Liquid Storage Tanks Research Articles

Passive Control in Baffled Liquid storage Tank under Bi-directional Earthquakes

A comprehensive study of a 3D baffled concrete liquid storage tank (LST) is conducted to find out the maximum reduction in responses of the LSTs under a set of important parametric variations. They include (i) the type of earthquake; (ii) the optimum position and number of coupled baffles (top-mounted and bottom supported); and (iii) the angle of incidence earthquakes. Further, the percentage reductions of different responses of interest for the optimum baffled LST are investigated. The numerical study is performed in ABAQUS software for a square LST of 6m X 6m X 4.8m having a water height of 3.6m. The response quantities include the maximum mean values of base shear, overturning moment, top board displacement, hydrodynamic pressure, and sloshing height. The results of the study show that (i) with the optimum arrangement of baffles, significant reduction of in the sloshing height can be achieved; (ii) the type of earthquake does not have significant effect response reductions; and (iii) both PGA and angle of incidence of the earthquake have a moderate effect on response reductions.

Rethinking “BLEVE explosion” after liquid hydrogen storage tank rupture in a fire

The underlying physical mechanisms leading to the generation of blast waves after liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tank rupture in a fire are not yet fully understood. This makes it difficult to develop predictive models and validate them against a very limited number of experiments. This study aims at the development of a CFD model able to predict maximum pressure in the blast wave after the LH2 storage tank rupture in a fire. The performed critical review of previous works and the thorough numerical analysis of BMW experiments (LH2 storage pressure in the range 2.0–11.3 bar abs) allowed us to conclude that the maximum pressure in the blast wave is generated by gaseous phase starting shock enhanced by combustion reaction of hydrogen at the contact surface with heated by the shock air. The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) pressure peak follows the gaseous phase blast and is smaller in amplitude. The CFD model validated recently against high-pressure hydrogen storage tank rupture in fire experiments is essentially updated in this study to account for cryogenic conditions of LH2 storage. The simulation results provided insight into the blast wave and combustion dynamics, demonstrating that combustion at the contact surface contributes significantly to the generated blast wave, increasing the overpressure at 3 m from the tank up to 5 times. The developed CFD model can be used as a contemporary tool for hydrogen safety engineering, e.g. for assessment of hazard distances from LH2 storage.

Development and design of a deep tank damper with submerged suspended plate

An appendage, in the form of a submerged suspended plate (SSP) in a liquid-containing deep tank, is proposed for converting functional liquid storage tanks into passive tank dampers for structural vibration mitigation. The oscillating frequency of the SSP is designed to be tuned to the structural frequency so that the tank damper is independent of detuning effects that could be caused by liquid level fluctuations. Further, the impulsive, rather than the sloshing, liquid mass is utilized here. This alleviates the disadvantage of low energy dissipation associated with the relatively smaller proportion of sloshing liquid mass of a deep tank. The theoretical model and working mechanism of the deep tank damper with submerged suspended plate (DTD-SSP) are developed and the expression for the tuning frequency derived. A time-domain formulation for the structure-DTD-SSP system is presented and the design and effectiveness of the DTD-SSP for an example structure under base excitation examined. Further, the performance sensitivity to tuning ratio and comparison with the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD) are presented. Results indicate that with the proposed design, liquid storage tanks installed for other functional requirements can be converted into DTD-SSPs that can achieve significant response reductions comparable with that of TMDs.

Analysis of bubble dynamics and thermal destratification induced by gas bubbles in cylindrical liquid storage tanks

• OpenFOAM code is modified to incorporate temperature-dependent transport properties. • A new parameter to estimate the extent of the destratification is introduced. • The destratification index increased by 25.29% as the diameter ratio is increased. • Bubble in square pitch with p/d =4 gives higher effectiveness for thermal destratification. • The destratification index increased by 44.65% as the gravity ratio is increased. Thermal stratification is of great concern for liquid propellant storage tanks of space vehicles. The present study's primary objective is to better understand the bubble dynamics on thermal destratification, quantify the extent of destratification and propose a scheme for destratification. This study investigates the effect of different geometric parameters on the destratification of thermally stratified layers of liquid using the volume of fluid and interface compression method of OpenFOAM CFD code. The OpenFOAM code is modified to incorporate temperature-dependent fluid properties. Different values of bubble diameter, spacing between the bubbles, and arrangement of bubbles in triangular and square fashion with different pitches are considered. The effect of gravitational forces on thermal destratification is also reported. For all these cases, the effectiveness of thermal destratification is quantified in terms of the destratification index ( I d ). The average destratification index ( I davg ) value increased by 25.29% as the ratio of bubble diameter to tank diameter ( d/D ) increased from 0.10 to 0.16. When the pitch to bubble diameter ratio ( p/d ) of triangular and square arrangements is reduced from 8 to 4, the I davg increases by 14.59% and 22.97%, respectively. The average destratification index increased by 44.65% when the g/g e ratio changed from 0.3 to 3. These studies give an overall idea of the sparger design for getting the correct gas flow rate for thermal destratification within the liquid propellant storage tanks.

Is the occurrence of microorganism liquid nitrogen storage tanks a challenge for cryobanking?

Is the occurrence of microorganism liquid nitrogen storage tanks a challenge for cryobanking?

Multi-Objective Optimization of Base-Isolated Tanks with Supplemental Linear Viscous Dampers

Base isolation of liquid storage tanks has proven to be an efficient seismic protection measure, leading to a drastic reduction of a superstructure’s distress. However, many such tanks are located near seismic tectonic faults, which generate strong pulse-like ground motions that can impose excessive displacement demands on the isolators. For this reason, viscous dampers are incorporated into the isolation system to avoid overconservative isolators design. To optimize the seismic performance of hybrid isolation systems consisting of single friction pendulum bearings and linear viscous dampers, two novel multi-objective optimization approaches are proposed in the current study. Furthermore, suitable constraint functions and design variables are selected, considering the most critical parameters of the hybrid isolation system. The multi-objective genetic algorithm optimizer is used for the solution of both problems. The results are presented in the typical form of Pareto and certain optimal design solutions are carefully chosen and compared in terms of isolators fragility curves and tank accelerations. The main aim is to optimize the critical design parameters by achieving a reasonable balance among contradicting objectives. The tank industry can substantially benefit from this study, as a more cost-efficient design of hybrid base-isolation can be attained for large-scale tanks.

Metallic Material Evaluation of Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank for Marine Application Using a Tensile Cryostat for 20 K and Electrochemical Cell

A series of material tests were performed on cryogenic metallic materials meant for liquid hydrogen storage tanks using a 20 K tensile cryostat and an electrochemical hydrogen-charging apparatus. Mechanical evaluation of the electrochemically hydrogen-charged specimens was performed in a tensile cryostat using helium gas at ambient temperature and cryogenic temperature (20 K). The tensile cryostat was equipped with a vacuum jacket and a G-M cryocooler with gaseous helium. Furthermore, the cathodic electrolysis cell used for charging the specimens was adopted for internal hydrogen conditions with a reflux condenser and heating mantle to increase hydrogen diffusivity. The target materials were austenite stainless steel and aluminum alloy, which are suitable for liquefied natural gas and gaseous hydrogen environments. No significant change in the yield strength and flow stress of the hydrogen-charged specimen up to 20% strain was observed. However, changes in tensile strength and elongation were observed thereafter. Electrochemical hydrogen charging of stainless steel leads to a high concentration of hydrogen on the surface of the specimen. The resulting surface cracks reduced the flow stress. The 20 K tensile test showed discontinuous yielding in the austenitic stainless steel with an abrupt increase in temperature. The mechanical performance of the aluminum alloys improved in terms of strength and elongation. Changes in the mechanical performance and relative area reduction were observed for all the metallic materials at 300 K and 20 K.

Effect of gas–liquid surface disturbance during cryogenic liquid pressurization with helium

In liquid propellant propulsion systems, helium pressurization is required to transfer liquid propellant from the tank to the engine. When a cryogenic liquid propellant is used, the tank becomes pressurized by relatively high temperature helium. Typically, the ullage pressure increases with the helium inflow. However, in one particular case, the ullage pressure reduced while cold helium was supplied through direct gas injection. High-velocity gaseous helium strikes the cryogenic liquid surface that generates the liquid splash in the ullage. The cryogenic liquid splash in the ullage then transfers heat between the gas and the liquid. Therefore, the ullage pressure decreases because of the decrease in the ullage temperature. The pressure behavior of the cryogenic tank during the gas inflow is experimentally examined, and the depressurization during the pressurization process is analyzed. The results indicate that the gas–liquid interface disturbance decreases the ullage pressure. The observed gas–liquid interface disturbance effect can be employed in pressure decrease applications in cryogenic liquid storage tanks.

SEISMIC EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE STEEL WATER STORAGE TANKS

Cylindrical steel liquid storage tanks are widely used for water supply and industrial chemicals. The seismic response of these tanks differs from buildings as it stores liquid with different hydrodynamic characteristics. Steel tanks can be exposed to severe damages during earthquakes such as elephant’s foot buckling, diamond shape buckling, roof damage and failure of anchor bolts. This research investigates the seismic behavior of flexible steel water storage tanks using an analytical method. A series of parametric analyses are conducted for a typical liquid storage tank with different geometry properties and soil conditions. The effects of storage tank height, wall thickness, and subsoil type are investigated and their effects on the seismic response of the tank are evaluated and discussed. The results indicate that the soil type (representing shear wave velocity and shear modulus of the soil) has a profound impact on the base shear, overturning moment and hoop stress in the flexible tanks.

Feasibility analyses of negative-stiffness dampers for seismic performance enhancement of a base-isolated liquid storage tank

Base-isolation systems are widely used to reduce the hydrodynamic base shear and overturning moment of liquid storage tanks with increased isolator displacements and liquid sloshing responses. Supplementing conventional damping devices in the isolation layer can effectively reduce isolator displacements whereas having limited influence on the liquid sloshing. In the present paper, simultaneous reduction on the isolator displacement and sloshing response of a base-isolated liquid storage tank is achieved by using negative-stiffness dampers (NSDs). NSDs consisting of a negative-stiffness component coupled in parallel with a fluid viscous damping component are considered, and an equivalent linearization technique is proposed for designing their properties on the basis of the principle of equal average energy dissipation. A four-lumped-mass model considering high sloshing modes of liquid storage tank is used as a numerical example. The feasibility of NSDs for improving the seismic performance of base-isolated storage tanks with varying aspect ratios is verified. Moreover, nonlinear response history analyses are conducted to illustrate the benefits of the proposed method for the seismic protection of base-isolated storage tanks. The seismic responses of base-isolated storage tanks controlled by using the proposed and traditional methods are comprehensively compared, and it is suggested that the proposed method can be advantageous over conventional ones by more effectively reducing base shear and sloshing responses without compromising isolator displacements.

Numerical simulation of half-full cylindrical and bi-lobed storage tanks against the sloshing phenomenon

This paper examines sloshing dynamics in cylindrical and bi-lobed liquid storage tanks including horizontal cylinders, vertical cylinders, horizontal bi-lobes, and vertical bi-lobes. The influence of baffle was evaluated, and the analysis presented accounts for sway induced hydrodynamic force as the criterion to compare different scenarios. To do this, the sloshing phenomenon was modeled by OpenFOAM based on coupled RANS solver and VOF method, and the RANS equations were discretized by the Finite Volume Method, and solved by using the PIMPLE algorithm. Finally, an engineering method suggesting the find the best dimension of the tank and baffle for the case of a cylindrical and bi-lobed tanks is presented to minimize the horizontal force exerted along the tank motion.

The prediction of residual life of liquid-storage tank considering the tank wall surface state

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to predict the residual life of liquid-storage tank to ensure safety and long-term service life of the structure.Design/methodology/approachThe paper carried out the stress analysis of the wall plate and bottom plate of the liquid-storage tank, and the influence of circumferential stress on the tank is considered. On the other hand, considering the influence of the tank wall surface on the tank life, based on the Paris law, the surface processing coefficient and surface roughness coefficient are introduced to improve the Paris law.FindingsThe effectiveness of the improved model is verified by comparing with theoretical and experimental data, which provide a new method for the prediction of the remaining service life of the tank. Combined with the fatigue crack data in the test report and the calculated circumferential stress, the residual life of the storage tank is predicted.Originality/valueThe improved model provides a new method for the prediction of the remaining service life of the tank.

Seismic responses of a liquid storage tank considering structure-soil-structure interaction

Liquid storage tanks play a very important role in the petrochemical industry, in practical applications, they are often arranged in rows with small spacing, as a result, the earthquake responses will be affected by group effect. Considering the liquid–solid-soil coupling, structure-soil-structure interaction, material nonlinearity, and viscoelastic boundary, three-dimensional numerical calculation models of liquid storage tanks with compaction pile composite foundation in loess area under the conditions of single tank and group tanks were established. The seismic responses of a single tank and group tanks were compared, the group effect on the liquid storage tank under earthquake was discussed, and the parameter analysis was conducted. The results show that the group effect had an amplification effect on the effective stress of the tank wall, the liquid sloshing wave height, and the horizontal displacement of the foundation. Under the El-Centro and the Northridge waves, the effective stresses of the tank wall were amplified by 10.07% and 35.54%, respectively. The effects of the foundation deformation parameter (elastic modulus) and strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle) on the dynamic responses of the liquid storage tanks were different, but in most cases, except for axial compressive stress, the influence coefficient of the group effect corresponding to the effective stress, the liquid sloshing wave height, and the foundation horizontal displacement were positive. The influence of the group effect on the dynamic responses of the liquid storage tank under earthquake cannot be ignored.

Enhancing tunability of liquid storage tanks to function as deep tuned liquid dampers by use of a submerged stretched membrane

This is a study on a deep, liquid-containing tank, such as an overhead water tank on a building, with a vertically submerged stretched membrane (SSM). Here, instead of the sloshing mode, which can become detuned and also affords a low damper mass ratio, the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system is designed to serve as a dynamic vibration absorber. The requirement of tuning the frequency of the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system to the structural frequency can be achieved without any imposition on the tank dimensions, which are generally fixed from the tank's functional requirements. The system frequency would remain unchanged so long the membrane would remain submerged below a minimum liquid depth, thereby allowing fluctuation of liquid level within a prescribed range of the tank depth. The formulation for obtaining the frequency of the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system is derived, using the sub-domain partition approach. It is seen that through suitable adjustment of the design parameters of the membrane, the proposed tank damper can be tuned to both short-period and to long-period structures. Further, the impulsive liquid mass, which otherwise has no role to play in the damping mechanism of a tuned liquid damper (TLD), is here utilized to absorb and dissipate the vibrational energy. Through a time-domain study considering recorded seismic accelerograms, the significant control effectiveness of the proposed damper system is illustrated. Further, the results obtained from the equivalent mechanical model of the structure–damper system are compared with those from a finite element analysis of the fluid–structure system in the ANSYS Workbench environment.

Deep liquid tanks in seismic response control of asymmetric high-rise buildings

The present work investigates the usefulness of installing deep liquid storage tanks (DLTs) on the roof of high-rise buildings with plan irregularity. The aim is to assess the damping efficiencies of DLTs in reducing responses of high-rise buildings with plan irregularity, considering the effect of their placement and direction of the external excitation. A DLT has a higher liquid depth to tank length ratio as compared to the traditional tuned liquid dampers (TLDs). A 70 m tall, 20-storey reinforced concrete framed building with asymmetry in plan is considered for the numerical assessment. The system coupling facility of ANSYS Workbench is utilized to study the structure-fluid coupled dynamics. ANSYS Transient Structural module solves the structure part using the finite element analysis (FEA), whereas, ANSYS (FLUENT) uses the finite volume method (FVM) to solve the fluid part. The authors [1] developed a practical framework to demonstrate the efficacy of DLTs for symmetrical building, which is extended in the present study for asymmetric building. In this paper, the validity of the framework is presented through an equivalent tuned mass damper (TMD) analogy. It is observed that for an asymmetric high-rise building, eccentric placement of DLT gives better response reduction, both in terms of peak roof displacement and acceleration.

CRITICAL FAILURE OF A CELL THERAPY PRODUCTS STORAGE TANK: DESCRIPTION, INVESTIGATION AND IMPLEMENTED IMPROVEMENTS

Cryopreserved cell therapy products are usually stored in vapor or liquid storage tanks to maintain long-term viability. Storage tank (ST) failure can lead to the loss of cryopreserved cell therapy (CT) products, which means the only possibility of treating serious illnesses. We aimed to describe a serious vapor ST failure, as well as the improvements implemented in the storage procedure to increase the safety and quality of cryopreserved CT products. This is a case report of a vapor ST failure (CBS, isothermal V5000-AB series). The records were reviewed to obtain information regarding the frozen units. On 07-dec-2021, the technical staff observed the accumulation of liquid nitrogen (LN2) at the bottom of the ST. The engineering team was contacted and adjusted the ST's maximum LN2 level. The problem recurred on 23-dec-2021. The engineering and maintenance company carried out a series of tests on the ST. On 06-Jan-2022, it was requested emptying and defrosting of the ST for 48 hours for corrective maintenance of the LN2 level sensor. Planning to transfer the inventory to another ST was started, including bags with serology/NAT reagent overwrapping. However, on 23-Jan-2022 (Sunday), the LN2 level sensor stuck at level zero leading the automated LN2 filling of the ST to start and not stop. There was an overflow of LN2 inside the vapor ST, and 3 of 4 rack positions were submerged in LN2. The engineering team performed the filling interruption manually, after being called by the concierge. There were 553 frozen bags from 307 patients/donors stored in the ST at the time of failure. Out of the 553 bags, 87 (15.7%) had positive serology or NAT tests. Of these, 11 (1.9%) were anti-HIV positive (NAT HIV negative) and two (0.3%) were HBsAg and NAT HBV reagents. Out of the 553 bags, 10 (1.8%) had a positive microbiological test, including four (0.7%) for multi-sensitive Salmonella sp . Excess of LN2 was manually removed from the ST and the actions to transfer the inventory to the backup ST were intensified, including changing the bags with positive tests (PT) to positions A or B of the racks, as well as finishing these bags overwrapping. The inventory was transferred and stored in the backup ST for approximately 72 hours. Surveillance actions were performed, including virtual meeting and discussion with the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency, visual examination to disclose leaking or breakage of seals, thawing of the unit with positive HBV NAT (authorized disposal) to confirm the absence of leaking or breakage of seals, monitoring external signs of vacuum loss, and discussion of the possibility of cross-contamination with the bag supplier. The data provided by this study are unique and should be considered when evaluating the cryopreserved cell therapy products storage procedure, including ST monitoring, detection of a failing ST, and contingency plan. After this ST failure, improvement actions in the storage procedure were implemented in our institution, including the modification of the storage location of the bags in quarantine and those with PT (positions A and B of the rack) and implementation of the routine use of overwrap in bags with PT. All activities conducted to resolve the issue and the improve actions were documented in non-compliance. Vapor ST may fail, leading to an unexpected accumulation of LN2. Improvements in the storage procedure can avoid the serious consequences of this failure, including cross-contamination.

Combined Optimization of Friction-Based Isolators in Liquid Storage Tanks

Large-scale tanks are widely used for storing chemicals and fuels. Their failure due to natural (e.g., earthquakes) and/or man-made hazards can lead to disastrous consequences. Nonetheless, they are often constructed in seismic-prone regions. For this reason, base isolation is often used for the seismic protection of large tanks, aiming to “decouple” the superstructure from the imposed ground motions. In this study, a combined optimization formulation is presented in order to further improve the seismic response of a base-isolated tank. The main aim is to optimize both the critical design parameters and the placement of the minimum number of isolators at the base of the tank. In particular, a Cuckoo Search (CS) optimizer is used to optimize the dynamic performance of liquid storage tanks, isolated either via single friction pendulum bearings (SFPB) or triple friction pendulum bearings (TFPB). The main objective is to minimize the eccentricity between the center of mass and the center of rigidity of the isolation system, while appropriate constraints are also imposed. Several cases are examined, while the results are compared with respect to isolator displacement fragility curves, as well as the reduced accelerations at the base of the tank. According to the findings of this study, the tank industry can significantly benefit from the proposed approach, as a more cost-efficient design of the base-isolation system of large-scale tanks can be achieved, i.e., using fewer isolators with optimal key parameters.

A hybrid algorithm for studying the effects of various uncertainties on the nonlinear dynamic responses of steel storage tanks subjected to seismic base excitation

Uncertainty in the basic load and strength variables of a steel storage tank can significantly affect its structural performance and safety. Additionally, due to the inherent uncertainties affecting the various sources in practical situations, their handling in the nonlinear modeling methodology has nowadays become essential. However, it is still an issue to be investigated. Thus, this paper presents a numerical modeling methodology intended to determine the effects of various uncertainties on the dynamic responses of the liquid-shell systems of aboveground steel storage tanks under seismic base excitations. The uncertainties include mechanical properties of materials, geometry properties, liquid properties, and excitation parameters. The uncertain dynamic response of large steel aboveground storage tanks is investigated by using a hybrid algorithm. Eight tall liquid storage tanks with aspect ratios greater than unity are considered. The considered tanks have a similar radius but different heights. The effects of aspect ratio and liquid level on nonlinear dynamic responses are discussed. The point estimation method and the artificial neural network-based algorithm were used to simulate the sources of uncertainty and extract the statistical properties, including the probability density functions (PDF), and the cumulative distribution functions (CDF). An efficient approach with low computational cost compared to the conventional finite element method is proposed based on a combination of the boundary element method and the semi-analytical finite strip to analyze the flexible steel storage tanks subjected to seismic base excitation. Concentric annular rings are used to model the free surface of the liquid. The nonlinearities corresponding to both material properties and geometry deformations are included. According to uncertainty sources, a sensitivity analysis is also carried out. The results show that lognormal probability distribution is more suitable for predicting nonlinear dynamic responses of steel storage tanks under seismic base excitations.

Structural health monitoring of partially immersed metallic plates using nonlinear guided wave mixing

Metallic plates are important structural components of many liquid containment structures, such as liquid storage tanks and sewer pipes. Time-dependent loads can result in fatigue and degradation of the metallic material. Nonlinear guided wave mixing has been demonstrated to be sensitive to microstructural change at the early stage of material degradation. Previous studies have been carried out using the nonlinear guided wave mixing technique on various structures in gaseous environments. However, its application to structures immersed in liquid has not been explored. This paper numerically and experimentally investigates the nonlinear guided wave mixing in an aluminum plate loaded with water on one side. Experiments are carried out with an empty metal tank and the tank filled with water, respectively. The results show that cumulative generation of harmonics at the sum frequency due to the material nonlinearity of the partially immersed plate can be achieved by mixing the fundamental leaky symmetrical Lamb (leaky S0) waves at two different frequencies. Under the same experimental conditions, the amplitudes of the guided wave signals and the values of the relative nonlinearity parameters on the partially immersed plate are different from their counterparts on the plate without water. Finally, numerical simulations are performed with the material nonlinearity of the test plate simulated by the Murnaghan constitutive model. The numerical results reveal that both the second harmonics and the combination harmonics are sensitive to the material nonlinearity of the plate loaded with water on one side.

Improving Embryologists’ Sleep Quality: Implementation of a Weight-Based Monitoring System for Gamete and Embryo Cryostorage

Background: Storage of gametes and embryos in our laboratories represents the highest concentration of risk for an ART clinic. A single storage tank may contain material of several hundred patients and vacuum failure is a scenario that haunts embryologists’ nightmares. Temperature sensors are currently the most prevalent mechanism for ‘alarming’ storage tanks, however, such approaches are akin to closing the gate after the horses have bolted. Aim: To assess the implementation of a fully redundant, weight-based monitoring system for ensuring the security of liquid nitrogen storage tanks in a high-capacity ART unit. Method: Forty flat-bed scales were fitted with alarm conversion units allowing a standard ‘open/closed’ alarm output to be relayed in the event a reading fell below the user defined weight limit. Output was routed through a security monitoring system via phone line and mobile-SIM, with no overlap of the existing, internet-based temperature probe system. Relationship between liquid nitrogen level (HC35 vessel), tank weight and temperature reading (probe positioned at top of canister), was established by sequential measurements. Results: Addition of the flat bed scales proved minimally disruptive to the space allocation per tank, requiring no additional ‘width’ but a slight increase in ‘depth’ behind tanks to accommodate the screen support. As expected, a clear, linear relationship was evident between liquid nitrogen level and tank weight, with every 1cm drop in liquid nitrogen equating to approximately 0.5kg weight loss. Concerningly, the temperature probe remained below -190∘ with just 0.5cm of liquid nitrogen remaining, only rising above the alarm trigger threshold once nitrogen had fully evaporated, resulting in a precipitous rise to above devitrification temperature in a matter of hours. Conclusion: Introducing a weight-based tank monitoring system is both feasible and effective. This system provides vastly superior performance in the timely identification of impending tank failure, allowing ample opportunity to ensure safe relocation of material.