Liquid Substances Research Articles

The Detection of 27 Fentanyl Compounds in Solid and Liquid Drugs Based on Differential Raman Spectroscopy

Fentanyl and its derivatives have been mainstays for the treatment of pain for many years. To accurately detect them in medical applications and customs, a rapid, sensitive, and selective method is urgently needed. In this study, we established a point-of-care-testing (POCT) differential Raman approach for the detection of fentanyl substances in liquid and solid conditions. The silver nanoparticle was prepared and characterized as SERS substrate, which can adsorb fentanyl-related molecules on the rough surface to enhance the Raman signal. Subsequently, 27 kinds of fentanyl-related substances were detected to determine that the POCT spectral resolution is better than 6 cm−1, Raman detection range is 100–3200 cm−1, and the detection limit of the fentanyl-related substances at 1002 cm−1 is 0.1–25 ppb. Furthermore, the Raman characteristic peaks of fentanyl were checked through comparison between theoretical calculations and experiments to obtain a database for rapid on-site inspection. Thus, the fast, accurate, stable POCT approach can be widely applied to monitor drugs and toxins due to its sensitivity, specificity, and abundance database.

Reducing the negative impact of accidents associated with the release of dangerous substances to environment.

The article is concerned with an evaluation of the current state of emergency readiness of industrial companies in the event of dangerous substance leakage and with a presentation of textile sorbents used for the purposes of capturing an escaped substance. A part of the article is concerned with the experimental designation of sorption capacity of hydrophobic, chemical, and universal sorption mats for chosen polar (water and alcohol) and non-polar (oil and gasoline) liquids. Experiments were realized according to Standard Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents for use on Crude Oil and Related Spills, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F726-17), type I. and Test methods for non-woven fabrics, European Union International Organization for Standardization (EN ISO 9073-6:2004). The aim of the article is an experimental designation of sorption capacity of textile sorption mats using two different methods, a comparison of the acquired results and a comparison of the acquired data with the data given by the manufacturer. Textile sorbents, which can, owing to their sorption ability, allow the elimination or mitigation of a negative impact of a possible accident in the company connected with an escape of a liquid dangerous substance were tested and compared with the established values. Based on the obtained results it is possible to state that sorption capacities of the chemical and universal mat for the substrate water are equal and consistent with the data given by the manufacturer. Textile sorption mats also have a comparable sorption capacity. The sorption capacity on the substrate gasoline is the same in all textile sorbents. The adsorption capacity per unit mass all type's sorbents was similar for non-polar liquids (gasoline was values from 6.41 to 6.57 and oil was values from 9.54 to 10.24). The acquired results confirmed the universality of textile sorption mats for gasoline. Sorption capacities of the chemical and universal mat for the substrate water are equal and match the data given by the manufacturer. Textile sorption mats have a maximum sorption output up to 60 s, afterwards the sorption capacity values remain unchanged.

Characterization of chemical composition of ethanolic extract of bee pollen in India

Aim: Bee pollen is a mixture of pollen/male gametophyte of flowers, nectar/sweet liquid substance from flowers and salivary secretions of bees. It comprises a huge diversity of compounds which are thought to work together for medicinal purpose. The present study was undertaken to assess the bioactive components of bee pollens responsible for therapeutic properties. Methodology: The volatile chemicals compounds found in ethanolic extracts of Apis mellifera pollen were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The observations revealed the presence of hydrocarbons, sugars and their derivatives, fatty acids, glycosides, alcohol, esters, aldehyde and carbamate. Interpretation: Present findings authenticate huge chemical diversity and hence, further study on pollens is required due to its broad spectrum of potential medicinal and nutritional activities. Key words: G-C mass spectrometry, Bee pollen, Bioactive compounds

GET 196-2023 State Primary Standard for the units of the mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods

GET 196-2023 State Primary Standard for the units of the mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods

Study of some detoxification properties of a sorbent based on silicon dioxide

Veterinary sorption preparations are medicinal substances and substances that absorb gases, solid and liquid substances on their surface by adsorption. The purpose of our research was to study the detoxification properties of a sorbent based on silicon dioxide (ADC) obtained from rice processing industry waste during heavy metal poisoning in rats. Mercury dichloride was used for experimental poisoning with heavy metals. Nonlinear rats from the nursery of the RAMS "Rappolovo" were used for the experiment. The live weight of the animals averaged 120 g. 3 groups of animals with 20 rats in each were formed. Group No. 1 received the basic diet, ADC and mercury dichloride, group No. 2 – the basic diet and mercury dichloride in the amount of 25 mg per head. Group No. 3 is a control group, which was fed only the basic diet. The experience lasted 14 days. The results were evaluated by the live weight of animals, clinical blood examination, leukogram examination, pathoanatomic autopsy and massometry of internal organs of rats. In study group No. 1, there was no decrease in the body weight of rats during the 14 days of the experiment, while in study group No. 2, where the sorbent was not used, the body weight of rats decreased by 13.79 g. At the end of the experiment, a pathoanatomical autopsy of the animals was performed. In group No. 1, hemorrhages were observed in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. In group No. 2, hemorrhages in the gastric mucosa, damage to the intestines, gallbladder and kidneys were noted, where serous infiltration of connective tissue, large spotty hemorrhages in the serous and mucous membranes were observed. There were no changes in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys in group No. 3. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that there are detoxifying properties of a veterinary sorption preparation based on silicon dioxide obtained from rice husks.

The Online Identification of the Behaviour of Pollutants inside the Tunnel Tube

A tunnel tube is a relatively small space that allows for the accumulation of gaseous and liquid substances containing harmful substances. Given this fact, a ventilation system is the most critical component of a tunnel’s technological equipment, greatly influencing its reliability and safe operation. The dynamic behaviour of pollutants in the tunnel tube is characterized by a significant stochastic component and changing parameters over time due to pressure, airflow, and atmospheric condition changes. This work addresses the issue of modelling individual parts of the tunnel tube for optimal tunnel ventilation control. It is necessary to create a model of a controlled system that is used for predicting process variables to calculate optimal control action. By using recursive identification methods in conjunction with a predictive controller, the proposed concept can be applied to numerous similar applications.

Dynamics through three-inlets of t-shaped ducts: Significance of inlet velocity on transient air and water experiencing cold fronts subject to turbulence

Efficiency, management, and control of air and water dynamics subject to cold fronts within ducts are among the problems that occur in the water industry and during the production of gases. This article presents the dynamics of unsteady air and water through a three-inlet t-shaped duct, emphasizing the problem of cold fronts. Attempts were made to remark on the nature of these fluids a few distances after the mixture (70 mm), before turning of the duct, and after turning the duct. The realizable k−ε viscous model and energy equation were solved numerically using Ansys Fluent 2022R1. Examination of the residual and mesh independency were considered for checking the convergence of results. Optimal eddies' average kinetic energy per unit mass was formed near the t-junction not because of the earlier formed cold fronts but due to the recirculation of pressure at the 90o bend that affect the velocity of cold fluid substance from the two adjacent inlets (i.e. inlet 2 and inlet 3). Considering the variation of inlet velocity, three cases of cold front formation was examined. When the entry velocities of cold air/water and warm air/water are the same, the formation of the cold front is invisible at the early stage despite the fact that air flows faster than water. A significant difference exists between the heat transfer rate at hot and cold inlets, but the mass transfer is uniform at the three inlets. The optimal temperature across the motion of both fluids occurs at the circular surface 30mm after the mixture. The duct's bent nature is a factor that greatly influences the mixture of cold and warm liquid substances.

Bismuth Determination by Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Developing a Highly Accurate Procedure based on GET 176

In this work, we develop a procedure for reproducing the units of bismuth mass fraction in metallic bismuth and those of bismuth (III) mass concentration in bismuth nitrate solutions by controlled-potential coulometry based on the GET 176-2019 State primary standard of mass (molar, atomic) fraction units and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on coulometry. The results obtained can be used when manufacturing certified reference materials (CRMs) for the composition of high-purity bismuth and CRMs for the composition of solutions of bismuth (III) ions directly traceable to GET 176-2019. These CRMs may find application in pharmacological, metallurgical, and nuclear industries.

State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023

The necessity of the development of metrological support for measurements of the content of gas components in metals and alloys, trace impurities in various industrial facilities (metallurgical, medical, etc.) is analyzed. The needs of industries in the development of more sensitive measurement methods and techniques, standard samples of expanded nomenclature with a lower error (uncertainty) of the certifi ed characteristics than the error of the certifi ed characteristics existing today are studied day of standard samples of the approved type of composition. The standard samples being developed for use in the fi eld of state regulation should be traced to the primary standards of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration: the State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023, the State primary standard of units mass (molar, atomic) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on coulometry GET 176-2019, State primary standard of units of mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods GET 217-2018, State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2019.The need and ways of developing and creating a system of metrological support for Raman spectrometry in the Russian Federation, including in order to confi rm the traceability of units of quantities for quantitative Raman analysis, are analyzed. To solve these issues, the GET 196-2023 includes sulfur, carbon and hydrogen analyzers, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and a Raman complex. The composition and metrological characteristics of GET 196-2023 are presented. A draft state verifi cation scheme for measuring the mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration, as well as the fl uorescence of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods has been developed and presented. The draft of the state verifi cation scheme establishes the procedure and methods for transferring units of mass (molar) fraction of components (in absolute units), mass (molar) concentration of components (grams per cubic decimeter, mole per cubic decimeter) from GET 196-2023 to measuring instruments indicating the error and uncertainty of measurements. Also, with the help of secondary and working standards, relative units of fl uorescence are transmitted to measuring instruments.

The modified minimum deviation method for measuring the refractive index

We present a modified method for measuring the refractive index (RI) based on the minimum deviation technique, which allows us to determine the RI of transparent triangular prisms with unknown apex angles. In the proposed method, the angles of light deviation are measured on three faces of the prism, and RI of the material and prism angles are determined from the solution of a system of equations. A high precision dynamic goniometer was used to implement the proposed method. A set of reference prisms made of optical glass were experimentally studied and the measurement errors were estimated. It is shown that the modified method can be used for high-precision measurements of the RI in cases when the prism angles are unknown, or their measurement is associated with technical difficulties. The method of measuring RI proposed in the article was implemented using the State Primary Standard of the Refractive Index Unit GET 138–2021 of the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements. This standard is intended for storing, reproducing, and transmitting the unit size of the RI of solid and liquid substances.

Study on cracking of n-hexadecane by dielectric barrier discharge with diethyl ether addition

Innovative technologies for converting heavy oil into more environmentally friendly petroleum products are emerging as a result of growing concerns about climate change. Non-thermal plasma is a promising technology for this purpose due to its ability to use renewable energy sources at ambient temperature and its non-equilibrium nature. This study investigates the cracking of n-hexadecane, a model compound for heavy oil, using dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted by liquid organic additives to generate light substances. The study compares the effects of three different liquid additives on the products, and diethyl ether is found to be the most favorable for generating light liquid chemicals. The effects of additive concentration, addition method, discharge time, and power on light product selectivity were also discussed. The results demonstrate that the method of bringing in the diethyl ether via the carrier gas can significantly inhibit the cracking of n-hexadecane to produce heavy substances and improve the yield of light substances and light product selectivity. The inlet diethyl ether concentration of 2.8 g/L, the discharge power of 19.2 W, and the discharge time of 15 min ensure a high yields of liquid light substances (287.5 mg) while maintaining the light product selectivity of 86.4% with the gas flow rate of 7.9 mL/min and the n-hexadecane conversion of 5.6%. Finally, the possible reaction pathways for the co-conversion of n-hexadecane and diethyl ether by plasma were discussed.

Recycling of Waste Bamboo Biomass and Papermaking Waste Liquid to Synthesize Sodium Lignosulfonate/Chitosan Glue-Free Biocomposite.

The development of the paper industry has led to the discharge of a large amount of papermaking waste liquid containing lignosulfonate. These lignin black liquids cause a lot of pollution in nature, which runs counter to the current environmental protection strategy under the global goal. Through the development and use of lignosulfonate in papermaking waste liquid to increase the utilization of harmful substances in waste liquid, we aim to promote waste liquid treatment and reduce environmental pollution. This paper proposes a new strategy to synthesize novel glue-free biocomposites with high-performance interfacial compatibility from papermaking by-product sodium lignosulfonate/chitosan (L/C) and waste bamboo. This L/C bamboo biocomposite material has good mechanical properties and durability, low formaldehyde emissions, a high recovery rate, meets the requirements of wood-based panels, and reduces environmental pollution. This method is low in cost, has the potential for large-scale production, and can effectively reduce the environmental pollution of the paper industry, promoting the recycling of biomass and helping the future manufacture of glue-free panels, which can be widely used in the preparation of bookcase, furniture, floor and so on.

Causes of Environmental Pollution and Conservation Management

Pollution of the environment is one of the most serious ecological crisis to which are the pollution of the environment for living organism are air, land or soil and water. In the past, these amenities were pure virgin, undisturbed, uncontaminated and basically most hospitable for living organisms. But the situation is just the reverse today, because progress in science and technology is also leading to pollution of environment and serious ecological imbalance which is in the long run may prove disastrous for mankind. Environmental pollution is the result of urban industrial technological revolution and speedy exploitation of every bit of natural resource. Environmental pollution means the introduction of waste by man into any part of the environment, changes the environment directly or indirectly adversely to affect the opportunity of men to use or enjoy it. Environment pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous substances present in such concentration as may be or tend to the injurious to environment and human being are known as pollutant and presence of any pollutant in the environment in such proportion and concentration that has bearing on health and environment to termed as environment pollution.

Formulation of Fungal Media from Local Plant Materials

A culture medium is a liquid or gelled substance that promotes microorganism growth in the laboratory. This study is aimed at exploring various local plant sources for fungal media formulation. The local plant materials used in this study were grains of Zea mays, seeds of Glycine max, and boiled and peeled Dioscorea dumetorum tubers. These plant materials were dried separately in the oven at 60°C, pulverized individually, measured in different proportions, and poured separately into conical flasks containing distilled water at various proportions to evaluate the potential of the fungal media formulation. The best formulation was derived from Z. mays (5 g), D. dumetorum (2.5 g), and G. max (2 g) in 50 ml of sterile distilled water (M5Y2.5S2). It was then autoclaved at 121°C for 15 mins at 15 psi and dispensed in various Petri dishes. Media characteristics such as gelling ability and consistency were compared with Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) as the standard media. Isolates of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum were used; these were derived from deteriorating yam and bread and cultured on the media. The colony diameter, aerial growth, and sporulation of the test fungal isolates were ascertained. When compared to SDA ( 8.92 ± 0.10 ), the colony diameter of A. niger on M5Y2.5S2 ( 8.90 ± 0.10 ) did not differ significantly ( P = 0.05 ). This is also applicable in the case of P. expansum on M5Y2.5S2 ( 8.93 ± 0.06 ) when compared with SDA ( 8.92 ± 0.07 ). There was a significant difference ( P = 0.05 ) in the sporulation of A. niger (M5Y2.5S2 1.76 ± 0.06 ) when compared with SDA ( 1.70 ± 0.06 ). This is also applicable in the case of P. expansum (M5Y2.5S2 2.73 ± 0.06 ) when compared with SDA ( 2.70 ± 0.0 ). The fungal isolates showed luxuriant growth in both media. M5Y2.5S2 performed favorably in comparison to SDA in relation to all the parameters studied. M5Y2.5S2 is recommended for use in fungal culture and will save funds used for the importation of media.

Dual-sensory fusion self-powered triboelectric taste-sensing system towards effective and low-cost liquid identification.

Infusing human taste perception into smart sensing devices to mimic the processing ability of gustatory organs to perceive liquid substances remains challenging. Here we developed a self-powered droplet-tasting sensor system based on the dynamic morphological changes of droplets and liquid-solid contact electrification. The sensor system has achieved accuracies of liquid recognition higher than 90% in five different applications by combining triboelectric fingerprint signals and deep learning. Furthermore, an image sensor is integrated to extract the visual features of liquids, and the recognition capability of the liquid-sensing system is improved to up to 96.0%. The design of this dual-sensory fusion self-powered liquid-sensing system, along with the droplet-tasting sensor that can autonomously generate triboelectric signals, provides a promising technological approach for the development of effective and low-cost liquid sensing for liquid food safety identification and management.

IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB DAN SOLUSI TIDAK BERFUNGSINYA HIDROLIK DECK CRANE NO. 2 PADA KAPAL MV. HABCO CARINA

A deck crane is an auxiliary machine on board a ship that is useful for assisting ship operations such as loading and unloading activities or raising and lowering goods that can only be lifted by a deck crane. The deck crane on the writer's ship uses a hydraulic system, which is a system that uses the potential and power of liquid substances.
 The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of damage to the deck crane and the maintenance that must be done on the deck crane. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. From this research method, the data obtained will be analyzed so as to get an overview and the right solution to solve the problems that occur in this research.
 Based on the results of this study, the deck crane on the MV. Habco Carina was damaged due to damage to the hydraulic motor and the ineffectiveness of the Plan Maintenance System (PMS) or lack of maintenance on the deck crane. As a result, ship operational activities become hampered and disrupted. The most effective solution to this problem is to replace the hydraulic motor with a new one and improve deck crane maintenance. The most effective treatment is to check the oil level before each deck crane operates.
 It is hoped that this research can become a reference or reference as well as additional knowledge for readers and writers who experience the same problems as this research.

Algorithms for Homogeneity Testing of Reference Materials of Dispersed and Solid Materials

Production, characterization and certification of reference materials (RMs) are key activities in ensuring the metrological traceability of measurement results in various industries. One of the sources of RM uncertainty is the standard uncertainty due to heterogeneity. Estimation of the standard uncertainty is based on the analysis-of-variance method in accordance with GOST 8.531-2002, ISO Guide 35:2017.The main difference between the developed algorithms and ISO Guide 35:2017 is the elaboration of specific algorithms suitable for calculation and automation, the main difference from GOST 8.531-2002 is the updating of the calculation of the standard uncertainty due to heterogeneity when it is comparable to the standard measurement uncertainty of type A. The developed algorithms have been tested on various examples, and their applicability has been proven on model data.The aim of the study was to develop algorithms for calculating the standard uncertainty due to heterogeneity of the RM for the composition and properties of dispersed and solid materials.The objectives of the study were to analyze the algorithms set forth in GOST 8.531-2002 and ISO Guide 35:2017, and to develop and test new algorithms for calculating the standard uncertainty due to heterogeneity based on these algorithms.The research results have shown that it is more efficient to use the approach set out in ISO Guide 35:2017 to estimate the uncertainty due to heterogeneity, modernized and taking into account the mass of the smallest representative sample. Separately, it should be noted that the developed algorithm is applicable both for studying the indicators of the composition, and properties of solid and liquid substances, and materials.Thus, the updated algorithms will be used in the revision of GOST 8.531-2002 to harmonize GOST 8.531-2002 and ISO Guide 35:2017, as well as to increase confidence in the results of determining the metrological characteristics of RMs in Russia and ensure the uniformity of measurements at the international level.

Liquid crystalline substances doped with carbon nanotubes as a sensitive medium of the CO2 sensor

The creation of highly sensitive optical CO2 sensors in air is an urgent problem, as it allows monitoring of the content of CO2 both indoors and in ambient air, where its level is usually 600…1000 ppm. As a sensitive element of the CO2 sensor, it is proposed to use a liquid crystal substance (cholesteric-nematic mixture based on 5CB with cholesteric impurities), supplemented with multi-layered carbon nanotubes. The spectral characteristics of the liquid crystal mixture in the range of 400…600 nm were studied. The content of carbon nanotubes ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%. It was established that with an increase in concentration in the range of 10…100 mg/m3, the transmission minimum shifts to the long-wave region of the spectrum. The maximum spectral sensitivity in this range is 6 nm ⁄ mg ⁄ m3. The researched material can be used as a sensitive element of an optical CO2 sensor. Further research should be conducted in the direction of investigating the interaction of such a composite with other gases, as well as finding opportunities to improve the properties of the composite. Perhaps the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Способи сепарації на підготовчій стадії проведення криміналістичної експертизи речових доказів

In expert practice, questions often arise related to the separation (separation) of research objects from a mixture of dissimilar particles of solid materials, liquids of different densities, emulsions, two-phase media. During the study, physical and chemical separation methods are used. The choice of the separation method depends on the percentage composition and properties of the mixture and its constituent components. Expert research is carried out using various methods of separation: by mass (inertial), by size, electrical, magnetic, radiometric, photometric, etc. Chemical separation is its separate type. Analysis of expert practice indicates that separation is mainly applied during the forensic investigation of metals and alloys (solids), drugs (solids, liquid substances) and petroleum products (liquid substances). The article analyzes the methods of separation at the preparatory stage of the expert study of microparticles of precious metals and handicraft drugs. Forensic investigation of metal and alloy products is one of the most difficult, since the detection and separation of microparticles of the metal under study from other metal particles and their subsequent identification require the use of both chemical and instrumental research methods. The separation of the metal under study from the mixture of other metal particles was carried out by the method of mechanical and magnetic separation and chemical (selective dissolution) separation. During the expert study of acetylated opium using chromatographic methods, difficulties often arise associated with the separation of components due to the presence of a large amount of ballast substances (in particular, chlorophyll) extracted from poppy straw in acetylated opium. The use of an inertial separation method makes it possible to speed up the separation of an aqueous solution of a narcotic drug emulsion and an extracting organic solvent.

Recent Achievements in Development of Chalcogenide Optical Fibers for Mid-IR Sensing

Recent results of research of passive and active optical waveguides made of high-purity chalcogenide glasses for middle infrared fiberoptic evanescent wave spectroscopy of liquid and gaseous substances are presented. On the basis of selenide and telluride glass fibers, novel types of highly sensitive fiber probes are developed. On the basis of Pr(3+)- and Tb(3+)-doped Ga(In)-Ge-As-Se and Ga-Ge-Sb-Se glass fibers, the 4.2–6 μm wavelength radiation sources are created for all-fiber sensor systems. Successful testing of chalcogenide glass fiber sensors for the analysis of some liquid and gaseous mixtures was carried out.