Liquid Temperature Research Articles

A review of internal cooling strategies in liquid desiccant dehumidification and cooling systems

Air conditioning systems have become an integral part of society, and their utilization is increasing day by day. Most air conditioning systems use the vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) principle, which is a 190-year-old technology and has undergone significant changes to improve its performance and efficiency. However, the major drawback of VCR is its high energy consumption and use of highly polluting refrigerants. In this 21st century, energy conservation and environmental protection are the need of the hour. To mitigate the challenges, the search for alternative cooling systems that are eco-friendly and have less energy consumption is gaining wide attention. Liquid desiccant systems are gaining popularity due to less energy consumption and being eco-friendly. Therefore, this study attempts to review the recent developments in liquid desiccant technology by focusing on internal cooling strategies. As the internal cooling improves the overall performance of the liquid desiccant by controlling the liquid temperatures. Therefore, this review highlights the various methods, configurations and mathematical simulations in internal cooling, which are less explored in the available literature.

A liquid lever sensor based on an abrupt taper and micro‐arc Michelson interferometer in single‐mode fiber

AbstractA novel two‐parameter sensor is proposed based on the abrupt taper and micro‐arc Michelson interferometer (MI) in single‐mode fiber. When there is a regular change in the liquid level or temperature, the phase difference changes, and the spectral intensity or wavelength of the interfering valleys of this sensor is directionally shifted. This study enriches the construction of MI and provides a new perspective on liquid level measurement. We experimentally explored the sensor's sensing performance over temperature and liquid level: this sensor's temperature sensitivity and liquid level sensitivity were up to 62.9 pm/°C and 0.2896 dB/mm, respectively. In addition, this sensor is characterized by compactness, simplicity, low cost, and high reliability, and it is suitable for measurement of liquid level and temperature, expanding the application field of MI.

Phase Diagrams of Anthracene Derivatives in Pyridinium Ionic Liquids.

Crystal engineering for single crystallization of π-conjugated molecules has attracted much attention because of their electronic, photonic, and mechanical properties. However, reproducibility is a problem in conventional printing techniques because control of solvent evaporation is difficult. We investigated the phase diagrams of two anthracene derivatives in synthesized ionic liquids for non-volatile crystal engineering to determine the critical points for nucleation and crystal growth. Anthracene and 9,10-dibromoanthracene were used as representative π-conjugated molecules that form crystal structures with different packing types. Ionic liquids with an alkylpyridinium cation and bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide were good solvents for the anthracene derivatives from ca. 0 °C to 200 °C. The solubilities (critical points for crystal growth) of the anthracene derivatives in the ionic liquids reached the 100 mM level, which is similar to those in organic solvents. Ionic liquids with phenyl and octyl groups tended to show high-temperature dependence (a high dissolution entropy) with 9,10-dibromoanthracene. The precipitation temperature (critical point for crystal nucleation) at each 9,10-dibromoanthracene concentration was lower than the dissolution temperature. The differences between the dissolution and precipitation temperatures (supersaturated region) in the ionic liquids were greater than those in an organic solvent.

Identifying the regularities of n-heptane flame inhibition by inorganic compounds

The task related to using inorganic compounds for extinguishing flames is to enable their inhibitory capacity during operation within wide limits. Therefore, the object of the current research was aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, on which the effectiveness of inhibitory properties during interaction with n-heptane flame was established. It has been proven that increasing the mass flow rate of water by 1.5 mg/s reduces the intensity of OH-radicals radiation from 70 % to 30 % and lowers the flame temperature by 90 °C. However, it was found that when potassium salts are given, the intensity of OH-radicals radiation decreases by more than 6 times, potassium chloride and sulfate reduce the intensity of OH-radicals radiation by more than 2.8 times. Among ammonium salts, salts of dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate reduce the relative intensity of radiation of OH radicals by more than 1.3 times. Sodium salts include nitrates and sodium chloride, which reduce the relative radiation intensity of OH radicals by more than 1.6 times. This is manifested, first of all, in the enrichment of the combustible environment with fuel. When determining the flame temperature of flammable liquids, it was established that n-heptane has the most stable and highest flame temperature, which is 1768 °C. When adding inorganic compounds to the flame of n-heptane, nitrate salt, and potassium chloride, the flame temperature increased by less than 20 °C. However, ammonium salts increased the flame temperature to over 140 °C, despite the presence of water. The practical significance is that the results were taken into account during the design and development of extinguishing agents for extinguishing fires. Therefore, there are reasons to assert the possibility of regulating flame extinguishing processes by using inorganic compounds capable of inhibiting active flame radicals

Crystal growth in oxide melts—From CALPHAD thermodynamic modeling to statistical prediction

Using a thermodynamic database approach (CALPHAD), thermodynamic parameters of crystal growth of 31 stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric glasses are calculated. Together with these parameters, the measured growth rates, taken from both literature and in-house measurements, are interpreted in the framework of four interface-controlled growth models: normal, screw-dislocation, 2D growth and a combination of the latter two. A multiple linear regression model is used to explain the maximum crystal growth rate and viscosity at the liquidus temperature with the above growth mechanisms. This finding seems to reflect a general trend and can therefore be used to avoid unintentional devitrification phenomena or to derive their temperature-time range based on the sole knowledge of glass viscosity and liquidus temperature. In future research, it can also help to reduce the experimental workload required for the development of novel glasses and glass-ceramics.

Crystallization behavior and compatibility analysis of palm kernel stearin/anhydrous milk fat blends and application.

In this paper, the compatibility, phase behavior, and crystallization properties of the binary blends of palm kernel stearin (PKS) and anhydrous milk fat (AMF) were investigated by analyzing the solid fat content (SFC), thermal properties, polymorphism, and microstructure, with the aim of providing theoretical guidance for the blending of oils. The results showed that the PKS content primarily determined the SFC trend of the binary blends. However, the binary blends demonstrated poor miscibility and eutectic behavior was predominantly observed in the system, particularly at higher temperatures. Only α and β' forms appeared in this blended system. Simultaneously, the addition of PKS elevated the liquid phase transition temperature of the binary blends, considerably significantly increased their crystallization rate when the addition of PKS was more than 20% and increased the density and size of the fat crystals. Finally, the mixing design optimization method was used to get the most suitable ratio of the binary blends in the refrigerated cream system with PKS:AMF to be 0.914:0.086. The cream prepared with the above binary blends was indeed superior in overrun and firmness and had high stability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Some fats with special advantages are often limited in their wide application because of their poor crystallization ability. In this paper, the crystallization ability of fats is improved, and their application scenarios are increased through the combination of fats, so as to provide reference for the production of special fats for food.

Optimal design and performance analysis of anode flow channels in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

In proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, the water/oxygen distribution characteristics in the anode channel significantly affect the electrolyzer performance. In this paper, a three-dimensional two-phase non-isothermal numerical model of the electrolyzer is established, in which the reaction kinetics equation is modified theoretically and is validated experimentally. Two novel anode channel structures (Straight-through turbulent flow channel and Mesh-like structured flow channel) are designed and their multiphysical field distribution characteristics are compared with the traditional straight-through flow channel. Results show that, for Straight-through flow channel structure, the liquid water saturation and temperature gradient between the under-channel and under-rib areas are large, resulting in bubble accumulation under the ribs, deterioration of heat and mass transfer, and harming the electrolyzer reaction rate. The two novel structures both have velocity component perpendicular to the channel flow direction, promoting the expulsion of oxygen accumulated in the anode porous electrode, contributing to more uniform distribution characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow and current density. At 2.5 V, the current density of Straight-through flow channel, Straight-through turbulent flow channel, and Mesh-like structured flow channel are 4.12, 4.14, and 4.53 A/cm2, respectively. The excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics enable the Mesh-like structured flow channel to have the best electrochemical performance.

Efficient reclamation of phosphorus from wetland plant via CaCl2/NaOH-mediated hydrothermal carbonization: insights from the evolution of phosphorus

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of wetland plant could achieve the recovery of phosphorus (P) via the production of P-enriched hydrochar to alleviate the crisis of phosphate resources, while the migration and transformation of P should be determined. In this study, Canna indica was derived into hydrochar through HTC at different temperatures (200°C-260°C) and liquid mediums (H2O, CaCl2, and NaOH). The P forms were systematically characterized using P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), 31P liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and sequential extraction. The total P content in hydrochar was up to 23 mg g−1 with mainly inorganic P (> 97.8%), and the recovery rate was almost 100% during NaOH-mediated HTC. The P species, monoester-P and soluble orthophosphate (ortho-P), in biomass were transformed to more stable ortho-P in hydrochars, which was highly dependent on temperature and liquid medium. With increasing temperature, Al/Mg-P was gradually replaced by Ca/Fe-P. The CaCl2 solution facilitated the transformation of Ca(H2PO4)2 into CaHPO4 by elevating the Ca/P ratio. While for the NaOH-mediated HTC, the CaHPO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 were transformed to hydroxyapatite (74.3%-81.5%), and the proportion of MgHPO4 elevated with increasing temperature. The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) results implied that the addition of hydrochar greatly elevated the soil available P content, which was further promoted by high temperature and NaOH medium. These results indicate that the species and availability of P in hydrochar could be adjusted through varying liquid medium and reaction temperature, which provide guidance for the target design of P-enriched hydrochar and P reclamation.Graphical

Hydrodynamics and wave transmission through a hollow triangle breakwater

Coastal protection, shoreline stabilization and mangrove forest restoration are pressing issues in such coastal regions worldwide as the Mekong Delta. A hollow triangle breakwater TC1 was developed to protect the coastline against erosion. The TC1 breakwater consists of holes arranged on the waveward and leeward sides, allowing for wave energy dissipation, water exchange, and sediment deposition to facilitate mangrove restoration. To evaluate comprehensively the working principles of the TC1, we investigate herein the wave-structure interaction under regular waves by means of an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform, i.e. FLOW-3D. The numerical model was calibrated against experimental results with great agreement across three different water depths where the breakwater was tested. We also analyzed the velocity dynamics in the waveward and leeward sides of the breakwater and it revealed a significant difference of approximately 50% following the change in water depths from 0.66 m to 0.96 m. Furthermore, we examined the wave forces on both solid and hollow forms of TC1 structures, the wave forces on a hollow form were found to decrease by 20–30% in comparison with the forces on a solid form. In addition, the effect of liquid characteristics, i.e., density, viscosity and temperature showed slightly impact on wave transmission coefficients through the breakwater by 0.4–0.7 %.

Effects of Fe content on the 3D morphology of Fe-rich phases and mechanical properties of cast Al-Mg-Si alloy

Fe is a common impurity element in recycled aluminum scraps, and adjusting Fe content can effectively promote the effective utilization of recycled aluminum. In this study, Al-Mg-Si-Mn-Fe alloys with different Fe contents were prepared by adding various percentage of aluminum scraps. Synchrotron X-ray tomography technology was used to study the morphological evolution of Fe-rich phases and corresponding effect on mechanical properties of studied alloys. The results showed that as the Fe content increased, the 3D morphology of Fe-rich phases changed from fine Chinese-script and needle-like shapes to coarse Chinese-script structure. Their 3D morphology was mainly composed of thin platelets and curved branches. The increase in Fe content did not significantly change the 3D structure of Fe-rich phases, but increased the volume fraction of large Fe-rich phases. When the Fe content reached 0.35 %, the maximum volume and the number of branches of individual phases increased by 182.9 % and 142.2 %, respectively, compared with the 0.2Fe alloy. With the increase of Fe content, the ductility of alloys gradually decreased, especially when the Fe content exceeded 0.25 %. The Fe content had a small effect on the liquidus temperature of alloys, but it changed the initial formation temperature and type of Fe-rich phases. When the Fe content exceeded 0.32 %, it promoted the formation of β-Fe phase, which may be the main reason for the significant decrease in ductility of studied alloys with higher Fe content.

Process control and energy saving in the ladle stage of a metal casting process through physics-based and ANN-based modelling approaches

The process and temperature control of metal casting applications is of utmost importance both to guarantee the good quality of the final product and also to pursue an energy saving policy. For this purpose, in this paper two different modelling approaches have been proposed to predict the liquid steel temperature inside a ladle for metal casting, shortly before the casting process. The first is a physics-based grey-box model relying on equations for the characterization of the heat transfer mechanisms inside the ladle structure, whereas the second approach relies on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Both methods have been calibrated with experimental data of a case study plant, and subsequently assessed and compared in terms of prediction accuracy. Results show that the physics-based approach is able to predict the casting temperature with a higher mean absolute error (MAE) of 14 °C, whereas the ANNs predictions result to be better, with MAEs around 6 °C. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that the ANNs approach may lack of reliability, especially if input data strongly differ from the calibration dataset, whereas the physics-based approach results to be more consistent and trustworthy. Finally, an energy analysis is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the model in evaluating the potential energy saving compared with situations in which decisions are taken by operators without the aid of a model predictive control.

Simultaneous absorption of H2S, MM and COS into a novel SRSG absorbent using a rotating packed bed

In industries, many gases are required to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and organic sulfur. However, it is still a huge challenge to achieve the efficient and simultaneous removal using a single process. Herein, a novel simultaneous removal sulfide gas (SRSG) absorbent is developed to simultaneously absorb H2S, methyl mercaptan (MM) and carbonyl sulfide (COS). The absorption mechanism between the SRSG absorbent and H2S, MM, COS is explored by quantum chemistry calculations (QCC) and controlled experiments in a rotating packed bed (RPB). Results indicate that the interaction between SRSG and H2S, MM belongs to physical absorption while COS absorption in SRSG obeys two molecule reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of different operating conditions, including rotating speed (N), liquid flow rate (L), gas–liquid ratio (G/L) and temperature (T), on the absorption efficiencies (η) and gas volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KGa) of H2S, MM and COS is systematically investigated. It can be found that both η and KGa are dependent on those operating conditions. The optimal η value for H2S, MM and COS is up to 99.99%, 100%, 100%, respectively. Moreover, nondimensional equations for Sherwood number (Sh) are established, and the calculated and experimental values of Sh(H2S), Sh(MM) and Sh(COS) are in agreement with a deviation within ±13%, ±13%, and ±20%, respectively. These results will provide a valuable potential technique for simultaneously removing acidic gas components from industrial gases.

Dual-tracer laser-induced fluorescence thermometry for understanding bubble growth during nucleate boiling on oriented surfaces

Nucleate boiling is perhaps one of the most efficient cooling methodologies due to its large heat flux with a relatively low superheat. Nucleate boiling often occurs on surfaces oriented at different angles; therefore, understanding the behavior of bubble growth on various surface orientations is of importance. Despite significant advancement, numerous questions remain regarding the fundamentals of bubble growth mechanisms on oriented surfaces, a major source of enhanced heat dissipation. This work aims to accurately measure three-dimensional (3D), space- and time-resolved, local liquid temperature distributions surrounding a growing bubble on oriented surfaces that quantify the heat transfer from the superheated liquid layer during bubble growth. The dual tracer laser-induced fluorescence thermometry technique combined with high-speed imaging captures transient 2D temperature distributions within a 0.3 ºC accuracy at a 30 μm resolution. The results show that the temperature close to the heated surface and bubble interface exhibits an acute transient behavior at the time of bubble departure, and the growing bubble works as a pump to remove heat from the surface with a temperature difference of up to 10 °C during its growth and departure. The experimental results are compared with data available in the literature to validate the accuracy of the technique. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient close to the bubble interface and heater is approximately 1.3 times higher than the heat transfer coefficient in the bulk liquid.

Correlating Valence and 2p3d RIXS Spectroscopies: A Ligand-Field Study of Spin-Crossover Iron(II).

The molecular spin-crossover phenomenon between high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states is a promising route to next-generation information storage, sensing applications, and molecular spintronics. Spin-crossover complexes also provide a unique opportunity to study the ligand field (LF) properties of a system in both HS and LS states while maintaining the same ligand environment. Presently, we employ complementing valence and core-level spectroscopic methods to probe the electronic excited-state manifolds of the spin-crossover complex [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2phen]0. Light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST) at liquid He temperatures is exploited to characterize magnetic and spectroscopic properties of the photoinduced HS state using SQUID magnetometry and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. In parallel, Fe 2p3d RIXS spectroscopy is employed to examine the ΔS = 0, 1 excited LF states. These experimental studies are combined with state-of-the-art CASSCF/NEVPT2 and CASCI/NEVPT2 calculations characterizing the ground and LF excited states. Analysis of the acquired LF information further supports the notion that the spin-crossover of [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2phen]0 is asymmetric, evidenced by a decrease in eπ in the LS state. The results demonstrate the power of cross-correlating spectroscopic techniques with high and low LF information content to make accurate excited-state assignments, as well as the current capabilities of ab initio theory in interpreting these electronic properties.

Numerical simulation of heat pipe solar system combined with finned thermal storage unit incorporating mixture of nanoparticles and paraffin

The core aim of this investigation is to simulate the melting of paraffin within a solar heat pipe unit combined with thermal storage unit, while taking into account the presence of metallic fins. To enhance system performance, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticles were blended into the paraffin material (RT82) using a homogeneous mixture approximation. The temperatures of the heat pipe and inner walls were derived from previous experimental research. Three distinct fin arrangements were utilized, and simulations were carried out employing numerical method. Validation procedures were undertaken to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the applied approximations, relying on both prior experimental data and numerical publications. The investigation presents data on the liquid fraction (LF), temperature (T), and stream function for diverse configurations. This holistic approach seeks to deepen comprehension of the interactions among these elements within a solar collector system, offering vital insights for performance optimization. The outcomes demonstrated a notable improvement in LF, increasing by roughly 15.15% at t = 1200s with the integration of MWCNT. Furthermore, with the passage of time from 400 s to 1200s, the incorporation of additives results in a notable rise in LF and T, demonstrating enhancements of approximately 97.74% and 130.8% correspondingly. Notably, the utilization of fins positioned at a 90o angle expedites the melting process, yielding a 38.24% LF increase compared to the base case at t = 1200s. Moreover, the impact of fins demonstrates a 3.32% increase over time. In essence, these results emphasize the effectiveness of incorporating MWCNTs and fine-tuning fin configurations to accelerate the melting process, offering valuable insights for the progress of solar thermal systems.

Liquidus curve of a Lennard-Jones mixture.

The temperature below which the homogeneous liquid state of a mixture is not thermodynamically stable is called the liquidus temperature. This temperature varies with composition, and its composition dependence is represented by the liquidus curve. This curve provides fundamental reference points on the composition-temperature plane for characterizing the behavior of liquids, glasses, and crystals. In this paper, using molecular dynamics simulations, we determine the liquidus curve of the Wahnström mixture, which consists of large and small atoms interacting via the Lennard-Jones potential. Since this system is one of the standard models used to study the behavior of liquids and glasses, the liquidus curve presented in this work will contribute to a deeper understanding of disordered materials in general.

Prandtl and Ohnesorge numbers dependent of ultrasonic horn energy in Newtonian liquid under batch and continuous flow

The level of knowledge on the non-thermal contribution of ultrasonic wave’s energy to perform physico-chemical phenomena is one of the bottlenecks for the commercialization purposes. Under constant nominal power of transducer (Pn), the input electrical power (Pin) is less and sensitive to the medium’s physical properties. This study attempts to assess the conversion of acoustic to thermal power experimentally and numerically using COMSOL Multiphysis@ for a 24 kHz horn-type sonicator through a medium without any sono-chemical effect. Single- and homogeneous two-phase Newtonian mixtures of sunflower oil and water (o/w) with a relatively wide range of density (914–998 kg/m3) and viscosity (0.5–63.5 mPa.s) were irradiated in a lab-scale vessel (1 L) under batch and continuous flow configuration. The direct influence of Pn (80–400 W) and o/w ratio (0–1) on temperature rise and subsequent thermo-physical properties of liquid and the indirect influence on Pin and thermal energy conversion (TEC) were investigated employing calorimetric method. A new engineering concept including a power factor correlation was proposed and validated for prediction of Pin as a function of liquid space velocity (ϑ), temperature, Prandtl (Pr) and Ohnesorge (Oh) dimensionless groups. The results showed that under constant temperature and Pn, increasing Pr and Oh increased Pin with a similar trend for both modes of operation. An increase in temperature directly led to a decrease in Pin with a power factor closed to “-1”. The Pin in continuous flow was higher compared to batch configuration at similar temperature, liquid properties, and Pn. This effect was more significant with increasing ϑ. An increase in ϑ at constant Pn led to a decrease in the inlet/outlet temperature difference in continuous flow and an increase in Pin. Increasing Pn resulted in higher TEC for both configurations; however, TEC was relatively lower in continuous flow than batch configuration indicating more efficient sonication in continuous flow.

Use of molybdenum in Ni 620 filler metal to influence the microstructure of brazed hot work steel

AbstractBrazing of hot work steel with nickel‐based filler metals is a widely used process for manufacturing casting tools. However, the formation of brittle phases in the joint impairs its mechanical properties. Reducing these intermetallic phases is an important aspect. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations are used to estimate the change in melting range and apearance of intermetallic phases by adding different amounts of molybdenum to Ni 620. The filler metals are then produced and their solidus and liquidus temperatures are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Specimens of X37CrMoV5‐1 are then brazed in a vacuum furnace and their microstructure is analysed by scanning electron microscopy/electron dispersive spectroscopy and their hardness properties by nanoindentation. The addition of molybdenum to the Ni 620 filler metal leads to the formation of chromium molybdenum boride rich phases and reduced hardness values in brazed joints. Manipulation of Ni 620 by molybdenum helps to improve relevant properties in brazing hot work steel.

The Gd2O3 – GdSrFeO4 pseudo -binary phase diagram

The Gd2O3 – GdSrFeO4 pseudo-binary phase diagram is presented for the first time. The liquidus and eutectic temperatures, metatectic points of the Gd2O3 transformations in the Gd2O3 – GdSrFeO4 section were defined using the Schröder–Le Chatelier equation, neglecting the effect of the isobaric heat capacity. The calculations were based on experimental data on the melting points of the end-members and the eutectic composition. From the results of phase relationships studies (subsolidus and high temperature region including literature data as well) and the above approach the Gd2O3–GdSrFeO4 pseudo-binary phase diagram in the temperature range 1400–2410 °C in air was constructed.It was shown that GdSrFeO4 of the K2NiF4- type is stable from 1100°С to a congruent melting temperature of 1560°С in air. The Gd2O3 – GdSrFeO4 system is eutectic with no intermediate compounds.

High entropy alloys amenable for laser powder bed fusion: A thermodynamics guided machine learning search

Although there is considerable research interest in high-entropy alloys (HEAs), only a small fraction of the potential compositional space was explored hitherto. While additive manufacturing techniques such as the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can be gainfully employed to accelerate discovery of new HEAs with promising properties, the printability of such alloys could restrict such an exploration. Keeping this in view, a machine learning (ML) based alloy design strategy, which takes thermodynamic parameters such as the liquid temperature range (LR), liquid viscosity (LV), average expansion (AE) during the solidification of the alloy, and shear/bulk moduli ratio (G/B) of solidified alloy into account, is developed for assessing the printability of HEAs using LPBF. First, a printability evaluation chart that has six different printing capacity regions is obtained by considering LR, LV, AE, G, and B. Then, ML is utilized to predict the candidate chemical compositions within them that are amenable to LPBF. On this basis, an alloy with the composition Co7.5Cr7.5Nb7.5Ni10.0Ti67.5 (at%) was identified, and its process window range and printability were validated through experiments. The range of thermodynamic parameters suitable for the manufacturability was determined as LV >5.5 mPa•s, LR >1600 ℃, AE <25%, and G/B <0.5. The effects of thermodynamic parameters on the printing process window was systematically investigated. Furthermore, Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm was utilized to evaluate the influence of various elements on the thermodynamic parameters, which could, in turn, guide the chemical composition design so as to achieve HEAs with good printability. This work provides the thermodynamic parameter index for LPBF and offers opportunities to use ML for accelerating the design of HEAs that are amenable to LPBF.