is displaced during dynamic wetting is often comparable to the mean free path of the gas. At higher Weber and Reynolds numbers, on the other hand, inertial effects dominate and the density of the gas becomes important in determining whether a splash occurs. In this article, sphere impacts on a liquid body are investigated in a rarefied atmosphere using high-speed photography. It is found that the threshold entry speed for cavity formation is influenced by the density of the surrounding gas, whereas changing the mean free path of the gas has no effect. We attribute this phenomenon to the gas slowing the sealing of the thin crown sheet behind the sphere. This assertion is supported with experimental measurements of the liquid sheet thickness. In the range of parameters considered, the splash crown influences the movement of the contact line, an effect not previously observed.

Effect of surfactant in an airway closure model

A model of the bronchioles lined by the airway surface liquid is employed to investigate the Plateau-Rayleigh instability that can lead to the occlusion of the airways. We demonstrate that increasing the surfactant concentration and their strength, the airway closure gets slowed down and the wall stresses are reduced up to 20%. We further predict the generation at which airway closure will occur in human lungs depending on the liquid lining thickness and the initial surfactant concentration.

Multi‐dimensional Self‐splitting Behaviors for Improving Wet Attachment on Nonuniform Bioinspired Pillar Surface

AbstractRobust and controllable wet attachment like tree frog toe pads attracts worldwide attention owing to potential applications in wet climbing robots, medical devices, and wearable sensors. Instead of conventional uniform pillars, nonuniform pillar arrays with features of inclination and gradients are discovered as typical structures on tree frog toe pads, whereas their effects on wet friction have been ignored. Micro‐nano in situ observation demonstrates that such a nonuniform pillar surface brings about unique multi‐dimensional self‐splitting behaviors in interfacial liquid films and contact stress distribution to enhance the wet attachment. The self‐splitting of the interfacial liquid film breaks the thick large area liquid film into an immense number of more uniform and robust tiny thin liquid bridges. Furthermore, the contact stress is redistributed by the inclined and gradient pillar array with contact stress self‐splitting, where the peak normal separating stress decreases ≈91% and lateral stress transmission increases ≈63%. Such contact stress self‐splitting further improves the liquid film self‐splitting by forming sturdy thin liquid films even under a larger load, which generates more robust capillarity with enhanced strong friction. Finally, theoretical models are built for the multi‐dimensional self‐splitting enhanced wet attachment, and applications in robotic and medical fields are performed to validate its feasibility.

Resonance damping of gravity–capillary waves on water covered with a visco-elastic film of finite thickness: A reappraisal

A new approach to the problem of damping of gravity–capillary waves (GCW) on water covered with a layer of viscous liquid (a film) of finite thickness with two elastic boundaries is developed. It is shown that the rotational component of GCW can be described formally as a “forced” longitudinal or Marangoni wave (MW), and the potential component of GCW plays a role of the “external force.” The resonance-like excitation of the forced MW is demonstrated when the GCW and MW frequencies and wave numbers are approximately close to each other. For a film that is thinner than the viscous boundary layers in film, a single forced MW exists that is located within the boundary layer beneath the water surface. For a thick film, the forced MW is characterized by the existence of two spatially separated MW modes: one is localized in the boundary layer below the upper, air–film interface and another within the boundary layers in the vicinity of the water–film interface. Then, at different elasticities of the interfaces, a double peak dependence of the GCW damping coefficient on wave number can occur due to the resonance with the two forced MW modes. The dependence of the damping coefficient on film thickness is characterized by a strong maximum appearing when the film and boundary layer thickness values are comparable to each other. The developed theory is consistent with existing numerical studies and experiment.

Waiting to be Taken

Waiting to be Taken Carrie Hall (bio) Elysium lay sprawled on the couch like she was waiting to be taken, but nobody seemed to notice. The swooning forearm thrown casually over her brow and her knock-kneed legs falling wide apart barely caught anyone's attention. It was hard to tell if she was passed out or just weeping. Suddenly, she opened her eyes, looked around long enough to register shock and disbelief, then fell to the ground in full wail. She buried her mouth in the long red carpet and screamed. She leaned back again, her face, though dark, visibly reddened by grief. She ran her hands through her dreadlocks, now dyed blue; cheap mascara ran down all the way down her face to the two tattooed lines, like the hollows of a fiddle, on her throat. Another gutter punk, Little Bob, his head shaved bald, sat on the floor with her and cried too. When she went down for her next screaming sob, he tapped her on the shoulder and as she got up he handed her a drink—straight vodka. "Hey!" I yelled from across the room—the area partitioned as the kitchen, "put some orange juice in there!" I'd brought orange juice because I wanted people to ingest something with nutritional value and I knew I'd never be able to get anyone to eat. As one of the slightly older crowd—nineteen—I felt I had to act responsible. For punks in the early nineties, nineteen was practically middle-aged. Even still, my own drink had some juice in it, but the amount was purely symbolic; you'd have to hold it up to the light to see a thin wisp of yellow floating through the thick clear liquid. I hadn't added ice. "What the hell is she so sad about?" Max asked me. Max was Markus's wife. I mean, not wife-wife, we weren't the type of people to actually marry—not with a wedding and all that. Imagine us at a wedding; this was the way we threw a funeral. But they had a baby together, they'd just bought a house. Markus's ashes were in a plastic bag on the coffee table so everyone could come by and pay their respects. The vodka and orange juice were sitting right next to the bag. In a few hours, we'd go scatter those ashes in the river. We lived in Minneapolis, at the Mississippi's neck. "Was he fucking her?" Max said, nodding toward Elysium. Max wore black leather pants and a black tank top. Her arms were pale and strong. Her red hair, which, unlike the rest of ours, had never been dyed, was the brightest in the room. My posture was—I looked like I was going to bend in half and break under the pain of it all. Max looked like she was going to tear apart everyone in the room limb from fucking limb with her teeth. I have never seen anyone more beautiful. "Anyway he's dead now," she said. She sipped her drink (half juice) like she was at a cocktail party. I guzzled mine like water and when it was gone I was desperate for more, but I didn't dare leave her side. Everyone gave us a wide berth even though we were leaned up against the counter by the fridge, which they probably wanted to get into, but they weren't about to bother the widow— and me, whatever I was. The ghost. [End Page 325] "No really. Was he fucking her?" she asked me accusingly. In truth, I saw more of Markus than she did, because my boyfriend Johnny (where the hell was Johnny? I hadn't been able to find him all day. I'd barely seen him since Markus died) and Markus were best friends. Markus was always with us, and she was always at home with their kid, Matilda. Oh Jesus, Matilda. So I was a lot more likely to know if he was getting into trouble with that little runaway, but honestly, I didn't know for sure if Markus was sleeping with her...

Improving the Treatment of Subgrid Cloud Variability in Warm Rain Simulation in CESM2

Representing subgrid variability of cloud properties has always been a challenge in global climate models (GCMs). In many cloud microphysics schemes, the warm rain non-linear process rates calculated based on grid-mean cloud properties are usually scaled by an enhancement factor (EF) to account for the effects of subgrid cloud variability. In our study, we find that the EF derived from Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals in Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) is severely overestimated in most of the cloudy oceanic areas, which leads to strong overestimation of the autoconversion rate. We improve the EF in warm rain simulation by developing a new formula for in-cloud subgrid cloud water variance. With the updated subgrid cloud water variance and EF treatment, the liquid cloud fraction (LCF) and cloud optical thickness (COT) increases noticeably for marine stratocumulus, and the shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) matches better with observations. The updated formula improves the relationship between autoconversion rate and cloud droplet number concentration, and it decreases the sensitivity of autoconversion rate to aerosols. The sensitivity of liquid water path to aerosols decreases noticeably and is in better agreement with that in MODIS. Although the sensitivity of COT is similar to that in MODIS, CAM6 underestimates the sensitivity of grid-mean SWCF to aerosols because of the underestimation in the sensitivities of LCF and in-cloud SWCF. Our results indicate the importance of representing reasonable subgrid cloud variability in the simulation of cloud properties and aerosol-cloud interaction in GCMs.

Development of Medication Administration Protocols for In-Home Pediatric Feeding Cases.

Medication administration can be a significant issue in pediatric populations, and especially with patients with developmental disabilities and comorbid feeding disorders. Research has focused largely on consumption of solids rather than medication and liquids in pediatric feeding programs, with most studies being conducted within specialized hospital settings in the United States. No studies to our knowledge have detailed treatment evaluations for medication administration in pediatric feeding except for a few studies on pill swallowing. We report results of treatment protocols for medication administration using empirically-supported treatments in a short-term intensive home-based behavior-analytic program in Australia. Two males with autism spectrum and pediatric feeding disorders participated. We used a multiple baseline single-case experimental design for medication administration conducted concurrently with a treatment evaluation for solid foods. Consumption increased in number (9; supplements, laxatives, pain relievers), flavors (8; chocolate, blackcurrent and apple, strawberry, lemon-lime, orange, chocolate-vanilla, cherry, apple), forms (4; thin and thick liquids, chewables, gummies), and delivery methods (5; finger-fed, spoon, cup, medicine spoon, medicine cup) within the first treatment session. For one participant, we taught open cup drinking for a variety of liquids (milk, juices, medications). For both participants, we taught self-feeding with utensils for thick liquid medications. Treatment results were similar for solids and participants increased food variety to over 160 across food groups. All goals were met including training parents to maintain gains at home.

Modelling of magneto-electro-thermo-mechanical coupled behavior of the lubricating liquid film for the electromagnetic launch

The electromagnetic launch structure can convert the electromagnetic energy into kinetic energy at high-power level. To improve the energy conversion efficiency, it is critical to maintain the sliding contact between the armature and rail structure under the strong pulse current. However, the high-velocity sliding contact accompanied by the high-density current generates large amounts of the frictional heat and joule heat, which will lead to the high temperature melting of the interface material. To reduce melting damage of the contact interface and improve the reliability of the launch structure, the lubrication with liquid metal is considered in this paper. Based on the lubrication theory and the theoretical framework for the strong coupling of electromagnetic field, temperature field and elastic stress field, a magneto-electro-thermo-mechanical coupled model for the lubricating liquid film is proposed by solving the governing equation with finite difference method and finite element method. The proposed model is verified by comparison with the previous results at the specific conditions. It is shown that the proposed multi-field coupling model could better describe the flow characteristic and thermal parameters of the liquid film under different liquid thicknesses because of the consideration of a more suitable thermal boundary conditions. Especially, the results show the temperature reduction ratio can reach up to 48% for the armature contact surface and up to 25% for the armature interior. These results will be significant to understand the lubrication with liquid metal under the pulse current and facilitate the durable design for the electromagnetic launcher.

Strategy for optimizing experimental settings for studying low atomic number colloidal assemblies using liquid phase scanning transmission electron microscopy

Observing processes of nanoscale materials of low atomic number is possible using liquid phase electron microscopy (LP-EM). However, the achievable spatial resolution (d) is limited by radiation damage. Here, we examine a strategy for optimizing LP-EM experiments based on an analytical model and experimental measurements, and develop a method for quantifying image quality at ultra low electron dose De using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). As experimental test case we study the formation of a colloidal binary system containing 30 nm diameter SiO2 nanoparticles (SiONPs), and 100 nm diameter polystyrene microspheres (PMs). We show that annular dark field (DF) STEM is preferred over bright field (BF) STEM for practical reasons. Precise knowledge of the material's density is crucial for the calculations in order to match experimental data. To calculate the detectability of nano-objects in an image, the Rose criterion for single pixels is expanded to a model of the signal to noise ratio obtained for multiple pixels spanning the image of an object. Using optimized settings, it is possible to visualize the radiation-sensitive, hierarchical low-Z binary structures, and identify both components.

Dysphagia Management and Cervical Auscultation: Reliability and Validity Against FEES

This study investigated the reliability and validity (sensitivity and specificity) of cervical auscultation (CA) using both swallow and pre-post swallow-respiratory sounds, as compared with Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). With 103 swallow-respiratory sequences from 23 heterogenic patients, these swallows sounds were rated by eight CA-trained Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) to investigate: (1) if the swallow was safe (primary outcome); (2) patient dysphagia status; (3) the influence of liquid viscosity on CA accuracy (secondary outcomes). Primary outcome data showed high CA sensitivity (85.4%), and specificity (80.3%) with all consistencies for the safe measurement, with CA predictive values of > 90% to accurately detect unsafe swallows. Intra-rater reliability was good (Kappa = 0.65), inter rater reliability moderate (Kappa = 0.58). Secondary outcome measures showed high sensitivity (80.1%) to identify if a patient was dysphagic, low specificity (22.9%), and moderate correlation (rs= 0.62) with FEES. A difference across bolus viscosities identified that CA sensitivities (90.1%) and specificities (> 84.7%) for thin liquids were greater than for thick liquids (71.0–77.4% sensitivities, 74.0–81.3% specificities). Results demonstrate high validity and moderate-good reliability of CA-trained SLPs to determine swallow safety when compared with FEES. Data support the use of CA as an adjunct to the clinical swallow examination. CA should include pre-post respiratory sounds and requires specific training. Clinical implications: The authors advocate for holistic dysphagia management including instrumental assessment and ongoing CSE/review + CA. Adding CA to the CSE/review does not replace instrumental assessment, nor should CA be used as a stand-alone tool.

Compression-induced buckling of thin films bonded to viscous substrates: Uniform wrinkles vs localized ridges

We examine the buckling of a thin elastic film bonded to a much thicker viscous substrate undergoing compression at a fixed rate. Experiments show two distinct buckling modes. At high rate of compression or at large liquid thickness, the buckles take on the form of approximately-sinusoidal wrinkles. At low rate of compression or at small liquid thickness, the buckles are highly localized into tall ridges separated nearly flat regions. Ridge growth is accompanied by lateral motion of the film in the near-ridge region, and the liquid in that region undergoes severe shear flow. Such ridge formation is entirely distinct from other examples of curvature localization such as fold localization of films on liquids in static equilibrium or ridge formation of films bonded to hyperelastic substrates. We quantify how the two lengthscales that arise from the buckling process, the wrinkle amplitude and the interridge distance, depend on compression rate and liquid thickness. We show that wrinkles formed during compression can also transform into ridges under quiescent conditions which suggests that buckle localization reduces bending energy of the film. We speculate that ridge localization appears due to a competition between two effects: a buckle mode with a few well-spaced ridges offers a lower energy state than uniform wrinkles, but wrinkles can develop faster because they require the viscous fluid to move over shorter distances.

Extendibility Study of Conventional IPA Drying Process From Dynamic Fluid Model for Pattern Collapse

1. IntroductionIPA (iso-Propyl alcohol) has been widely used in semiconductor manufacturing for drying silicon wafer to mitigate water mark and keep the surface clean after wet cleaning process. Then, IPA process has been extended by combining with the other engineering techniques such as surface modification treatment to dry fragile nano-sized Si patterns [1]. As the scaling of advanced semiconductor devices continues, however, the pattern collapse is one of the most challenging issues for IPA drying process today. Capillary force model explains the pattern collapse in the earlier studies, where Laplace pressure originated from meniscus between patterns is a critical factor [2]. And the model has been well referred to and extensively studied in semiconductor industry [3]. Although, the model does not take dynamics of fluid into account, our experimental result suggests that drying rate is also critical, i.e., pattern collapse rate decreases as drying rate increases. This result is not explained by the reported models since the drying rate is not considered as a variable. In this report, a new model is suggested and verified by unique experiments. Our proposed model assumed that osmosis of metastable liquid to nano-size structures occurs from the triple line which is the air-liquid-solid interface, and the region of osmosis is less favorable for pattern collapse. The width of osmosis region would be determined by the drying rate. Also, based on this study, extendibility of IPA drying process to smaller device feature size for advanced node is discussed.2. ExperimentalWafer processing was conducted in spin process chamber on HVM equipment for drying experiment. IPA was dispensed on rotating wafer then dried at 0 or 1500 rpm. Nano-structured wafer used was with 34 nm-diameter of Si pillars, and aspect ratio (AR) of the pillar was 12:1. Pattern collapse was observed by top-view SEM, and collapse rate was calculated by automated image analysis with obtained SEM pictures. For osmosis observation at the triple line, FPM was prepared by mixing 49% HF, 30% H2O2 and H2O at volume ratio of 1:2:100. A droplet of FPM was dropped on the surface of Si pillar pattern wafer and observed by optical microscopy while the drop was drying out. After drying, pattern collapse of the pillar pattern was observed by X-SEM. To study effect of drying rate and to maximize it, IPA was dispensed on 10×12 mm2 coupon, then vaporized at 0 rpm with flash lamp annealing. AR of the pillar was 16:1. Observation of pattern collapse by top-view SEM was also conducted.3. Results and DiscussionIPA drying at 0 and 1500 rpm resulted in collapse rate of 91.1% and 46.9%, respectively, on the pillar AR = 12:1 (Fig. 1). IPA was dried out faster when wafer rotation speed was 1500 rpm. Thus, collapse rate decreases as drying speed increases. On osmosis observation, FPM droplet was sucked into between the pillars, causing osmosis at around droplet, and generated colored interference according to liquid film thickness. X-SEM inspection after the droplet drying indicated the most pattern collapse seemed to occur at the osmosis region where liquid thickness nearly equals to the pillar height. We assumed by increasing drying rate the osmosis region would be minimized and the pattern collapse would be suppressed. To verify this model, the following evaluation was conducted. With extremely high drying rate of IPA by flash lamp annealing, we obtained 0% of collapse rate even in the pillar AR = 16:1 (Fig. 2). This result indicates that there is some more process margin for the pattern collapse on IPA drying process.4. ConclusionIn the IPA drying process, collapse rate decreases as drying rate increases. Our proposed model assumed that osmosis region of metastable liquid to nano-size structures occurs from the triple line, and the pattern collapse happens there. That explains reasoning for lower collapse rate at higher drying speed is that osmosis is minimized when drying rate is maximized. Test result from maximized IPA drying rate by flash lamp annealing indicates that there is some more process margin for the pattern collapse. In our view, by this method IPA drying process might be extended to two more device nodes.

Prediction of Critical Heat Flux for Subcooled Flow Boiling in Annulus and Transient Surface Temperature Change at CHF

The ability to predict critical heat flux (CHF) is of considerable interest for high-heat equipment, including nuclear reactors. CHF prediction from a mechanistic model for subcooled flow boiling in rod bundles still remains unsolved. In this paper, we try to predict the CHF in an annulus, which is the most basic flow geometry simplified from a fuel bundle, using a liquid sublayer dryout model. The prediction is validated with both water and R113 data, showing an accuracy within ±30%. After the CHF in an annulus is calculated successfully, a near-wall vapor–liquid structure is proposed on the basis of the liquid sublayer dryout model. Modeling of heat transfer modes over the heating surface at CHF is performed, and predictions of the changes in liquid sublayer thickness and heater surface temperature at the CHF occurrence point are carried out by solving the heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates with a convective boundary condition, which changes with the change in flow pattern over the heating surface. Transient changes in the liquid sublayer thickness and surface temperature at the CHF occurrence point are reported.

A review article on anti-aging herbal cream

Face Cream is used cosmetically For Softening and cleansing the pores and skin like cold cream and vanishing cream. pores and skin like cold cream, vanishing cream, pores, skin Brightening cream, and ointment. Cream-Toiletry consists of many diverse substances inside the form of a thick liquid that possesses soothing as well as moisturizing outcomes while implemented to the skin. there are various sorts of lotions to be had in the marketplace like a light cream, sour cream, half and half the heavy cream, clotted cream, and many others, cause the formula of Anti-aging herbal cream is for reducing darkish Spots.